多导体配电线路感应雷过电压分析

为分析多导体架空线负载感应雷过电压及架空地线屏蔽特性,利用傅里叶变换计算雷电流的频谱分布,根据求多导体传输线负载响应的BLT方程,在频域内求其外电磁场激励下的电报方程,计算多导体配电线路感应雷过电压的频域响应,再根据傅里叶反变换求得负载端的暂态响应。配电线路感应雷过电压特性及架空地线屏蔽作用的分析结果表明,线路垂直排列时,感应雷在负载端引起的差模干扰较大,大地电导率越小架空地线的屏蔽作用越好。     

500 kV架空线路雷电过电压与冲击接地电阻关系

为考虑雷击架空输电线路后,雷电流在避雷线、杆塔、接地网和土壤中的动态散流过程,建立了输电线路-杆塔-接地网一体化雷电全波电磁暂态模型,计算冲击接地电阻和反击过电压。基于全波电磁暂态模型,从冲击接地的概念出发,将土壤电阻率、雷电流波前时间和幅值对输电线路的影响直接反映在雷电过电压上,对雷电过电压与冲击接地电阻计算公式进行拟合。研究表明：波前时间减小和土壤电阻率增大均会使冲击接地电阻值与雷电过电压增大。不考虑火花效应时的冲击接地电阻值与雷电流幅值无关,雷电过电压随雷电流呈正比例增大。在进行接地网设计时,应考虑能使雷电过电压值下降的接地网射线的有效长度。     

Backflashover simulation of HV transmission lines with enhanced counterpoise groundings

This paper deals with the backflashover phenomenon in HV overhead transmission lines (TLs) with towers grounded by means of long counterpoises, typically used in high resistivity soils. Although long counterpoises are effective in reducing the grounding impedance at power frequency, their impulse response may affect negatively the TL backflashover rate. The study is focused on the enhancement of TL lightning performance obtainable by adding a small number of vertical grounding rods to horizontal counterpoises. An extensive ATP-EMTP parametric analysis, based on a detailed 161 kV TL model including the leader progression model (LPM) of line insulations and the non-linear transient behaviour of grounding systems, has been carried out taking into account several different values of soil resistivity as well as varying numbers, locations and lengths of additional vertical rods. Critical lightning current ranges causing backflashover have been then predicted for several lightning waveforms, of different severity. The paper shows that the addition of a few vertical grounding rods significantly improves TL lightning performance by increasing critical lightning current values, even if their influence is negligible at power frequency. The authors have ascertained an increment of average critical backflashover current up to ∼55% for some typical TL grounding system configurations and lightning waveshapes.     

用多重镜象计算二层土壤中矩形基础接地电阻

应用多重镜象法和矩量法得出了计算二层土壤基础接地电阻的代数方程式 ,并编制了相应的程序。计算结果与文献 [1]、[2 ]相比较 ,验证了方法及程序的正确性。用三个算例 ,研究了镜象电流 (电荷 )数对计算精度的影响。本方法较文献 [1]、[2 ]省内存、省机时且精度高 ,可对二层土壤矩形混凝土内水平接地网的接地电阻进行有效的计算     

Two-layer soil model for power station grounding system calculation considering multilayer soil stratification

Two-layer soil models are commonly used for the design of power station grounding systems. Calculations based on such models usually give correct values for the gound resistance of grounding electrodes and for the step and touch potentials on the surface of the ground. However, the two-layer model of the actual soil can give absurd results if incorrect values of the layer resistivities and the first layer thickness are used. Conventional methods of fitting the apparent resistivity curve in order to obtain those parameters do not give good results in all cases. This may happen when the soil has a multilayer structure and certain combinations of different layer resistivities exist. In this paper, an analysis of critical cases was carried out, and a novel calculation method for the parameters of the two-layer soil model is presented. The proposed method is valid for an arbitrary number of soil layers with arbitrary values of resistivity, and it is applicable to simple as well as complex grounding systems. The numerical results of this method were compared with electromagnetic field calculations carried out with a computer program based on the finite-element method. The proposed model permits the use of computer programs based on the method of images and a two-layer soil model for the design of station grounding systems buried in horizontal multilayer soil stratifications. Thus, the risk of serious calculation errors that may appear by application of the apparent resistivity fitting method can be avoided.     

采用MOA的输电线路雷电响应分析模型

用ATP仿真研究了 110kV线路雷击响应的一些杆塔和线路模型 ,指出分段传输线模型是较合理的杆塔模型。仿真结果有助于制定用带串联间隙线路避雷器来降低线路雷击事故的相应措施。     

基于电磁场的杆塔接地体冲击特性计算分析

输电线路杆塔接地体的冲击接地阻抗决定了雷击输电线路或杆塔时的塔顶电位,从而影响线路绝缘子串两端的过电压水平,直接关系到线路的耐雷水平。接地体在雷电流作用下的冲击特性表现为火花效应和电感效应,使接地体的冲击特性明显区别于工频特性。基于电磁场理论建立了输电杆塔典型接地体冲击接地阻抗计算模型,通过模型试验验证了其准确性,得到了接地体在不同土壤电阻率和射线长度下的冲击接地阻抗,并与国际著名的接地计算软件CDEGS工频接地阻抗计算结果对比分析,进一步揭示了接地体的工频和冲击特性的差异,同时验证了接地体冲击电流下存在有效长度。     

Rapid idea of located defects on grounding systems

This study gives an original way to have a rapid idea of the position of the located defects on grounding systems. For determining electromagnetic fields' radiation, we use an easy method, based on analytical formula, transmission line theory, and modified images theory, instead of complex method of Summerfield's integrals. The cartography of the electromagnetic fields radiated at the soil—air interface, by energized grounding systems (electrode or grid), can be used to detect and localize a defect on these systems. This model is aimed at helping in electromagnetic compatibility and lightning protection studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲁中山区220kV输电线路雷击过电压与防护研究

以鲁中山区某220kV输电线路作为研究对象,根据实际参数采用杆塔多波阻抗模型模拟了雷电流、输电线路、杆塔、绝缘子串和避雷器,建立了雷击输电线路的仿真模型。本文基于ATP-EMTP电磁暂态分析软件,分析了线路避雷器组合安装和接地电阻对输电线路耐雷水平的影响。仿真结果显示:输电线路按策略分相组合加装避雷器和降低杆塔的接地电阻可以有效保护输电线路的安全,提升电网的安全经济效益。     

High voltage transmission lines studies with the use of artificial intelligence

The paper presents an alternative approach for the studies of high voltage transmission lines based on artificial intelligence and more specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs). In contrast to the existing conventional–analytical techniques and simulations which are using in the calculations empirical and/or approximating equations, this approach is based only on actual field data and actual measurements. The proposed approach is applied on high voltage transmission lines in order to calculate the lightning outages, on grounding systems in order to assess the grounding resistance and on high voltage transmission lines’ polluted insulators in order to estimate the critical flashover voltage. The obtained results are very close to the actual ones for all three case studies, something which clearly implies that the ANN approach is well working and has an acceptable accuracy, constituting an additional tool of electric engineers.     

Frequency Dependent Characteristics of Grounding Systems

This paper presents models for the computation of frequency characteristics and transient response of power grounding systems. The methodology can accommodate any configuration of a grounding system comprising rectilinear conductors. The approach is based on transmission line concepts. Finite element analysis is employed to model the constituent parts of a grounding system. The grounding system is segmented into short lengths of earth embedded electrodes which are characterized as lossy transmission lines with distributed inductance, capacitance, series resistahce, resistance to earth, and mutual coupling to any other finite element of earth conductors. The parameters of the short earth embedded electrodes are computed by solution of Maxwell's equations and assuming quasi-static conditions. The paper presents a validation procedure which is based on comparison of analysis results to test results obtained at BPA. The model is applicable for transient phenomena comprising a wide range of frequencies. Results are presented which illustrate the properties of grounding systems to low as well as high frequency transients.     

EMTP-based model for grounding system analysis

EMC and lightning protection analyses of large power systems require the knowledge of the dynamic behavior of extended grounding systems. They cannot be regarded as equipotential planes, but must be treated as coupling paths for transient overvoltages. This contribution presents a model for linear earth conductors based on the transmission line approach and outlines its integration in the transients program EMTP. Validation of the presented model is achieved by comparison with field measurements and with a rigorous electromagnetic model. Overvoltages and electrical fields throughout electrical power systems can thus be computed     

杆塔接地网接地模块降阻效率与影响因素研究

输电线路杆塔接地网在外延、垂直接地降阻措施受限时常采用辅助降阻材料降阻,实际杆塔接地工程采用接地模块进行接地降阻时缺少统一规范的指导,在应用时存在一些盲目施工、降阻效率低等问题。本文采用防雷接地领域中通用CDEGS软件对输电线路杆塔接地网采用接地模块降阻时的影响因素进行仿真计算。首先,针对一字型接地网采用接地模块时的敷设位置和密度进行仿真;其次,对常见的方框射线型接地网采用接地模块降阻时的降阻效率进行分析;随后,分别分析了土壤电阻率与土壤结构对接地模块降阻效率的影响规律;最后,针对实际输电线路采用接地模块降阻给出相应施工建议。本文研究结论可为输电线路防雷、杆塔接地网降阻施工提供参考。     

接地体雷电暂态响应建模分析

为克服接地体传输线模犁在进行雷电暂态响应计算时存在的分段导体尺寸难以确定,及分段元件间互耦参数计算困难的2个技术瓶颈,采用电磁散射理论与矩阵分析方法对传统时域传输线模型进行了优化.改进后模型考虑了土壤火花放电效应,给出了等效差分元件尺寸选取方法及分段导体间互耦参数递归的计算方法,可有效计算接地体雷电流作用下的冲击有效长度及冲击接地电阻.经与试验结果对比,证明了优化后模型的计算结果误差较小,能够满足工程应用要求.     

±800 kV云广特高压直流线路雷电防护特性

雷击是造成输电线路闪络的主要原因之一.为了解决±800kV云广特高压直流线路的雷电防护问题,通过分析该线路的参数和调研线路沿线的雷电活动特点,以先导发展法为基础建立特高压线路雷击计算方法,对线路的反击和绕击防雷性能进行分析.首先调研了沿线各区域的雷电活动情况,给出了各区域境内的雷电日取值.然后,对云广特高压直流线路的雷击闪络特性进行了分析,给出了不同地形条件下地面倾角、绝缘强度、跨谷深度对雷击绕击特性的影响,以及杆塔高度、接地电阻等对雷击反击特性的影响.考虑地形对雷击故障的影响,通过地形加权和分段分析的方法求得线路各段的雷击闪络率.最后,就降低接地电阻、减小保护角等防雷措施进行了研究.     

云广±800 kV特高压直流输电线路耐雷性能研究

国内外运行经验表明，雷击是造成输电线路跳闸的主要原因。基于杆塔的多波阻抗模型和基于先导发展的雷电屏蔽模型，分析了云广±800 kV特高压直流输电线路的反击、绕击耐雷性能及其影响因素。结果表明：随着杆塔高度的降低，冲击接地电阻的减小，线路反击性能增强；随着保护角的减小，地面倾角的减小，海拔的降低，线路雷电屏蔽性能增强；引起特高压输电线路雷击故障的主要因素是雷电绕击，建议特高压输电线路采用负保护角运行。     

特高压直流入地电流对附近杆塔地网腐蚀评估

为了有效开展直流入地电流对交流电网的影响评估,指导特高压直流接地极工程的选址建设,以国家电网公司正在建设的±800kV某特高压直流输电工程接地极(址)及邻近500kV交流输电线路杆塔实际参数为例,采用接地仿真计算软件建立了相应的极址土壤模型和线路电气模型,对流入输电线路各杆塔接地体的直流电流及分布特性进行了全面、系统的研究,根据接地极在设计寿命内的总安时数和运行方式计算得到了单基杆塔接地体的腐蚀量,分析表明杆塔地网腐蚀量与接地极运行的安时数、流出该基杆塔接地体的电流值以及使该基杆塔接地体电流流出时接地极的运行时间成正比,且主要集中在接地体的末端,建议应根据极址土壤电阻率参数和系统额定电流来确定接地极与输电线路的最小距离要求。该成果可用于指导直流接地极设计中类似问题的研究。     

架空输电线路的防雷与接地

通过对架设在双水泥杆及单水泥杆上的110kV、220kV输电线路雷电危害原因、原理进行分析,提出了雷电的防护对策。采用安装线路避雷器、降低杆塔冲击接地等方法,有效地解决了110kV、220kV输电线路的防雷与接地问题。     

基于能量比值分析的直流输电线路故障判别

针对高压直流输电线路跨域广,遭受雷击概率较高,易引起输电线路故障的问题,提出了一种基于能量比值分析的故障识别方法。在考虑发生雷击故障或接地故障时,引起输电线路暂态能量发生改变,且雷击时的故障能量与接地故障时的故障能量不同的特征,通过从能量的角度出发,提出了利用S变换将输电线路各频带的能量进行分离,提取出特定频带的能量进行比值分析。基于EMTP/PSCAD搭建220 kV高压直流输电线路模型,仿真结果表明其方案可以很好地识别雷击故障和接地短路故障。     

Lightning Impulse Performances of Grounding Grids for Substations Considering Soil Ionization

When lightning strikes a substation or a transmission tower near the substation, high current generated by the stroke would flow into the grounding grid of the substation and dissipate in the soil. The transient characteristic of the grounding grid is very important to the safe and reliable operation of the power system. A circuit model with a lumped time-variable parameter is proposed to calculate the transient characteristics of a grounding grid under lightning current. The ionization phenomena around the ground conductors in the soil are simulated by means of time-variable parameters under appropriate conditions. The influences of different parameters on the transient characteristics of the grounding grid subjected to lightning impulse current are analyzed and the effective usage area of the grounding grid under lightning is discussed.