一种简单实用的分散非线性励磁控制方法

基于广域测量系统（WAMS）提供的电力系统惯量中心（COI）数据,建立了COI参考坐标系下完全解耦的发电机模型,并根据Lyapunov理论和反步法思想,提出了一种简单实用的分散非线性励磁控制设计方法。该方法原理简单,仅有的3个控制器参数设置非常容易;此外,需要WAMS传送至发电机的控制信号只有3个,降低了信道拥堵的可能性。新英格兰测试电力系统（NETPS）中的仿真结果表明,这种非线性励磁控制器不仅对发电机参数、运行状态和负荷类型具有良好的鲁棒性,而且允许COI信号存在时滞,允许时滞的类型和范围基本能覆盖正常情况下的WAMS数据延时。     

Fixed-order controller for reduced-order model for damping of power oscillation in wide area network

The interconnected power systems are complex and stabilizing control design still remains challenging task. The use of wide area monitoring system (WAMS) offers an integrated measurement-based and model-based control, which suits to the operation of large electric power system (EPS), along with online analysis. This paper presents a study on fixed-order controller design for equivalent network of coherent generator in order to stabilize inter-area electromechanical oscillations in the system. Firstly, the coherent generators in each area of large EPS are determined by mutual information theory, which represents the dynamic equivalence. Then network of each area with input–output variables of the selected generator that participates dominantly is reduced to lower size by square-root variant of balanced truncation algorithm. The dynamics and important oscillation modes are verified in equivalent representation of each area. Finally a local controller (decentralized) in each coherent area and a centralized controller between two coherent areas for selected generator are designed by reducing the H^∞ norm of its closed loop transfer function as much as possible. These controllers feed supplementary control signal in addition to one fed by local conventionally tuned PSS. The decentralized controller for selected generator is fed by local bus power or generator’s speed signal. On other hand, the centralized controller uses difference of power flow/speed of generators as input signal to dampen the oscillations between equivalent networks of two areas. The simulation results reveal effective damping of power/speed oscillations achieved by designed controller with respect to conventional PSS implemented. The robustness of controller is verified for heavy and light load operating conditions.     

A More Realistic Model of Centralized Automatic Generation Control in Real-time Environment

In this article, a more realistic model of centralized automatic generation control is proposed. Conventional centralized control model does not consider the effect of communication delays between the control center and generating units of the plant. These delays degrade the dynamic performance of automatic generation control or may even lead to unstable system. The proposed model incorporates the effect of these communication delays present in an automatic generation control system. The global controller has been developed for the proposed centralized control model. This global controller requires information of all states of the power system model. The proposed model has been investigated in the real-time environment, done with the help of three personal computers connected in series by Ethernet cables, called the real-time three-personal computer system. The novelty of this is that it is maintenance free, robust, and negligible in cost compared to real-time simulator kits available in the market. In summary, the proposed model of centralized automatic generation control is more realistic, incorporates the effect of communication delays, and investigated in the real-time environment. A novel real-time simulator (real-time three-personal computer system) developed is very cost effective. The results of proposed centralized control model are compared with the conventional centralized control model.     

不健全广域信息下时滞非线性鲁棒综合控制器设计

同步相量测量单元(PMU)在电力系统中的广泛应用为基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的广域控制提供了实现条件。由于远方反馈信息的不健全和时滞影响，基于广域信息的闭环电力系统将是一个时滞非线性系统。针对这种时滞非线性系统，结合逆系统理论和鲁棒H￥控制理论，提出不健全广域信息下考虑时滞影响的非线性鲁棒综合控制器的设计方法。首先，应用逆系统方法将强非线性电力系统进行线性化，然后，根据广域信息的不确定性，推导具有干扰输入的时滞线性系统模型，最后，应用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)理论设计该线性系统的鲁棒反馈控制律，进而得到原非线性电力系统的最终控制规律。时域仿真结果表明，当考虑广域信息的不健全和时滞影响时，非线性鲁棒综合控制器仍具有较小的系统过渡时间、振荡次数及振荡幅度，能大幅度增加系统的故障临界切除时间。     

电力系统非线性鲁棒自适应分散励磁控制设计

利用反步法设计了多机电力系统中的非线性鲁棒自适应励磁控制方案,控制目标是调节发电机功角和频率至稳态运行点的极小领域,并使闭环系统对发电机阻尼系数和电抗参数的不确定性具有自适应能力,且对模型误差和外部有界干扰具备鲁棒性,同时保证各控制器是分散化和本地化的。采用4机系统进行的数字仿真结果表明,实施此方案能有效地提高发电机的功角稳定性。     

Optimal Wide Area Controller and State Predictor for a Power System

An optimal wide area controller is designed in this paper for a 12-bus power system together with a Static Compensator (STATCOM). The controller provides auxiliary reference signals for the automatic voltage regulators (AVR) of the generators as well as the line voltage controller of the STATCOM in such a way that it improves the damping of the rotor speed deviations of the synchronous machines. Adaptive critic designs theory is used to implement the controller and enable it to provide nonlinear optimal control over the infinite horizon time of the problem and at different operating conditions of the power system. Simulation results are provided to indicate that the proposed wide area controller improves the damping of the rotor speed deviations of the generators during large scale disturbances. Moreover, a robust radial basis function network based identifier is presented in this paper to predict the states of a multimachine power system in real-time. This wide area state predictor (WASP) compensates for transport lags associated with the present communication technology for wide area monitoring of the electric power grid. The WASP is also robust to partial loss of information caused by larger than expected transport lags or even failed sensors throughout the network     

励磁系统的辅助阻尼控制研究

利用鲁棒控制理论并结合广域测量技术，采用集中或分散控制策略进行励磁系统的辅助阻尼控制器设计。当远端信号实时可测时同时利用远端和局部信号作为反馈输入；反之只利用局部反馈信息。利用参与相量和留数进行控制器的定位及远端信号的选取之后，采用具有极点配置约束的频域整形方法进行控制器鲁棒综合，并选取线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities，LMI)解法进行数值求解。4机电力系统的仿真结果验证了设计的控制器的有效性和鲁棒性。     

多机电力系统分散鲁棒励磁控制器的研究

提出了一种能够有效提高多机电力系统稳定性的分散鲁棒控制策略。采用发电机机端电压的相角和幅值表示发电机与系统其他部分的相互联系,并且针对由调速器的不稳定调节造成的发电机输入机械功率的波动,以及由电网中无功功率和有功功率的突然变化引起的发电机机端电压幅值与相角的扰动,应用鲁棒控制原理设计励磁控制器,从而实现多机电力系统的分散协调控制。仿真研究的结果表明了这种控制策略的有效性。     

A decentralized control system for stabilizing multimachine power systems

A decentralized control system is studied for stabilizing multimachine power systems. A longitudinal power system with three areas, each having one machine, is considered in this study. A decentralized control design method is proposed, which is based on the optimal regulator theory. First a centralized control system is designed without any consideration on whether state variables are all available or not. Second a pseudo-decentralized control system is designed by omitting control gains corresponding to state variables which give hardly any effects on the power system stability. It is found that only one variable of phase angle of each machine is absolutely necessary for the pseudo-decentralized control system. This leads to an idea based on power system engineering, that is to say, new variables of tieline power flow are introduced in the decentralized control system design to substitute for the phase angle of each machine. Thus a decentralized control system for power system stability can be designed using the new variables of tieline power flow. It is demonstrated from simulation studies that the decentralized control system improves even longitudinal power system stability as well as the centralized control system.     

基于分散控制理论的多机系统低频振荡抑制

常规的电力系统低频振荡抑制措施是在发电机励磁系统中加装电力系统稳定器(PSS),然而它在多机电力系统中的应用并没有充分的理论研究.将大系统分散控制原理应用于多机电力系统低频振荡抑制问题,只要分散阻尼控制器(DDC)的阶数足够高,分散闭环控制系统的低频振荡模态总可以在复平面内任意配置.分析了PSS与DDC的关系,论证了PSS是DDC的一种特殊形式,因而从理论上说明了DDC比PSS优越.将DDC的优化配置表示为一个带不等式约束的非光滑优化问题并用遗传算法求解.以新英格兰测试系统和我国西北电网为算例的计算结果表明,在发电机励磁系统中加装DDC是一种有效的低频振荡抑制新措施.     

汽轮发电机组的非线性分散干扰抑制控制

将非线性鲁棒控制理论应用于多机电力系统的汽轮调速控制系统。在耗散系统理论框架下,用递推设计的方法,构造汽轮发电机组的能量存储函数,以避免求解HJI不等式,从而得到多机系统汽轮调速的非线性L₂增益干扰抑制控制规律。控制策略的所有变量都是可量测的,而且控制量只与本机组的状态量有关,与其他机组的状态量和输电网络的参数无关,因而具有分散性。4机系统仿真结果表明,该控制规律可以提高电力系统的暂态稳定性。     

A decentralized plant controller for automatic generation and voltage regulation

A decentralized plant controller is developed for the coordinated control of automatic real power generation and automatic voltage regulation of a generating unit. Considering that there are no interactions between the two subsystems, local controllers are developed to optimize each subsystem. Those controllers are then used to improve the performance of the overall system when the interconnections are taken into account. The decentralized controller for each subsystem is composed of a feedback control which is independent of other subsystems, and an adjustment control which is dependent on the interaction variables.The effectiveness of the decentralized controller is examined by digital simulation study for the response of a generator-exciter system tied to a governor-turbine system. Comparisons are made with the local controller and with the centralized controller, and the decentralized controller is shown to have practical advantages over the centralized controller with only minimal sacrifice in performance.     

Synchronous generator control using neural network-based nonlinear adaptive regulator

Control equipment of synchronous generators such as automatic voltage regulators, speed governors and power system stabilizers have been developed to maintain stability and to improve damping of power systems. When an operating condition changes greatly, however, such controllers may become less effective because of nonlinearity of the power system. In this paper, a nonlinear adaptive generator control system using neural networks is proposed. The proposed neurocontrol system consists of two neural networks which work as an identifier and a controller, respectively, and generates supplementary control signals to the conventional controllers. An essential feature of the proposed system is that the internal connection weights of both neural networks are adjusted adaptively so as to generate appropriate control signals for transient stability and damping enhancement in response to changes of the operating conditions and the network configuration. To investigate the control performance of the proposed neurocontrol system, digital time simulations are carried out for a one-machine infinite bus model system. As a result, it is clarified that the proposed adaptive neurocontrol system effectively improves the system damping and shows adaptability against the wide changes of the operating conditions.     

多机系统发电机时滞反馈励磁与STATCOM的非线性鲁棒协调控制

广域反馈信号的时滞性使得包含广域信号的电力系统变成时滞动力系统。利用Pade近似逼近时滞环节,将时滞影响隐含在系统动态方程的系数中,静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)的动态特性用一阶微分方程形式的可控无功电流源表示,推导了含多台STATCOM的多机系统的电磁功率表达式。基于伪广义Hamilton系统理论,将包含STATCOM和时滞反馈励磁的多机系统表示成伪广义耗散Hamilton系统形式。利用L2干扰抑制控制方法得到考虑广域信号时滞性及转移电导的发电机励磁和STATCOM的协调控制策略。4机2区域系统的仿真结果表明,与传统的分散控制器相比,所提考虑时滞影响的非线性鲁棒协调控制器能够有效地抑制系统振荡,且具有一定的时滞不敏感性。     

计及分布式电源集群不确定性的配电网分散鲁棒电压控制

随着光伏、储能等分布式电源广泛接入,导致配电网区域电压波动频繁。针对分布式电源分散接入带来的不确定性问题,提出了一种计及分布式电源集群不确定性的配电网分散鲁棒电压控制方法。将大规模分布式电源聚合成相互关联的集群,对电压控制进行分区域调节。首先,针对配电网结构复杂和分布式电源点多面广的问题,设计一种基于改进Louvain算法的配电网集群划分方案,利用模块度函数并兼顾了集群的电压灵敏度和分布式电源调控容量。然后,由于分布式电源接入后配电网潮流更加复杂多变,在划分集群的基础上提出一种考虑不确定性的分散鲁棒控制方法,协同各分布式电源集群的调控能力,抑制由于模型参数及功率波动等不确定性导致的配电网电压波动。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于LMI方法的VSC-HVDC多重模型阻尼控制器设计

电压源换流器式高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)具有快速功率调整特性,结合相应附加小信号阻尼控制策略可以提高系统的低频阻尼能力。基于线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的优化方法为电力系统阻尼控制提供了新的设计途径。文中采用2步LMI优化方法,在建立系统多个运行点小信号模型基础上分别设计单一模型和多重模型运行点阻尼控制器,以改善系统阻尼特性。在PSASP中对3机系统的时域仿真分析表明,基于多重模型的阻尼控制器具有较强的适应性,可在大范围运行条件下向系统提供足够的阻尼。     

Mode selective damping of power system electromechanical oscillations for large power systems using supplementary remote signals

This paper presents the design of local decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) controllers, using selected suitable remote signals as supplementary inputs, for a separate better damping of specific inter-area modes, for large-scale power systems. System identification technique is used for deriving lower order state-space models suitable for control design. The lower-order model is identified by probing the network in open loop with low-energy pulses or random signals. The identification technique is then applied to signal responses, generated by time-domain simulations of the large-scale model, to obtain reduced-order model. Lower-order equivalent models, thus obtained, are used to design each local PSS controller separately for each of the inter-area modes of interest. The PSS controller uses only those local and remote input signals in which the assigned single inter-area mode is most observable and is located at a generator which is most effective in controlling that mode. The PSS controller, designed for a particular single inter-area mode, also works mainly in a frequency band given by the natural frequency of the assigned mode. The locations of the local PSS controllers are obtained based on the amplitude gains of the frequency responses of the best-suited measurement to the inputs of all generators in the interconnected system. For the selection of suitable local and supplementary remote input signals, the features or measurements from the whole system are pre-selected first by engineering judgment and then using a clustering feature selection technique. Final selection of local and remote input signals is based on the degree of observability of the considered single mode in them. To provide robust behavior, H_∞ control theory together with an algebraic Riccati equation approach has been applied to design the controllers. The effectiveness of the resulting PSS controllers is demonstrated through digital simulation studies conducted on a sixteen-machine, three-area test power system.     

双馈风电机组抑制电力系统低频振荡的鲁棒控制策略

针对大规模风电场接入电力系统面临的低频振荡问题,提出了一种双馈风电机组(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)附加鲁棒控制策略,通过控制双馈风电机组的转子侧无功输出向系统注入无功功率以达到提升系统阻尼的目的。首先采用TLS-ESPRIT辨识算法辨识出系统模型,然后采用基于区域极点配置的鲁棒控制理论设计附加阻尼控制器。为对所提控制方法相比于传统控制方法的优势,设计了基于极点配置的阻尼控制器。最后在PSCAD软件中搭建含风电的两区域模型验证所提控制方法的有效性。仿真结果表明DFIG附加鲁棒控制器能有效抑制电力系统低频振荡,具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

Robust multimachine power systems control via high order sliding modes

This article presents a formal study of the transient stabilization problem, including a stability proof. A decentralized nonlinear robust control scheme for multimachine electrical power systems is presented. The mathematical model takes into account the interconnections between electrical elements of the power system such as generators, electric networks, loads and exciters. Each generator is considered as a seventh order system that includes the mechanical and rotor electrical dynamics with static exciter dynamics. The proposed control scheme is based on the Block Control methodology and Second Order Sliding Modes technique using the Super Twisting algorithm. A nonlinear observer is designed to estimate the rotor fluxes of the synchronous machines. The designed decentralized control scheme requires the only local information for each local controller. This control scheme was tested through simulation on the well known reduced 9 buses equivalent model of the WSCC system.