Design of an ANN tuned adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller for power system dynamic performance enhancement

A supplementary damping controller for a unified power flow controller (UPFC) is designed for power system dynamic performance enhancement. To maintain a good damping characteristic over a wide range of operating conditions, the gains of the UPFC supplementary damping controller are adapted in real time, based on online measured transmission line loadings (active and reactive power flows). To speed up the online gain adaptation process, an artificial neural network is designed. A major feature for the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller is that only physically measurable variables (active and reactive power flows over the transmission line) are employed as inputs to the adaptive controller. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller, computer simulations are performed on a power system subject to a three-phase fault. It is concluded from the simulation results that the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller can yield satisfactory dynamic responses over a wide range conditions. The electromechanical mode with an oscillation frequency around 0.78 Hz has been effectively damped by the proposed damping compensators.     

统一潮流控制器附加阻尼抑制次同步谐振的理论与仿真

随着串联电容补偿输电的推广应用,中国电力系统面临着严峻的次同步谐振(SSR)问题。针对SSR问题,文中基于采用电流控制模式的统一潮流控制器(UPFC),提出了一种UPFC附加阻尼控制抑制SSR的方法;首先选择了附加阻尼控制信号接入UPFC控制器的位置,然后设计了UPFC附加次同步阻尼控制器(SSDC),并推导了其抑制系统SSR的机理,且所设计的SSDC采用了模态分离控制以达到抑制多模态SSR的目的。最后,综合利用复转矩系数和时域仿真的方法,对所设计的UPFC装置SSDC抑制SSR的有效性进行了分析和仿真。结果表明,所设计的SSDC在有效抑制SSR的同时,不会影响系统和UPFC装置的正常运行。     

Performance Evaluation of Power Oscillation Damping Controller—Firefly Algorithm Based Parameter Tuning

This paper presents the performance evaluation of power oscillation damping controller based on firefly algorithm (FA) parameter tuning. The power system stabilizer (PSS), unified power flow controller (UPFC), and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) are tuned with FA by minimizing integral time multiplied by absolute error (ITAE) as an objective function. An integrated multi-stage linear quadratic regulator – power oscillation damping UPFC/SSSC has been proposed with precise tuning of control parameters which results in overall states' oscillation damping as compared to other classical methods. It has been observed that the proposed control structure damps the oscillations adequately and is modular in design methodology. The sample power system comprising six areas has been considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the concept. The software has been developed based on the proposed work by the authors and the MATLAB code has been generated in R2009b version. The states' inter-relation which has been shown with eigenvalues reflects a better regulation and the step response is also validated.     

基于MSSA的PSS与UPFC-POD参数和 UPFC位置协调优化

针对风火打捆(wind-thermal-bundled, WTB)系统在受到干扰时可能由于阻尼不足而出现的低频振荡现象以及较高的网损会导致运行成本的增加和阻碍“双碳”目标实现的问题,提出了一种电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer, PSS)与统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller, UPFC)附加功率振荡阻尼控制器(power oscillation damping, POD)参数和UPFC安装位置协调优化策略方法。首先,基于Matlab构建了风火打捆外送系统和控制器模型。然后,利用多目标樽海鞘优化算法(multi-objective salp swarm algorithm, MSSA),将协调优化问题转化为多目标优化问题。目标函数设计中考虑了UPFC装置的调节特性。最后,采用IEEE 4机2区系统和16机5区系统进行多种工况下的仿真。仿真结果显示,协调优化后的控制器可以提高系统阻尼,维持发电机转速的稳定,抑制低频振荡引起的系统有功、电压等的波动,同时降低了系统的有功网损,提高了系统稳定性和运行经济性。MSSA在工程问题上的应用得到了补充。     

基于GATS混合算法的PSS与SVC控制器参数设计

随着电力网络规模的扩大，电力系统优化问题日益复杂，故提出了一种采用遗传禁忌GATS混合优化策略对电力系统稳定器PSS和静止无功补偿器SVC附加线性稳定控制器进行参数协调优化的设计方法。该方法结合遗传算法GA和禁忌搜索算法TS各自的优点，将禁忌搜索引入到遗传算法的变异操作，改进了遗传算法的变异算子，具有比常规遗传算法更强的局部搜索能力。在10机新英格兰电力系统上对该优化方法进行了测试。特征值分析表明，该设计方法能有效地将多种不同运行方式下系统的特征根移到复平面目标函数限定的区域内，保证了小扰动稳定性控制的鲁棒。同时还对不同优化方法的收敛性及计算时间进行了比对，结果表明遗传禁忌混合策略的性能优于常规遗传算法以及遗传模拟退火混合优化策略。     

基于极大极小值原理的UPFC控制器设计

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)是一个多功能柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)装置,而电力系统的运行条件经常变化,如何协调设计UPFC的多控制通道并确保电力系统大范围稳定是一个难点。文中以特征值尽可能位于远离虚轴的左半平面为目标函数,将阻尼控制器的参数优化问题转化为一个极大极小值优化问题,并通过一种两种群遗传算法加以求解,以适应电力系统运行条件的大范围变化。与传统的控制器设计方法相比较,文中所提出的方法具有设计简便、智能化程度高、控制器适应性好的优点。以新英格兰测试系统为例,设计了UPFC控制器以抑制系统中可能发生的低频振荡。时域仿真结果表明基于极大极小值原理设计的UPFC控制器能适应宽广运行条件的变化,确保系统的大范围稳定。     

Comparison of different robust control methods in design of decentralized UPFC controllers

The unified power flow controller (UPFC) integrates properties of both shunt and series compensations, and can effectively alter power system parameters in such a way that increases power transfer capability and enhances system stability. In practice, simple proportional–integral (PI) controllers are used to control the UPFC. However, the PI control parameters are usually tuned based on classical or trial-and-error approaches and as such, they are incapable of obtaining good dynamic performance for a wide range of operating conditions and various loads in power systems. Hence, in this article robust control approaches are proposed based on the quantitative feedback theory (QFT), H_∞ loop-shaping and μ-synthesis, to design UPFC controllers (power-flow and DC-voltage regulator). The three mentioned methods are compared with each other and a supplementary damping controller is developed to improve damping power system oscillations. Here, a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system, installed with a UPFC (with system parametric uncertainties) is considered as a case study. The system parametric uncertainties are obtained following 40% simultaneous alterations in parameters and load from their typical values. The simulation results indicate satisfactory verifications of the robust control methods in dealing with the uncertainties considered. When the above three methods and the PI controller are compared in performance in several time-domain simulation tests, the results show clear superiority of the three methods over the PI controller, with the QFT presenting the best performance amongst the three robust control.     

PSS与VSC-HVDC附加阻尼控制器参数协调优化设计

将含参数约束的线性优化方法应用于交\直流混合系统的电力系统稳定器和基于电压源型换流器的高压直流输电系统附加阻尼控制器的参数协调优化中。该算法考虑了不同阻尼控制方式间的相互影响和作用,在迭代过程中通过修正优化可行域区间,使系统低频振荡模式对应的特征根最终移动到复平面上期望区域内。系统的特征值分析和时域仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性和实用性。     

Investigation of SSR characteristics of unified power flow controller

The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most versatile flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controller which can be used to control active and reactive power flows in a transmission line in addition to the bus voltage. The active series compensation is provided by injecting series reactive voltage. The voltage at the two ports of UPFC are regulated by control of shunt current and series real voltage. It also has several operating control modes such as voltage and power regulation, line impedance compensation, etc. This paper presents the analysis and study of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) characteristics of UPFC. The various combination of operating modes of shunt and series converters are considered for investigating their effect on SSR characteristics.The analysis of SSR with UPFC is carried out based on frequency domain method, eigenvalue analysis and transient simulation. The frequency domain method considers D-Q model of UPFC for the computation of damping torque for quick check in determining torsional mode stability. The study is performed on IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM).     

Three-dimensional power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. The objective of the PSS is to generate a stabilizing signal, which produces a damping torque component on the generator shaft. Conventional PSSs are designed with the phase compensation technique in the frequency domain and include the lead-lag blocks whose parameters are determined according to a linearized power system model. The performance of conventional PSSs (CPSSs) depends upon the generator operating point and the system parameters, but a reasonable level of robustness can be achieved depending on the tuning method. This paper presents a new three-dimensional PSS (3D PSS), which uses rotor speed deviation, rotor acceleration and load angle deviation as input signals. The 3D PSS attempts to return the generator to the state-space origin, based on the generator’s trajectory in state-space and the achievement of torque equilibrium. The 3D PSS is robust to system parameters changes. The proposed algorithm was implemented in a digital control system, tested in a laboratory environment on a synchronous generator connected to the power system, and then compared with CPSS. Experimental results show that the proposed PSS achieves better performance than the CPSS in damping oscillations.     

统一潮流控制器的自适应校正稳定控制器设计

在装设了统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)的弱阻尼连接多机系统中,综合利用全系统的线性化状态方程和传递函数的信息,设计了线性化的UPFC稳定控制器。为使该稳定控制器能在系统大范围内的运行点提供有效阻尼,文中在UPFC稳定控制器中加入一可调的超前(滞后)环节,利用Prony分析在线辨析系统低频振荡特性。利用在线辨析的结果对稳定控制器的可调环节进行微调,使之针对系统具体运行工况进行自适应校正,从而持续工作在最佳状态。最后利用电磁暂态仿真程序对一个装设有UPFC的两区域弱阻尼连接系统进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明,文中设计的自适应校正UPFC稳定控制器能够明显提高该系统的阻尼水平。     

阻尼联络线低频振荡的SVC自适应模糊控制器研究

从暂态能量的角度对区域模式振荡的过程进行分析，提出以降低区域间振荡能量为控制目标的阻尼控制策略，设计出附加在SVC上的自适应模糊控制器，以提高互联系统的动态稳定性水平。该控制方案不需预知系统具体参数，通过对系统运行状态和控制效果进行评判，依据模糊规则自适应地对控制参数进行调节，实现对区域模式振荡的有效抑制。数字仿真表明，该控制器能有效地提高互联系统的动态稳定性水平，对不同的系统运行方式和振荡模式具有较强的鲁棒性。     

UPFC抑制电力系统低频振荡的参数优化研究

为研究统一潮流控制器(UPFC)用于抑制电力系统低频振荡的效果,采用PID控制策略设计了UPFC,并利用遗传算法(GA)和粒子群算法(PSO)分别对UPFC参数进行了优化。对含UPFC的单机无穷大系统进行仿真,仿真结果显示,UPFC对阻尼电力系统低频振荡起到一定的作用,经过参数优化后系统的暂态变短,相关量的波动降低,且粒子群优化算法用于抑制阻尼电力系统低频振荡的效果优于遗传算法。     

基于遗传算法的UPFC模糊阻尼控制器参数优化及与梯度下降法的比较

设计了一种统一潮流控制器（UPFC）模糊辅助控制器,能够阻尼互联系统之间功率低频振荡．分别使用遗传算法和梯度下降法实现了模糊阻尼控制器（FDC）的参数优化。建立了UPFC的频域模型,给出了主控制和辅助控制的框图。推导了模糊阻尼控制器参数优化的公式。互联多机系统算例显示了2种优化方法都具有很好的收敛性。且结果吻合,同时由这2种方法优化的阻尼控制器能够很好地阻尼系统的功率振荡。且比传统的基于线性系统设计的辅助控制器在不同的系统运行方式和振荡模式下具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Optimal IPFC signal selection and damping controller design using a novel current injection model in a multi-machine power system

This paper develops a novel approach to model the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) with the purpose of enhancing the power system dynamic stability. The dynamic behavior of the IPFC is modeled using a new and detailed current injection model. On the basis of designing a supplementary damping controller, the effectiveness of the proposed model in robust damping of the oscillations is evaluated. Thus, the problem of attaining the damping controller parameters transmitted into an optimization process which is solved using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The PSO has a strong and reliable capability to find out the optimistic solution. The optimization procedure is performed in a multi-machine power system and under various operating conditions. Assessment the derived results from the nonlinear time domain simulation and through some performance indices with considering to a severe transient disturbance clearly indicates the major performance of the proposed model and the model based designed controller in improvement the system stability margins. Moreover, to identify the most suitable IPFC control signal, a precise evaluation of the employed indices is accomplished. Numerical results verify the superior stabilization effect of the m₁ (one of the IPFC control signals) in the wide range of operating conditions.     

基于微粒群优化算法的最优电力系统稳定器设计

传统电力系统稳定器的性能受其参数影响很大,为提高电力系统机电暂态模型的阻尼,文中提出了一种优化电力系统稳定器参数的新方法。该方法以两个特征值基目标函数为基础,采用改进的微粒群优化技术对电力系统稳定器进行参数优化。特征值分析和非线性仿真结果表明,经过参数优化的电力系统稳定器能有效抑制本地和区域间振荡,提高系统的鲁棒性。     

基于转矩面积的UPFC稳定控制器优化设计

通过推导统一潮流控制器(UPFC)稳定控制器的状态方程,分析了UPFC稳定控制器对同步发电机电磁转矩的影响。同步发电机的同步转矩分量和阻尼转矩分量是影响电力系统稳定性最直接的因素。考虑到利用UPFC稳定控制器提高系统阻尼转矩时有可能会恶化系统的同步转矩,文中利用转矩面积对UPFC稳定控制器进行了优化设计,较大的转矩面积可以确保同步发电机同时拥有足够的同步转矩和阻尼转矩。优化后的UPFC稳定控制器在提高系统阻尼转矩的同时,改善了系统的同步转矩,从而有效提高系统的稳定水平。最后给出一个算例进行验证,EMTDC的仿真结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

Effective damping of local low frequency oscillations in power systems integrated with bulk PV generation

High penetration of renewable sources into conventional power systems results in reduction of system inertia and noticeable low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the rotor speed of synchronous generators. In this paper, we propose effective damping of LFOs by incorporating a supplementary damping controller with a photovoltaic (PV) generating station, where the parameters of this controller are coordinated optimally with those of a power system stabilizer (PSS). The proposed method is applied to damp local electromechanical modes by studying a system comprising a synchronous generator and a PV station connected to an infinite bus. The PV station is modeled following the instructions of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council. The problem is modeled as an optimization problem, where the damping ratio of the electromechanical modes is designed as the objective function. Constraints including upper and lower limits of decision parameters and damping ratio of other modes are considered by imposing penalties on the objective function. Different optimization algorithms are used to pursue the optimal design, such as political, improved gray wolves and equilibrium optimizers. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller with PSS in damping local modes of oscillations.     

Coordinated design of PSSs and SVC via bacteria foraging optimization algorithm in a multimachine power system

This paper develops a novel algorithm for simultaneous coordinated designing of power system stabilizers (PSSs) and static var compensator (SVC) in a multimachine power system. The coordinated design problem of PSS and SVC over a wide range of loading conditions is formulated as an optimization problem. The Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) is employed to search for optimal controllers parameters. By minimizing the proposed objective function, in which the speed deviations between generators are involved; stability performance of the system is improved. To compare the capability of PSS and SVC, both are designed independently, and then in a coordinated manner. Simultaneous tuning of the bacterial foraging based coordinated controller gives robust damping performance over wide range of operating conditions and large disturbance in compare to optimized PSS controller based on BFOA (BFPSS) and optimized SVC controller based on BFOA (BFSVC). Moreover, a statistical T test is performed to ensure the effectiveness of coordinated controller versus uncoordinated one.     

阻尼联络线低频振荡的UPFC两阶段控制方法研究

提出了一种新颖的阻尼联络线低频振荡的UPFC两阶段控制方案。第1阶段是阻尼控制:利用COI之间角速度的正、反向状态控制直流电容器的充、放电,使得联络线总的传输功率相应地减少、增加,从而进一步增加系统阻尼,快速平息振荡。给出了一种利用UPFC安装处的线路功率估算COI之间角速度的方法,估算结果准确。第2阶段是协调控制:第1阶段控制结束后,系统进入了新的稳态。此时利用控制理论中的相对增益矩阵(RGA)方法为UPFC在稳态条件下确定了多个控制通道之间耦合程度最为薄弱的最佳控制方案,使得UPFC潮流控制器、交、直流电压调节器之间实现了协调控制,从而使系统快速运行在所期望的稳态运行点。仿真结果表明,所提出的UPFC两阶段控制方案对阻尼区域模式低频振荡是有效、可行的。