Strategic prospects of the electric power industry of Russia

The prospects for the development of the electric power industry of Russia adopted at a regular stage of working out the Energy Strategy and the General Plan of Distribution of the Electric Power Facilities are discussed. The monitoring of the progress in the implementation of the Energy Strategies for the periods until 2020 and 2030 adopted in 2003 and 2009 has, in general, validated the correctness of the estimated volumes of the energy resource production under overestimation of the expected domestic demand owing to an excessively optimistic forecast of the real development of the economy. The priority lines of the national energy policy in electric power and allied industries proposed in the Energy Strategy for the period until 2035 are considered. The tools for implementation of most of the proposals and the effectiveness of their implementation have yet to be defined more concretely. The development of the energy sector and the electric power industry under the conservative and optimistic scenarios of the development of the country’s economy has been predicted using the SCANER modeling and information system, viz., the dynamics of the domestic consumption, export, and production of the primary energy and the electric power has been determined and the commissioning and structure of the required generating capacities and the consumption of the basic types of the energy resources by the electric power industry and the centralized heat supply systems has been optimized. Changes in the economic efficiency of the nuclear and thermal power plants under the expected improvements on their cost and performance characteristics and an increase in the domestic fuel prices are presented. The competitiveness of the wind and solar power production under Russian conditions has been evaluated considering the necessity of reservation and partial duplication of their capacities when operated in the power supply systems. When optimizing the electric power industry as a subsystem of the country’s energy sector, the required amounts of capital investments in the industry have been assessed. Based on the obtained data and the predicted prices of fuel in the main pricing zones of Russia, the ranges of changes in the prices of the electric power in agreement with the macroeconomic restrictions on their dynamics have been calculated.     

Detection of volatile impurities in turbine oils by the heat-pulse testing method

The research is aimed at development and implementation of methods and devices to control critical sections of the oil system of the power equipment that operates in the real time mode. The task was to develop a method for rapid detection of volatile impurities in turbine oils. The approach to the study is based on quantitative assessment of the short-term thermal stability of the substance that is formally associated with the content of the volatile impurity. The approach was selected on the basis of the results of search experiments taking into consideration the formulation of requirements for the method and the device, viz., (1) the method should reliably determine the moisture content in the range of 10–150 g of the impurity per ton of oil and (2) the device is to be applicable “in situ.” For this purpose, a variant of the method of the controlled pulse heating of a wire probe, a resistance thermometer, has been developed. The advantages of the method are its speed, sensitivity to small contents of volatile impurities regardless of the nature of the impurity, and smallness of methodologically contributed perturbation. The heating conditions of the probe most sensitive to the appearance of moisture— including its trace amounts—in the system, has been defined. The duration of the measurement is on the order of milliseconds; the heat flux density through the surface of the probe reaches 1 MW/m². The essence of the method consists in measuring, in the characteristic time interval, the temperature of the thermal instability onset associated with the content of the volatile impurity. The approach proposed by the authors is aimed at increasing the lifetime of the oil and preventing unpredictable failures of the operating equipment.     

On computation of the transformation coefficient in the computer simulation of electric-power systems of arbitrary configurations

We consider the possibility of computing the transient processes in an electric-power system of an arbitrary topology according to an algorithm taking into account the transformation coefficients of the transformers contained in the system under investigation. This problem arises when computing the dynamic modes since the structure of an electric-power system may be different at different time points. The key problem of calculating an electric-power system of an arbitrary configuration is the use in the system of elements such as transformers as the voltage levels in a part of the system are not known in advance. The problem can be solved by matching the transformer tree, which affects the voltage level of the branch for every branch of the scheme. This method is similar to the method of matching the trees of the key to every branch. When forming the matrices of the nodal conductances and driving currents, a topological list based on the principle of the element-by-element contribution is used. The main advantages of the method based on the topological list are that it does not require observation of the order of the line numeration and its high algorithmic level, which ensures minimization of the computational effort required for computerized derivation of the equations. To determine the transformation coefficient for a branch, it is necessary to pass into the depth on any of the arms of the transformer tree to the last leaf cell, subquentially multiplying the transformation coefficients of the enumerated transfomers. The complete transformer tree can be used to verify that the transformers are correctly connected to the circuit. From the point of view of trends in the development of information technologies, the approach in question allows not only automation of individual subject phases of the design, but also consideration of simulation of the interaction of electrical equipment in an electric-power system, generation of systems of scheduling, economic planning, determination of risks of equipment failure, etc.     

On the minimum hybrid rank of a graph relative to a partition of its edges and its application to electrical network analysis

We consider the following problem in this paper: given a partition of the set of edges of a graph such that the subgraphs on the blocks of the partition are connected, what is the minimum number of node fission (splitting a node into two) and node fusion (coalescing two nodes) operations that will destroy all circuits containing edges from more than one block of the partition? This problem can be seen to be a generalization of the problem of determining the minimum hybrid rank of a graph. We may therefore regard this minimum number as the minimum hybrid rank of the graph relative to a specified partition of the edge set of the graph. We give an efficient algorithm for the construction of a minimum length sequence of such operations. Our solution can be applied to the problem of analysing networks after first decomposing them into subnetworks-the equations of the network can be displayed in a bordered block diagonal form where the blocks along the diagonal correspond to the subnetworks and the thickness of the border corresponds to the minimum hybrid rank relative to the partition of the sets of edges of the network into the sets of edges of the subnetworks.     

Powerformer一次系统设计及运行实例简介

Powerformer是一种集成了传统发电机和升压变压器功能的新型高压发电机,是在发电技术领域取得的最新进展。它通过利用交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绕制定子绕组,克服了困扰发电机绕组设计的绝缘问题,使得其机端电压在电缆绝缘水平范围内可以任意调节,实现与高压电网的直联。结合目前实际运行的Powerformer的情况,介绍了Powerformer关键部件的设计原理、运行和试验状况、投资及运行经济效益分析、应用前景等。     

On ensuring invariance in problems of control of rail-line conduction

In electrified transportation, the rail network is used as a return conductor of the traction network. The resistance of the components of the rail network to the traction current within the track circuits is stabilized by the rail bonds (RBs), which are classified as “welded,” “plug-in,” and “spring” rail bonds. Depending on the type of traction, copper or steel–copper RBs of various sections are used; therefore, the current conductivity of the rail line depends on the design of the rail network and the operating conditions and maintenance of the track circuits. Analysis of the distribution of failure in the track-circuit elements shows that the faults in the rail bonds are one of the leading causes of failure in the track circuits. For example, during the fourth quarter of 2016, this figure for the Kuibyshev Railroad, which is a branch of OAO Russian Railroads, was 20%, with the track circuits accounting for 57% of the total number of failure events in the devices of the railroad automation and telemechanics systems. The number of failure events has increased in 2 maintenance sections out of 11 compared with the third quarter of 2016 including failure in rail bonds. This article deals with the problems of continuous monitoring and diagnostics of the conduction of the rail lines on the basis of the principles of invariance to the disturbing actions.     

引进型300MW机组易发振动故障的诊断处理方法

本文总结了上海引进型300MW汽轮发电机组轴系的组成、各个轴承的型式以及此种汽机目前在山东省的投运状况。重点介绍了该型机组的易发异常振动的8种故障,如低压转子不平衡、发电机励磁电机三支承转子不平衡、发电机转子热不平衡、低发对轮螺栓松动、低发对轮连接螺栓护板撕裂脱落、发电机励磁电机对轮螺栓紧力不足、励磁机轴晃动大、发电机密封瓦碰磨、副励磁机动静碰磨以及7号可倾轴瓦柱销磨损碎裂等。在分析总结调试及大小修该型机组异常振动的故障过程中,给出了各个故障形成原因、机理、表现、以及各个故障的最佳处理方法。最后提出该型机组低压转子4号轴承异常振动、发电机转子的热态不平衡、发电机励磁电机三支承平衡、励磁机7号轴承振动的处理方法,以及在机组大修及运行中应注意的问题。     

整流罩结构对电机机座表面对流传热特性的影响

为了尽可能地降低全封闭风扇冷却（TEFC）电机各部件的温升,避免过高温升对绝缘结构的破坏,采用数值计算方法研究了整流罩结构对TEFC电机机座表面对流传热特性的影响。首先,对一台样机进行温升试验,绕组温升的仿真值与试验值的误差为6.2%,验证了数值计算方法的可行性。其次,在数值计算时将样机三维模型做必要的简化,着重研究了整流罩外径、整流罩端面与翅片端面的间距以及电机转速对机座表面横向平均努塞尔数的影响。最后,结果表明机座表面翅片结构一定时,存在一个最佳的整流罩外径值使机座表面的对流传热效果最佳;整流罩端面与翅片端面接触时,机座表面的横向平均努塞尔数最大,同时机座表面的对流传热能力随着风扇转速的增大而增大。     

The use of a topological list for calculating the parameters of electric-power systems on the basis of the node-voltage method

The software implementation of the node-voltage equations for calculating the parameters of electric-power systems on the basis of the topological list is considered. Of the well-known modifications of the node-voltage method, it is proposed to use the equations for node voltages in the form of a current balance when specifying a constant-conductivity load. To eliminate the harmonic components during calculations, the equation for each element of the electric-power system is represented in the Park–Gorev axes. When forming the matrices of the nodal conductivities and specifying currents, a topological list that is based on the principle of piecemeal contributions is used. The key advantages of the method that is based on the topological list are that it is unnecessary to observe the order of numbering rows and that this method is highly algorithmic, thus providing the minimization of the computational efforts in compiling equations on a computer. The essence of the piecemeal-contribution principle lies in the successive formation of matrix coefficients, as row-by-row processing of the topological list is performed. An algorithm for the formation of equations according to the node-voltage method using the topological list in the form of a block diagram is presented. Calculation using the node-voltage method on the basis of the topological list is an independent task, as well as representing a component of more complex types of calculations, such as optimization of the normal modes, stability analysis, reliability assessment, etc. The interrelations between individual components of the process of solving the problem of calculating stationary and quasi-stationary operating modes of the electric-power system with respect to input and output information are shown. The formation of the equations of the structural elements in stationary and quasi-stationary modes of the electric-power system of a factory is based on the linearization of the initial node-voltage equations.     

新型主机防火墙模型的研究

针对局域网内主机用户的安全问题 ,对边界防火墙的不足之处进行了分析与研究 ,对主机防火墙采用的技术及存在的问题进行了探讨与研究 ,并给出了一种新型主机防火墙的设计方案 ,包括实现平台的选择、包过滤模块、IP层安全机制、入侵检测等模块 ,提高了局域网内部的网络安全性。     

500kV线路直线塔规划探讨

为充分提高杆塔使用条件的利用率,降低铁塔耗钢量,提高直线塔的技术经济性,根据线路的预排杆结果,采用列表统计分析的方法,分别对直线塔的水平档距、铁塔呼高、垂直档距、Kv系数进行规划,从而得出最优的塔型组合方案。由此表明,对直线塔进行合理的规划,可以最大限度的提高杆塔利用率,有效控制工程造价。     

低速大转矩电机冷却系统数值计算

在低速大转矩电机系列设计中,考虑到机座的通用性和外形尺寸的规范性,采用了轴向水路的水冷机座结构。通过对电机冷却系统的流体场计算,得到了电机的散热情况,耦合温度场计算,得到了电机冷却水和机座的温升,并通过对机座的模态分析得到了电机的固有振动频率。     

泛在电力物联网环境下新一代智能电能表技术展望

随着泛在电力物联网建设方案的提出,智能电能表作为电力物联网感知层末端重要的传感设备,其技术功能被赋予更多的要求。新一代智能电能表既要兼顾传统计量功能又要考虑泛在电力物联网环境下业务的需求,其技术发展方向是保证感知层设备智能化升级、实现业务终端全连接、提升边缘智能水平的关键。文章基于IR46国际标准,从电能表的计量特性、电能表功能多元化发展方向、实时嵌入式操作系统应用等多角度,探讨新一代智能电能表的技术发展方向。     

双回路电缆-架空线混合线路感应电压电流计算

双回路同沟电缆-同塔架空线混合线路感应电压和感应电流的计算是检修时接地刀闸选型的关键。电缆回路间感应电压电流的计算不同于架空线路。电缆金属护套对线芯具有静电屏蔽作用,根据护套接地方式不同其对线芯也具有不同的电磁屏蔽效果。文中针对220 kV双回路电缆-架空线混合线路开展运行线路对检修线路的电磁感应研究。首先根据电磁耦合推导出混合线路的感应电压、电流计算公式。其次仿真计算分析,分别研究混合线路中电缆段长度占比的变化对感应电压电流的影响;电缆护套单端接地、双端接地以及交叉互联两端接地3种接地方式对于感应电流的影响;接地刀闸等效接地电阻对于感应电流的影响。结果可为混合线路接地刀闸选型提供理论计算参考。     

略论500kV SF_6断路器可靠性应注意的问题

从运行经验角度出发,结合500kV电网的结线特点,阐述500kV SF_6断路器可靠性方面应法意的问题,诸如SF_6气体监视系统的结线布置与质量;防锈工艺的极端重要性;操动机构的选择原则;提高液压机构可靠性方面的一些具体问题,最后还阐述了并联开断的必要性及发展500kVGIS的可行性问题.     

自动化检定流水线环境下射频信号对智能电能表误差的影响分析

随着智能电网的不断发展和完善,智能电能表作为计量电能的终端产品被广泛应用,而对其检定的自动化程度也越来越高,因此,智能电能表自动化检定流水线得到快速发展。与此同时,智能电能表自动化检定流水线的环境中,移动通信射频信号对电能表计量准确度的电磁辐射影响也逐渐引起了关注。为了研究射频信号对电能表计量的影响,文中分析了射频信号对电能表计量影响的干扰途径,分析了射频信号影响电能表计量的机理。测试了自动化检定流水线的环境中射频干扰信号的强度,基于干扰信号的调制方式建立了干扰信号数学模型,根据干扰信号数学模型和实测射频信号的功率谱,通过仿真分析确定了干扰信号对电能表的影响属于一种均匀性分布的噪声。建立了射频信号对电能表计量误差影响的数学模型,通过仿真分析电能表误差,给出智能电能表大规模自动化检定流水线射频信号的影响结果。     

双向无线电能传输系统小体积副边补偿网络参数设计方法

无线电能传输技术是21世纪以来人类最重要的应用科学技术至于,将其应用于电动汽车V2G领域具有重要的研究价值及实用价值。为了实现对于BD-WPT系统的补偿网络参数优化设计的问题,文章首先建立了应用LCC补偿网络的BD-WPT系统集中模型,进一步推导了流经补偿网络元件电流有效值表达式。通过对流经补偿网络元件电流有效值表达式进行分析可知,对于某一传输功率需求P0,若副边补偿电容Cs值越小,则流过副边补偿元件基波电流的有效值越小,且流过原边补偿元件基波电流的有效值越大。副边补偿电容Cs值越小,流过副边补偿元件基波电流有效值越小,均有利于减小副边补偿元件体积。补偿元件体积减小是电动汽车无线充电系统体积控制的重要环节,而平衡系统补偿网络元件承受的电流应力是降低总体元器件体积的前提,因此文章提出了一种以降低元器件承受的电流不平衡应力水平为目的的小体积副边补偿网络参数设计方法,并通过仿真验证了相关理论的正确性。     

面部多特征融合的驾驶员疲劳检测方法

为了监测驾驶员的疲劳状态,提出了一种基于面部多种疲劳参数的驾驶员状态检测算法。首先利用Gabor滤波和梯度信息增强眼睛和嘴部的边缘信息以进行准确定位,然后采用一种旋转不变的LBP金字塔特征对眼睛进行特征描述,训练线性SVM分类器判别眼睛的开闭状态;并根据嘴部的张开面积及宽高比判断嘴部的开闭状态,同时通过统计眼睛在垂直方向上的运动确定头部位置的变化。最后基于眼睛和嘴部的状态、头部的位置,计算出4个能够描述驾驶员状态的疲劳参数,利用模糊系统推理得出驾驶员最终的疲劳状态。实验结果证明检测和状态判别的算法都有较高的准确率,其中眼睛状态的识别率平均在97%,嘴部状态的识别率也能达到92%;模糊系统的合理性也在实验中得以验证。     

直接空冷系统轴流风机群运行特性分析

掌握直接空冷系统轴流风机群运行特性,对于电站空冷系统的优化设计和高效运行有重要意义。该文在2台风机并联运行的基础上,绘制并联风机的性能曲线,获得叶片安装角对并联风机运行特性的影响。通过引入集群因子,得到轴流风机群的性能曲线、空冷管束的阻力特性及空冷系统的工作点。结果表明,空冷系统风机群每台风机的流量介于风机并联运行和单台风机独立运行之间。风机群性能不仅取决于每台风机的性能,还与风机群的数量和布置方式有关。随空冷系统容量增加,风机群非线性效应增加。在一定程度上揭示出空冷系统传热面积随机组容量非线性放大效应的机理,为空冷系统设计提供了理论依据。     

A method of the analysis of the thermal field dynamics in a core and insulation of a DC lead with convectional heat abstraction

A method of the analysis of dynamics of the thermal field in a DC lead is presented in this article. The cooling of the system is modeled by the convectional boundary condition. Field functions are determined analytically by the method of states superposition and the separation of variables. The coefficients of field functions and eigenvalues of the boundary–initial problem are computed by the numerical method. The coefficients are the solution of the respective systems of equations. Those systems are the result of scalar products of the functions non-orthogonal in the region of the core and insulation. On the other hand, the eigenvalues are determined with the aid of the original algorithm, which, among others, takes advantage of field properties and the method of golden partition. Consequentially, the spatial–temporal distribution of a temperature is computed, as well as the averaged time constant of the system and the admissible long-lasting ampacity. The influence of the heat transfer coefficient and thickness of insulation is discussed. The obtained results have been verified with the aid of a finite element method.