计及系统动态可靠性评估的光伏电站储能经济配置

随着光伏渗透率的增加,光伏间歇性对系统运行的影响不可忽视,有必要配置储能系统降低光照强度变化对系统频率影响,使系统获得更大的经济收益。建立动态可靠性评估模型,根据动态可靠性指标分析储能接入的成本与收益,确定光伏电站配置的储能系统。首先,将一次调频控制、二次调频控制与可靠性评估相结合,建立电池储能与发电机协调频率控制的动态可靠性评估模型和动态可靠性评估指标。再次,根据动态可靠性指标评估不同容量及功率的储能装置接入系统的成本与收益,以最大经济效益为目标配置储能系统。最后,利用所提储能系统经济配置方法,分析山西大同100MW光伏电站需要接入的储能容量及充放电功率。     

含分布式风光蓄的配电系统可靠性评估

储能可以平滑分布式电源出力的波动性,挖掘其提升配电系统供电可靠性的潜力。为了定量评估储能装置的这种效果,提出了一种含分布式风机、光伏阵列和蓄电池的配电系统准序贯蒙特卡洛可靠性评估方法。在建立了风光蓄元件的时序模型和状态转移模型的基础上,对系统中的非电源元件进行序贯抽样,而对风光蓄元件进行非序贯抽样。讨论了含风光蓄配电系统的故障效果影响分析过程,给出了相应的可靠性评估流程。以改造的IEEE RBTS系统为例,对不同情境下的系统可靠性水平进行了对比分析,验证了所述方法的有效性。     

计及电动汽车时空可调度特性的配电系统可靠性评估

随着物联网技术与新一代移动通信技术的快速发展,电动汽车与配电系统间的交互由单一时间维度扩展为时间-空间多维度协同,显著影响新型配电系统的供电可靠性。基于这一背景,分析了大规模电动汽车集群化管理策略,揭示了配电系统中电动汽车时空可调度特性的数学表征方法,提出了计及电动汽车时空可调度特性的配电系统可靠性评估方法。为验证所提出方法的有效性,基于改进后的IEEE-RBTS BUS6的主馈线F4系统,对计及时空可调度特性电动汽车接入前、接入后及电动汽车不同放电能力下的配电系统可靠性进行了相应的计算分析,揭示了新形势下电动汽车接入对配电网供电可靠性的影响规律,可为电动汽车接入下配电系统的可靠性提升提供有效的理论支撑。     

考虑小水电接入的配电系统可靠性评估

小水电分布式接入配电系统必然对其可靠性产生影响。建立了小水电的停运概率模型,结合负荷和其他各元件的概率模型,提出了基于时序蒙特卡罗模拟法,考虑小水电接入的配电系统可靠性评估方法。以此方法对接有小水电的IEEE RBTS改进系统进行了可靠性评估,验证了该方法的有效性。并且通过与原系统可靠性指标的比较,分析了小水电的接入对配电网可靠性指标的影响及这种影响的特点,分析结果对小水电的设计工作者在SHP的建设选址方面能起到一定的参考作用。     

计及配电网经济性与可靠性的电池储能系统优化配置

经济性和可靠性是储能系统优化配置过程中必须考虑的2项指标,但往往不能同时达到最优。为协调二者之间的矛盾,建立了同时考虑经济性和可靠性的多目标电池储能系统优化配置模型。首先针对目前含储能元件系统,可靠性评估方法复杂、计算速度慢的现状,提出了一种含储能系统及分布式电源（distribution generation,DG）的配电网可靠性简化计算方法,量化储能配置后对配电网可靠性提高所做的贡献,得到持续供电时间增量及持续供电电量增量2个指标。然后,以配电系统的年净收益最大、配电系统故障时储能系统持续供电时间与供电电量最大为目标,建立了电池储能系统多目标优化配置模型,并采用改进的强度帕累托算法求解该多目标优化模型的帕累托前沿。最后对IEEE-33节点配电系统进行仿真计算,验证了所建模型的可行性及有效性。     

考虑小水电接入的配电系统可靠性评估

小水电分布式接入配电系统必然对其可靠性产生影响.建立了小水电的停运概率模型,结合负荷和其他各元件的概率模型,提出了基于时序蒙特卡罗模拟法,考虑小水电接入的配电系统可靠性评估方法.以此方法对接有小水电的IEEE RBTS改进系统进行了可靠性评估,验证了该方法的有效性.并且通过与原系统可靠性指标的比较,分析了小水电的接入对配电网可靠性指标的影响及这种影响的特点,分析结果对小水电的设计工作者在SHP的建设选址方面能起到一定的参考作用.     

计及运行和惩罚成本的储能容量优化配置方法

电池储能系统应用于新能源接入电网工况时,由于新能源出力的随机性,使得电池单元处于频繁且随机充放电状态。在电池储能应用于风电接入电网场景下,对电池寿命衰减程度与电池充放电深度的关系进行了研究,考虑了储能系统中的运行成本与惩罚成本,对配置不同容量的储能系统的总成本进行了分析,并计算得出了使总成本最优的储能容量配置策略。     

含风电场的配电系统可靠性评估研究

针对传统可靠性评估中未考虑气候因素对电力系统可靠性的影响而使评估结果与实际情况存在很大误差的问题,建立了计及开关元件拒动和元件气候因素的两状态可靠性参数修正模型,并将此模型和FMEA法应用于含风电场的配电系统可靠性评估中,研究了不同孤岛划分对系统可靠性的影响.结果表明：在配电系统中接入适量的风电场对改善配电可靠性是十分可行的,合理计划孤岛划分能更好地提高系统可靠性。     

含微电网的配电系统可靠性分析

为更好地研究和利用分布式电源,将其和负载作为一个子系统,在配电网的基础上引入微电网;分析微电网的概念、特点及工作方式,并对含微电网的配电系统进行可靠性评估;通过算例分析,验证了微电网的接入有助于改善部分负荷点的停电频率和停电时间指标,以及配电系统的可靠性指标。     

基于GO法的含分布式电源的配电系统可靠性评估

大量分布式电源（DG）接入配电系统后,供电模式的灵活性和运行方式的复杂性将对配电系统可靠性评估提出新的要求。在馈线分区的基础上,引入基于成功概率的可靠性分析方法——GO法,建立了计及DG影响的配电系统可靠性评估模型,该模型量化分析了各馈线分区设备故障对含DG区域节点的可靠性影响。并通过算例验证了该模型的有效性和实用性,结果表明GO法适用于较大规模的含DG配电系统的可靠性评估,考虑设备检修状态能更真实地反映配电系统可靠性的实际状况。     

电池储能系统用于改善并网风电场电能质量和稳定性的研究

建立了基于等效电路的电池储能系统和基于异步发电机风力发电系统的整体动态数学模型,设计了相应的控制策略,并以随机风和电网大扰动为例,采用电池储能系统对并网风电场的电能质量和稳定性问题进行仿真。结果表明采用该控制策略的电池储能系统可很好地改善并网风电场的电能质量和稳定性。     

New adaptive reclosing technique using second-order difference of THD in distribution system with BESS used as uninterruptible power supply

This paper proposes a new adaptive reclosing technique that considers the battery energy storage system (BESS) in a distribution system. The proposed technique focuses on operation of the BESS as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The algorithm detects the fault clearance using second-order differences of total harmonic distortion (THD) (SODT) of the current supplied by the BESS and allows the BESS to keep feeding to the healthy phase. A synchronism check is adopted between the utility and the BESS to minimize the transients at the moment of reclosing. To verify the proposed algorithm, the whole system and algorithm were modeled using ATP-EMTP. Various simulations are performed by varying the fault clearance time, fault types, fault resistances, and fault locations. The simulation results show that the BESS can be operated as a UPS and provide an improved reclosing scheme.     

Battery energy storage system for frequency support in microgrids and with enhanced control features for uninterruptible supply of local loads

This paper proposes a battery energy storage system (BESS) to support the frequency control process within microgrids (MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). The solution includes features that enhance the system’s stability and security of supply. The BESS can operate connected to MG or islanded and the transition between the two states is seamlessly coordinated by an original method. The BESS active power response is governed by an improved frequency controller on two layers, namely primary and secondary. It responds to frequency deviations by combining a conventional droop control method with a virtual inertia function to improve the system’s stability. The proposed BESS may also compensate the power of the local loads, so that the MG frequency transients can be reduced and, depending on the remaining inverter capacity, voltage support in the point of common coupling with the MG may be provided. If the MG power quality degrades in terms of the voltage and frequency, the BESS and the local load are disconnected from the MG and continue operating islanded. The BESS is reconnected to the MG after a smoothly resynchronization of the local voltage with the MG, without disturbing the local loads supply. Simulation and experimental results assesses the proposed control solutions.     

考虑SOC的电池储能系统一次调频策略研究

电池储能系统(Battery Energy Storage System, BESS)以其控制精度高、响应速度快等优势被广泛应用于电网中。为充分发挥BESS参与电网一次调频的优势,提出一种基于荷电状态(State Of Charge,?SOC)与频率偏差的综合控制方法。首先,为了改善电池循环寿命,设计基于荷电状态SOC的下垂系数与虚拟惯性系数。引入基于频率偏差的加权系数将下垂出力与虚拟惯性出力相结合,在频率偏差较小时增加虚拟惯性出力权重以稳定频率,在频率偏差较大时增加下垂出力权重以快速调节频率偏差,并在频率偏差超过一定限度后进行故障穿越时的频率支撑,而当电网状态变好且SOC较低或较高时进行SOC恢复。其次,提出BESS参与电网一次调频的评价指标以定量评估所提策略的调频效果及SOC维持效果。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建BESS仿真模型,并在阶跃负荷扰动、随机负荷扰动、瞬时性短路故障及光伏间歇性出力扰动工况下仿真验证所提策略的调频效果及SOC维持效果。仿真结果表明,所提策略能实现较好的调频效果并将SOC维持在合理区间内。研究成果为BESS成套设备生产厂家合理设计控制保护参数提供参考,对提升BESS涉网性能具有实际意义。     

Optimization of a battery energy storage system using particle swarm optimization for stand-alone microgrids

The main challenge in integrating a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) into a microgrid is to evaluate an optimum size of BESS to prevent the microgrid from instability and system collapse. The installation of BESS at a random size or non-optimum size can increase in cost, system losses and larger BESS capacity. Thus, this paper proposes the new method to evaluate an optimum size of BESS at minimal total BESS cost by using particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based frequency control of the stand-alone microgrid. The research target is to propose an optimum size of BESS by using the PSO method-based frequency control in order to prevent the microgrid from instability and system collapse after the loss of the utility grid (e.g., blackout or disasters) and minimize the total cost of BESS for 15 years installation in the microgrid. Then, the economical performance of BESS with modern different storage technologies is investigated and compared in the typical microgrid. Results show that the optimum size of BESS-based PSO method can achieve higher dynamic performance of the system than the optimum size of BESS-based analytic method and the conventional size of BESS. In terms of BESS economical performance with modern storage technologies, the installation of the polysulfide–bromine BESS is likely to be more cost-effective than the installation of the vanadium redox BESS for 15 years installation in the typical microgrid. It is concluded that the proposed PSO method-based frequency control can improve significantly power system stability, grid security, and planning flexibility for the microgrid system. At the same time, it can fulfill the frequency control requirements with a high economic profitability.     

Integration of a hybrid fuel cell-battery system to a distribution grid

In order to integrate a proton exchange membrane type (PEM) fuel cell system (FCS) combined with a battery bank to a distribution grid; this paper proposes a local controller based on fuzzy logic. The proposed system provides primary frequency control and local bus voltage support to the local grid. This opposes the passive distributed generation of the present that do not provide auxiliary services, such as back-up power, voltage support and reliability of supply as they operate under constant power factor equal to 1 at all times. During network disturbances, the distributed generations of the present are disconnected until normal operation is reestablished. When the distributed generation penetration is high this may lead to system instability. The microgrid concept is the effective solution for the control and quality improvement of grids with high level of DG penetration. So, the proposed system, also, can be an active controllable microsource of a microgrid in the future that cooperates with other microsources in order to cover the local load demands for active and reactive power either under grid-connected mode or under islanding operating mode. In cases where the distribution grid (working as microgrid) is forced to operate in islanded mode, the hybrid system provides the demanded active and reactive power. The FCS is connected to a weak distribution grid so that the system performance is studied under the worst conditions. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB software under a severe step load change where the grid is still connected and under islanded operation. In both cases the system presents a good performance.     

太阳光辐照度概率分布参数对电网可靠性的影响

摘要：大规模具有出力波动性的光伏机组并网,必然对电网可靠性产生深远影响。针对光伏机组出力的波动性和间歇性特点,在认为太阳光辐照度服从两参数贝塔分布的前提下,提出了使用极大似然法求解太阳光辐照度概率分布参数的思路,并基于Monte Carlo方法模拟了影响光伏机组输出功率的主要因素：实际太阳光辐照度;据此建立了能够反映光伏机组出力随机性的概率模型;并采用分区的方法,在IEEE—RTS79系统不同区域中接入光伏机组,利用Monte Carlo方法对含光伏机组的互联发输电系统进行可靠性评估;结果表明,在确定地点及一定的负荷水平下,接入一定容量的光伏机组对于提升电网可靠性指标有积极贡献;同时算例给出了不同太阳光辐照度概率分布参数对电网可靠性指标的影响,其结果表明,不同贝塔分布参数对电网可靠性参数有较大影响。     

基于STATCOM/BESS强化风机VSG虚拟惯性的协同控制方法

为了解决风电并网系统在频率波动时缺乏足够的频率支撑能力这一问题,在风电机组主控引入虚拟同步发电机(VSG)算法,采用储能型静止同步补偿器(STATCOM/BESS)为风电机组的旋转动能提供能量来源以强化系统的虚拟惯性。根据频率偏差与频率变化率,在考虑蓄电池(BESS)荷电状态的情况下,调整STATCOM/BESS工作模式,以实现虚拟转动惯量的自适应变化。通过对风机VSG构造的小信号模型进行分析,确定了虚拟转动惯量的整定原则,进一步给出了BESS容量配置的合理范围,并结合经济性说明BESS容量配置的优化方法。利用PSCAD/EMTDC得到的仿真结果表明,所提的方法能有效改善频率的动态响应,提高风电并网系统的频率支撑能力。     

弱电网且谐波畸变背景下分布式电源并网系统谐振抑制

分布式可再生能源接入配电网远端场景下，并网逆变器系统可能同时受到弱电网较大内阻抗及其背景谐波的影响，而仅优化并网逆变器的控制设计却不易有效解决这一问题。提出一种弱电网且谐波畸变背景下分布式电源并网系统谐振抑制方法。该方法将并网逆变器电网电压全前馈控制与并联接入的有源阻尼器相融合，利用前者抑制谐波电压畸变的影响，利用后者重塑并网系统的输出导纳，抑制并网系统与弱电网间的谐振。同时，给出有源阻尼器虚拟电阻阻值的设计方法以及提升并网系统的截止频率的方法。基于Matlab/Simulink的时域仿真结果表明，所设计的并网系统既能够有效抑制谐波电压畸变引发的并网电流畸变，也能够抑制因网侧导纳存在而引起的谐波谐振。