Properties of anisotropic Ba‐Zn‐Cu system W‐type hexagonal ferrite magnets

Experiments were carried out to investigate the magnetic and physical properties of Ba‐Zn‐Cu W‐type hexagonal ferrites sintered without atmosphere control. Compositions were chosen according to the formula BaZn_2–xCu_xFe₁₆O₂₇, where x was varied 0 ˜ 0.5 and 1.0. The effect of BaO addition after semisintering treatment on magnetic properties of Ba‐Zn‐Cu compounds was examined. It was found that BaO addition for Ba‐Zn‐Cu compounds was very useful in stabilizing the W‐type hexagon. The optimum condition of making magnets and some properties of typical specimens are as follows: composition—BaZn_1.7Cu_0.3Fe₁₆O₂₇ with 4 wt% Ba added; semisintering conditions—1275 °C for 1.0 h in air; sintering conditions—1175°C for 0.5 h in air; magnetic properties and lattice constant are J_m = 0.405 T, J_r = 0.370 T, H_cJ = 88.15 kA/m, (BH)_max = 19.12 kJ/m³, T_c = 356 °C, H_A = 994.7 kA/m, K_A = 2.01 × 10⁵ J/m³, c = 32.928 × 10^–10 m, a = 5.927 × 10^–10 m, c/a = 5.556. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(4): 36–42, 2001     

Magnetic properties of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system exchange spring magnets

The melt‐spun ribbons of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system alloys were prepared by single roller rapid‐quenching method. The effects of composition, surface velocity, and heat treatment on the magnetic properties were investigated. The P₉sFe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 alloy ribbons prepared at a surface velocity of 12.5 m/s were crystallized by heat treatment, and the optimum heat‐treatment condition was found to be at 575°C for 3 min, for which the magnetic properties were (BH)_max = 136.1 kJ/m³, J_r = 0.93 T, H_cJ = 652.2 kA/m, and H_cB = 528.3 kA/m. The temperature coefficients of J_r and H_cJ for the ribbons crystallized from melt‐spun ribbons of Pr₉Fe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 alloy were α(J_r)_ave = ?0.057%/°C and α(H_cJ) = ?0.450%/°C. The value of (B)_max for the compression molding Pr₉Fe₇₁Co₈V_0.5W_0.5Si_0.5B_10.5 isotropic bonded magnet prepared by using the ribbons annealed at 575°C for 3 min is 80.0 kJ/m³, and the density is 6.24 Mg/m³. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 10–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20211 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Magnetic properties of iron-based materials (nitrogen interstitially modified 1:12 compounds and Fe3B-Nd) for low rare-earth bonded magnets

Hard magnetic properties of nitrogen interstitially modified NdM_xFe_12-xN_y compounds and Fe₃B-based ultra-fine crystalline Nd? Fe? Co? T? B alloys of low Nd content of 3 to 5 at. % are studied. The nitrogen-modified compounds have been prepared via the rapid solidification route and the mechanical alloying route both followed by gas nitrogenation using N₂. The Fe₃B-based materials have been prepared by means of rapid solidification and crystallization treatment. The latter materials appear promising as the base material for high-remanence, easy-to-magnetize bonded magnets with small temperature coefficients of remanence. Typical magnetic properties of compaction isotropic bonded magnets produced from this material are B_r = 0.80 T, H_cJ = 350 kA/m, and (BH)_max = 60.5 kJ/m³.     

Nd–Fe–B thick films prepared at the high deposition rate of 90 µm/h

After a postannealing process, the magnetic properties of pulsed laser deposition (PLD)‐made Nd–Fe–B film magnets prepared at the deposition rate of 20–90 µm/h showed constant values, and the average values of H_c, B_r and (BH)_max were 1050 kA/m, 0.6 T, and 60 kJ/m³, respectively. The obtained results were comparable to those previously reported. In conclusion, it was found that a maximum deposition rate of 90 µm/h could be achieved without deterioration of magnetic and mechanical properties. © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Magnetic properties of melt-spun Nd-Fe-Co-B-Cu-Nb system alloys and their bonded magnets

Melt-spun ribbons of Nd-Fe-Co-B-Cu-Nb system alloys were prepared by the single roller rapid-quenching method. The effects of composition, wheel velocity and heat-treatment on the magnetic properties were investigated. The magnetic properties of bonded magnets prepared by compression molding of optimally annealed ribbons were also measured. A maximum energy product of 152.1 kJ/m³ was obtained for the Nd₁₁Fe₇₂Co₈B_7.5Cu_0.5Nb_1.0 alloy ribbon prepared at a wheel velocity of 17.1 m/s. From the TEM observation on the above Nd₁₁Fe₇₂Co₈B_7.5Cu_0.5Nb_1.0 ribbon, the particle size of these ribbons was determined to be between 10 and 40 nm. It is conjectured that the high remanence is observed by the magnetic interaction of these fine particles, and it was found that these fine particles were achieved by Nd-Fe-Co-B compound in addition with Nb and Cu at the same time. The amorphous Nd₁₁Fe₇₂Co₈B_7.5Cu_0.5Nb_1.0 ribbons prepared at a wheel velocity of 20.7 m/s were crystallized by heat treatment, and the optimum annealing condition was found to be at 650°C for 15 min. Its corresponding value of (BH)_max is 144.5 kJ/m³. A maximum energy product of 88.1 kJ/m³ was achieved with Nd₁₁Fe₇₂Co₈B_7.5Cu_0.5Nb_1.0 bonded magnets made from the optimally prepared ribbons.     

Moment performance of photovoltaic/thermal hybrid panel (numerical analysis and exergetic evaluation)

A photovoltaic/thermal hybrid panel (PV/T) is a high‐efficiency energy converter which supplies electrical energy and thermal energy from solar energy. In this paper, we report characteristics of two PV/T types under various environmental conditions and fluid flow rates, using numerical analysis. We found photovoltaic efficiencies to be 9.61% for PV/T_A and 10.56% for PV/T_B at T _c = 25 °C; thermal ones were 52.11% for PV/T_A and 40.14% for PV/T_B at T_f = 40 °C, I_rr = 800 W/m². From these results, we propose some design points to construct the optimum structure of PV/T. Next, we adopted exergetic evaluation to study electrical energy and thermal energy quantitatively. As a result, we could confirm the existence of flow rate maximizing the total efficiency (optimum flow rate) on some environmental condition, and could define the optimum operating condition. Moreover, we compare exergetic efficiencies on optimum operating conditions (maximum exergetic efficiency) under various environmental conditions with PV, PV/T_A, and PV/T_B. A rise of maximum exergetic efficiency with increasing irradiance yielded –3.6%/kW ⋅ m^–2, +3.6%/kW ⋅ m², and +1.4%/kW ⋅ m², respectively. Nevertheless, we could confirm a hybridizing advantage of high irradiance. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(2): 43–51, 2000     

Magnetic properties of melt-spun Nd-Pr-Fe-Co-B-V system alloys and their bonded magnets

Melt-spun ribbons of Nd-Pr-Fe-Co-B-V system alloys were prepared by the single-roller rapidquenching method. The effects of composition, wheel velocity and heat treatment on the magnetic properties were investigated. The magnetic properties of their isotropic compression bonded magnets prepared from optimally annealed ribbons also were measured. Remanence (Br) was found to increase with decreasing rare-earth content, and a maximum value of more than 1.0 T was obtained. A maximum energy product of 164.0 kJ/m³ was obtained for (Nd_0.5 Pr_0.5)₉Fe₄Co₈B_7.5 V_1.5 alloy ribbon prepared at a wheel velocity of 17.1 m/s. From TEM observation, the particle size of these ribbons was determined to be between 20 to 30 nm. It is conjectured that the high remanence is obtained by the interaction of these fine particles. The amorphous (Nd_0.5Pr_0.5)₉Fe₇₄Co₈ B_7.5V_1.5 ribbons prepared at a wheel velocity of 20.7 m/s were crystallized by heat treatment, and the optimum annealing condition was found to be at 650°C for 20 min. Its corresponding value of (BH)_max was 146.2 kJ/m³. A maximum energy product of 86.4 kJ/m³ was achieved with (Nd_0.5Pr_0.5)₉Fe₇₄Co₈ B_7.5V_1.5 bonded magnets made from the optimally prepared ribbons.     

Electrostatic fluctuation measurements in the periphery of reversed field pinch plasma

In this paper, the authors study the magnetic and electric properties of ferromagnetic substance/semimetal (Fe/Bi) system multilayered thin films prepared by ion beam sputtering. The multilayered thin film was prepared with 99.6% Fe and 99.99% Bi. The experimental results are summarized as follows. From XRD in the small‐degree region (2θ = 2 to 4^°), Fe/Bi system thin films for N = 3,4, and 5 Fe layers have formed multilayer structures. Coercive force H_c increased with increasing number of Fe layers. The maximum value was 4.522 kA/m at N = 6 Fe layers. The coercive force then decreased and its value was constant at more than 15 layers. Electrical resistivity, ρ, of Fe/Bi system multilayered thin films changed from conductivity to semiconductivity at temperatures in the range for T = 380 to 400 K. Magneto‐resistance (MR) ratio decreased with increasing applied field H when the current was parallel to an applied magnetic field (I‖H). MR ratio reached a maximum of 0.154% at N = 4 Fe layers at room temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 1–8, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20068     

Zero magnetic field type magnetic field sensor

This paper presents a new magnetic field sensor named the zero magnetic field type, on the basis of its principle of operation, which is as follows: when the magnetic field level in the core used as a sensor is shifted by an unknown field to be detected, a controlled field is so superimposed in the opposite direction to the unknown field that the original zero magnetic field state is resotred. Then the unknown field can easily be detected from the controlled field. Consequently, detection performance is expected to be unaffected by geometrical configurations, magnetization properties, and demagnetization effects of the core used as a sensor. Moreover, temperature variations of the core and the existence of resistance and leakage inductance in the windings arranged on the core also do not directly degrade performance. This paper certifies that the proposed sensor certainly has the forementioned properties. In addition, the following are clarified: (1) the upper limit of the detectable range does not exist in principle; (ii) the accuracy is 0.02 percent for the full scale 20 kA/m and realizes the order of 4 × 10^?4 percent/^oC for temperature variations of ?76^o C to 300^oC; (iii) the magnetization property required of the core used as a sensor is that it has as sharply a rectangular B-H loop as possible; (iv) as a result, sensor design is greatly simplified.     

Influence of B2O3/SiO2 Ratio on the Fabrication of Nd:YAG Ceramics

B₂O₃/SiO₂ are used as composite sintering aids to fabricate Nd:YAG ceramics by solid-state reaction and vacuum sintering method at 1750°C for 5h using Nano-Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Nd₂O₃ as starting materials. In this article, we focus on the influence of B₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio on grain size, porosity and relative density. Finally, with the increase of B₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio, the density and shrinkage rate of transparent ceramics increase, the grain size becomes uniform and the porosity reduces, for the reason that B³⁺ begins to vaporize at 1300°C and is reduced to trace levels by 1600°C. The best B₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio is 4: 1.     

Thermal and dielectric properties of glass-ceramics sintered based on diopside and anorthite composition

To develop a low dielectric constant of LTCC substrate, we studied the effect of the sintering and crystallization behavior on the dielectric properties of a sintered body by mixing a CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ frit and a CaO–MgO–SiO₂ frit for a low dielectric constant of LTCC substrates. In this work, the two glass frits were mixed at different proportions and sintered at 860~920°C. After sintering at 900^oC for 1h, the glass frits crystallized into diopside and anorthite. The sintered bodies exhibited dielectric properties, ? _r?=?6~8.6 at 1 GHz, which is an essential condition for a substrate in microwave devices. The results suggest that the glass-ceramic can be applied to low dielectric LTCC materials in the electronics packaging industry.     

Fundamental characteristics of DRAM capacitor application of PLZT ultrathin films prepared by MOCVD

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin films (50 nm to 200 nm) were deposited on Pt/SiO₂/Si substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The electrical properties of the films were investigated as a function of the La content or the substrate temperature. Ferroelectric PZT(0/50/50) films were obtained at substrate temperatures as low as 500 °C; their electrical characteristics improved with increasing substrate temperature. La exhibited adequate solid solution in the PZT above 650 °C. PLZT(15/45/55) films with a thickness of 100 nm were found to have good properties for application to the capacitors of dynamic random access memory (DRAM), namely, an effective charge density of 80 fF/μm², a permittivity of 1000, an SiO₂ equivalent thickness of 0.4 nm, and a leakage current density of 5 × 10⁻⁸ A/cm. Addition of La to PZT was effective in reducing the leakage current with an increase in the registration rate. RuO₂ and/or IrO₂ bottom electrodes for ferroelectric PLZT films were also investigated. The RuO₂ films were found effective as diffusion barriers for PLZT and MgO. Significant interdiffusion at RuO₂/Si and RuO₂/SiO₂ interfaces occurred during the deposition of PLZT films. Annealing of the RuO₂ film considerably depressed interface reactions. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(1): 25–36, 1998     

Analysis of work of liquid metal induction pump

Contents In the paper the finite element method is presented so as to determine electromagnetic field distribution in a cylindrical liquid metal induction pump. The effect of exciting current frequency, the channel width and the channel material conductivity on dynamic parameters of the pump has been analysed. — The obtained calculation results have been shown in the graphs.

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Analyse der Pumpe für ein flüssiges Metall

Übersicht Im Beitrag wurde die Methode der finiten Elemente zur Bestimmung der Verteilung des elektromagnetischen Feldes in einer zylindrischen Pumpe für ein flüssiges Metall verwendet. Man hat den Einfluß des Erregerstroms, der Kanalbreite und der Leitfähigkeit des zum Aufbau des Kanals benutzten Stoffes — auf die dynamischen Parameter dieser Pumpe untersucht. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse hat man in Form von Diagrammen dargestellt.

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List of symbols A vector potential - A vector potential (complex r.m.s. value) - A z-component of vector potential (complex r.m.s. value) - A _i ,A _j ,A _k vector potential values in nodal pointsi, j, k (complex r.m.s. values) - B magnetic induction - B magnetic induction (complex r.m.s. value) - B _x ,B _y components of magnetic induction (complex r.m.s. values) - F _t electrodynamic force - F mean force - F _a alternating force - F _x ,F _y components of the mean force - conductivity of the liquid metal - J current density (complex r.m.s. value) - J _a current density - J _w exciting current linear density (complex r.m.s. value) - l length of the channel - magnetic permeability of the liquid metal - M torque acting upon the liquid metal - current pulsation - p pressure of transported metal - Q pump efficiency - v _x ,v _y components of the liquid metal's velocity in the 0X and 0Y direction - z ^* conjugate complex number ofz     

Development of high-Jc NbTi multifilamentary superconducting wire with Nb artificial pins for AC applications

High critical current densities of 1.61 × 10¹⁰ A/m² at 1 T, 6.1 × 10⁹ A/m² at 3 T and 2.9 × 10⁹ A/m² at 5 T were achieved by controlling the distribution of Nb artificial pins in NbTi multifilamentary superconducting wires for ac applications. The critical current densities attained are over two times higher than those of conventional ac superconducting wires. This increase can be attributed to the shift of the peak of pinning force density to higher magnetic field by optimizing the pinning parameters. The benefits of increasing critical current densities for ac applications are demonstrated. A 2.5 T/100 kVA ac superconducting magnet was designed and made by using high J_c wire with controlled distribution of Nb artificial pins. Compared with conventional ac superconducting magnets, the new magnet exhibits a drastic decrease in size as well as in ac losses.     

Fabrication,property and application of novel pyroelectric single crystals—PMN–PT

The pyroelectric properties and temperature stability of Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–xPbTiO₃(PMN–xPT) single crystals (0.13 ≤ × ≤ 0.40) were investigated. The best choice for pyroelectric performance is [111]-oriented PMN–0.26PT single crystal whose figures of merit for voltage responsivity and detectivity are 0.11 m²/C and 15 × 10⁻⁵ Pa^−1/2, respectively. However, the [001]-oriented PMN–0.37PT single crystal has much better temperature stability, whose temperature coefficient of pyroelectric property is 0.5%/K in the range of 20 °C to 55 °C, and Curie temperature is high: 175 °C. We also found that PMN–xPT possessed low thermal diffusivity D ~ 4.4 × 10⁻⁷ m²/s, low volume specific heat C _v~ 2.5 × 10⁶ J/m³ K and tunable permittivity ε ~ (300–7000). The pyroelectric performances of PMN–xPT single crystals are superior to those of conventional pyroelectric materials and promising for IR device applications.     

Research on high-performance Nd?Fe?B magnets

The effects of the constituent phase of Nd-Fe-B magnets on sintering behavior are investigated. In the case of Nd-Fe-B magnets, a liquid phase forms by ternary eutectic reaction of Nd₂Fe₁₄B, Nd_1.1Fe₄B₄ and Nd-rich phase at 938 K. When the sintering temperature is raised above 1273 K, a remarkable shrinking occurs because of an increase in the amount of liquid phase which is supplied by the reaction between the Nd₂Fe₁₄B and the Nd_1.1Fe₄B₄ phase. The residual flux density (B_r) of Nd-Fe-B magnets increases in proportion to the increase in the among of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase. By contrast, the intrinsic coercivity (_iH_c) declined because of a decrease in the amount of the Nd_1.1Fe₄B₄ and the Nd-rich phase. As a result, new high-performance Nd-Fe-B magnets with the maximum energy product of above 366 kJ/m³ (46 mgOe) have been developed by means of controlling the component ratios of these phases in Nd-Fe-B magnets.     

Calculation of the torque of a three-phase inductor

Contents The paper presents the application of the Bubnov-Galterkin method together with the separation of variables method for the analysis of the magnetic field distribution in the inductor with six coils placed on the magnetic core. The finite length of the magnetic core is neglected. The average value of the torque acting on the cylindrical charge is chosen as a characteristic quantity of the system. Experimental and calculated torque—slip characteristic of the laboratory model is presented.

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Berechnung des Momentes eines dreiphasigen Inductors

Übersicht Im Beitrag wird eine Anwendung der Bubnov-Galerkin-Methode in Verbindung mit der Variablentrennungsmethode zur Analyse der Verteilung des magnetischen Feldes eines Induktors mit sechs auf einem magnetischen Kern unterbrachten Induktionsspulen unter Vernachlässigung der endlichen Kernlänge dargestellt. Als eine Größe, die das System charakterisiert, wurde der Mittelwert des auf den Walzeneinsatz einwirkenden Drehmomentes gewählt. Für das Versuchsmodell wird die mechanische Kennlinie dargestellt, die man aus Messungen und aus einer Rechnung erhält.

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List of main symbols A vector potential - A z-component of the vector potential (complex r.m.s. value) - B magnetic induction (complex r.m.s. value) - J current density (complex r.m.s. value) - I specific electric loading for one coil (r.m.s. value) - J _m Bessel function of the first kind and ofm order - imaginary unit - s slip - T torque - v speed - z ^* conjugate complex number ofz - Rez, |z| real part and modulus of complex numberz - , ₀ magnetic permeabilities - ₁ conductivities - pulsation - / _n derivative in the normal external direction - 1 _r , 1, 1 _z unit vectors     

Development of new hydrogen storage material FeTi(Ni) for improved hydrogenation characteristics

The present study deals with the hydrogen storage characteristics of a transition metal composition Fe_0.5Ni_0.5Ti_1.3 synthesized by melting the metal powders in a previously outgassed graphite crucible using radio frequency (r.f.) induction furnace (12 kW) in an argon atmosphere. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the as‐synthesized sample is multiphasic in nature and embodies FeTi, FeO and Ti phases. Microstructural features (SEM) signify the presence of secondary phases and cracks. The hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics determined at different temperatures were found to be 1.26 wt% at 350°C. Fe_0.5Ni_0.5Ti_1.3 exhibits faster hydrogen desorption kinetic (5 × 10⁻⁴ m³ s⁻¹ kg⁻¹), which is about two times higher than that of the parent FeTi_1.3. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH (change in enthalpy) and ΔS (change in entropy) were found to be −35.07 kJmol⁻¹ and 72.07 Jmol⁻¹ K⁻¹ respectively. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrites prepared by microwave sintering method

The effect of zinc ion substitution for nickel on structural and magnetic properties of NiZn ferrites is reported. The spinel ferrite system Ni_1-xZn_xFe₂O₄ with x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 was prepared by microwave sintering method. The uniaxially pressed samples were sintered at various temperatures such as 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C for 30 min. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples indicate the formation of single-phase cubic spinel structure. SEM micrographs show that grain size increases with increasing zinc content and sintering temperature. The elemental composition of these ferrites was analyzed by EDS. Lattice constant increases with increase in zinc content, obeying Vegard’s law. The effect of composition and sintering temperature on initial permeability as the function of frequency and temperature was studied. The initial permeability of NiZn ferrite increases greatly with increasing Zn content and sintering temperature. The dependence of initial permeability with respect to temperature shows the decrease in the Curie point with increase in zinc content, is the normal behavior of ferrites. The relative loss factor (tand

Die optimale Projektierung eines magnetischen Kreises mit Dauermagnet für Lautsprecher

Übersicht Der magnetische Kreis des Lautsprechers ist eine wichtige Anwendung der harten Ferrite. Das Kennen des magnetischen Streuflusses und folglich die optimale Projektierung dieses magnetischen Kreises ist von großer Bedeutung, wenn man das mögliche Magnetstoffersparnis berücksichtigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Methode zur Optimierung des magnetischen Kreises mit Dauermagnet für Lautsprecher angegeben, wobei die Berechnungen durch die Integration der Feldgleichungen durchgeführt werden.

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Contents The magnetic circuit of the loudspeakers is an important application of hard ferrites. The knowledge of the magnetic leakage flux and consequently the optimum design of this magnetic circuit is of great importance, because of the possible economy of magnetic materials. In this paper a method for optimisation of magnetic circuits with permanent magnet for loudspeakers is presented. The calculations were performed by integration of field equations.

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Übersicht der verwendeten Symbole A Querschnitt des ringförmigen Dauermagneten - A Querschnitt des Luftspaltes - a, b, c, d, g, h, l, Abmessungen des magnetischen Kreises - a ⁰ =a + ⁰ (Bild 2) - B _m =B mittlere Induktion im Inneren des Dauermagneten - B Induktion im Luftspalt - F hypergeometrische Funktion - G Hilfsfunktion für die Berechnung der Streuung im Bereich III - H _m =–H mittlere Feldstärke im Inneren des Dauermagneten - k _n Nutzfaktor - P _m optimaler Betriebspunkt (Bild 1) - P ₀ maximaler Punkt der KennlinieB _m =f(B _m H _{m 0})(Bild 1) - V _I,V _II,V _III magnetische Potentiale der inneren (I), oberen (II) und äußeren (III) Zone - V ₀ magnetisches Potential der Polplatte - v Volumen des Dauermagneten - v Volumen des Luftspaltes - T - u ₂ Hilfsveränderliche (Beziehung (24) - z, r zylindrische Koordinaten - ⁰ äquivalenter Luftspalt, der eine Potentialstufe bestimmt, die durch die äußere Fläche des Bolzens denselben Fluß wie das reelle Potential erzeugt - ^* äquivalenter Luftspalt, der eine Potentialstufe bestimmt, die durch das Ende des Bolzens denselben Fluß wie das reelle Potential erzeugt - ⁰=4·10^–7 (H/m) Vakuumpermeabilität - Streufaktor - ₀ Gesamtfluß, der in den Magneten durch seine Basis eindringt - _I, _II, _III Teilstreuflüsse (Bild 2) - _n Hauptfluß im Luftspalt - _s gesamter Streufluß - _s magnetischer Bezugsfluß - ^* = 4a V _{0 0} Hilfsfunktionen für die Berechnung der Streuung im Bereich I