评估电网接纳风电调峰能力的优化方法

In the north part of China,the power outputs of many wind farms are limited by the load following capacity(LFC)of traditional generators.This paper proposes a mixed-integer programming formulation to assess the maximum LFC of a power system.The objective of the formulation is to maximize the total spare spinning capacity of all generators in the valley load period,which is subjected to constraints including power balance,unit on/off status and generator power limits at both peak and valley load levels.Based on the formulation,a method for evaluating wind power penetration limit is also introduced considering the error of the wind power prediction and the wind power curtailment.For given installed wind capacity,the annual wind power curtailment can be simulated.By presetting the maximum proportion of wind curtailment,the allowable wind power integration capacity is acquired by agolden section search method.The proposed method has been tested on a practical power system.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the method.     

Research on Surface Defect Detection Technology of Wind Turbine Blade Based on UAV Image

In the background of “double carbon,” vigorously developing new energy is particularly important. Wind power is an important clean energy source. In the field of new energy, wind power scale is also expanding. With the wind turbine, the probability of large-scale blade damage is also increasing. Because the large wind turbine blade crack detection cost is high and because of the poor working environment, this paper proposes a wind turbine blade surface defect detection method based on UAV acquisition images and digital image processing. The application of weighted averages to achieve grayscale processing, followed by median filtering to achieve image noise reduction, and an improved histogram equalization algorithm is proposed and used for the characteristics of the UAV acquisition images, which enhances the image by limiting the contrast adaptive histogram equalization algorithm to make the details at the target area and defects more clear and complete, and improves the detection efficiency. The detection of the blade surface is achieved by separating and extracting the feature information from the defects through image foreground segmentation, threshold processing, and framing by the connected domain. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method in leaf detection were verified by experiments.     

Validation of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines’ LVRT Capabilities Through Real Field Tests

Low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability has become more and more an issue for newly integrated wind turbines. The LVRT programs described in this paper developed field tests for newly installed wind turbines on wind farms in Northeast China. It is therefore different from other papers that only validate LVRT control strategies through running computer software simulations. To examine a single wind turbine’s LVRT capability, the wind turbine’s terminal voltage dip was realized by using a grid voltage dip emulator, which was located on the 690 V side of the generator transformer. In this paper, by artificially making various grid faults, the dynamic behavior of DFIG and PMSG wind turbines are analyzed and compared, control strategies such as active/passive crowbar and chopper protection schemes are verified, and new active/reactive power compensation methods are investigated and compared.     

雷击架空线路的电晕参数鉴别与分析(英文)

This paper presents a method for determining specific models of overhead power lines with presence of corona phenomenon. The obtained models provide stable numerical solutions for computer simulation of transients caused by direct lightning strikes. The corona non- linear charge-voltage characteristics obtained from experimental tests are used for identification of the corona parameters based on System Identification Toolbox implemented in Matlab package. Different transfer functions, which give the same waveshapes of overvoltages are de- termined using two parametric models. A circuit representation of the obtained transfer functions is proposed and the corona model is implemented in the EMTP-RV as a hierarchical structure composed of a overhead power line divided into sections with corona branches. Some computer simulations of lightning overvoltages propagated in a typical 220 kV power line due to direct lightning strikes to a line tower are presented. The proposed method and the model implemented in EMTP-RV are still valid for multi-conductor lines and for higher voltages of power lines but new corona nonlinear charge-voltage characteristics are required as an input parameter for the identification procedure.     

海上风电直流传输网络的成本效益分析

Due to low load factors of wind power generation,it is possible to reduce transmission capacity to minimize the cost of transmission system construction.Two VSC-HVDC schemes for offshore wind farm,called the point to point(PTP) and DC mesh connections are compared in terms of the utilization of transmission system and its cost.A Weibull distribution is used for estimating offshore wind power generation,besides,the cross correlation between wind farms is considered.The wind energy curtailment is analyzed using the capacity output possibility table(COPT).The system power losses,costs of transmission investment and wind energy curtailment are also computed.A statistic model for the wind generation and transmission is built and simulated in MATLAB to validate the study.It is concluded that a DC mesh transmission can reduce the energy curtailment and power losses.Further benefit is achievable as the wind cross correlation between wind farms decreases.     

Short-term wind power forecasting using adouble-stage hierarchical ANFIS approachfor energy management in microgrids

Determination of the output power of wind generators is always associated with some uncertainties due to wind speed and other weather parameters variation, and accurate short-term forecasts are essential for their efficient operation. This can efficiently support transmission and distribution system operators and schedulers to improve the power network control and management. In this paper, we propose a double stage hierarchical adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (double-stage hybrid ANFIS) for short-term wind power prediction of a microgrid wind farm in Beijing, China. The approach has two hierarchical stages. The first ANFIS stage employs numerical weather prediction (NWP) meteorological parameters to forecast wind speed at the wind farm exact site and turbine hub height. The second stage models the actual wind speed and power relationships. Then, the predicted next day’s wind speed by the first stage is applied to the second stage to forecast next day’s wind power. The influence of input data dependency on prediction accuracy has also been analyzed by dividing the input data into five subsets. The presented approach has resulted in considerable forecasting accuracy enhancements. The accuracy of the proposed approach is compared with other three forecasting approaches and achieved the best accuracy enhancement than all.     

Optimal energy management for industrialmicrogrids with high-penetrationrenewables

Determination of the output power of wind generators is always associated with some uncertainties due to wind speed and other weather parameters variation, and accurate short-term forecasts are essential for their efficient operation. This can efficiently support transmission and distribution system operators and schedulers to improve the power network control and management. In this paper, we propose a double stage hierarchical adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (double-stage hybrid ANFIS) for short-term wind power prediction of a microgrid wind farm in Beijing, China. The approach has two hierarchical stages. The first ANFIS stage employs numerical weather prediction (NWP) meteorological parameters to forecast wind speed at the wind farm exact site and turbine hub height. The second stage models the actual wind speed and power relationships. Then, the predicted next day’s wind speed by the first stage is applied to the second stage to forecast next day’s wind power. The influence of input data dependency on prediction accuracy has also been analyzed by dividing the input data into five subsets. The presented approach has resulted in considerable forecasting accuracy enhancements. The accuracy of the proposed approach is compared with other three forecasting approaches and achieved the best accuracy enhancement than all.     

Research on multi-terminal traveling wavefault location method in complicatednetworks based on cloud computingplatform

Determination of the output power of wind generators is always associated with some uncertainties due to wind speed and other weather parameters variation, and accurate short-term forecasts are essential for their efficient operation. This can efficiently support transmission and distribution system operators and schedulers to improve the power network control and management. In this paper, we propose a double stage hierarchical adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (double-stage hybrid ANFIS) for short-term wind power prediction of a microgrid wind farm in Beijing, China. The approach has two hierarchical stages. The first ANFIS stage employs numerical weather prediction (NWP) meteorological parameters to forecast wind speed at the wind farm exact site and turbine hub height. The second stage models the actual wind speed and power relationships. Then, the predicted next day’s wind speed by the first stage is applied to the second stage to forecast next day’s wind power. The influence of input data dependency on prediction accuracy has also been analyzed by dividing the input data into five subsets. The presented approach has resulted in considerable forecasting accuracy enhancements. The accuracy of the proposed approach is compared with other three forecasting approaches and achieved the best accuracy enhancement than all.     

Impact of Shaft Stiffness on Inertial Response of Fixed Speed Wind Turbines

Future power system faces several challenges,one of them is the high penetration level of intermittent wind power generation,providing small or even no inertial response and being not contributing to the frequency stability.The effect of shaft stiffness on inertial response of fixed speed wind turbines is presented.Four different drive-train models based on the multi-body system are developed.The small-signal analysis demonstrates no significant differences between models in terms of electro-mechanical eigen-values for increasing shaft stiffness.The natural resonance frequency of drive-train torsion modes shows slightly different values between damped and undamped models,but no significant differences are found in the number-mass models.Time-domain simulations show the changes in the active power contribution of a wind farm based on a fixed speed wind turbine during the system frequency disturbance.The changes in the kinetic energy during the dynamic process are calculated and their contribution to the inertia constant is small and effective.The largest contribution of the kinetic energy is provided at the beginning of the system frequency disturbance to reduce the rate of the frequency change,it is positive for the frequency stability.     

Development and Application of On-line Wind Power RiskAssessment System

Because of the large-scale integration of wind power,the dynamic characteristics of power system have many uncertain effects.Based on deterministic analysis methods,traditional on-line security assessment system cannot quantitatively estimate the actual operating conditions of the power system for only considering the most serious and credible accidents.Therefore,the risk theory is introduced into an on-line security assessment system and then an on-line risk assessment system for wind power is designed and implemented by combining with the dynamic security assessment system.Based on multiple data integration,the wind power disturbance probability is available and the security assessment of the power grid can obtain security indices in different aspects.The operating risk index is an expectation of severity,computed by summing up all the products of the result probability and its severity.Analysis results are reported to the dispatchers in on-line environment,while the comprehensive weak links are automatically provided to the power dispatching center.The risk assessment system in operation can verify the reasonableness of the system.     

海上风机一体化电磁暂态模型与雷电暂态过电压研究

为了减小雷击海上风机引发暂态过电压的故障率,需要准确地分析海上风机暂态过电压的影响因素及响应规律。结合海洋接地环境及风机桨叶转动特性,利用电磁场数值计算的方法,建立了一种新型的海上风机一体化电磁暂态模型;利用ATP-EMTP对海上风机进行仿真分析,研究了海水深度、桨叶长度和塔筒高度、雷电流参数、雷击点和桨叶位置对机舱处雷电暂态过电压的影响,并利用波过程理论分析其原因。仿真结果表明,由于雷电流在风机上存在折反射现象,使得机舱处暂态电压存在明显振荡特性;所提影响因素会对暂态电压的峰值和振荡频率产生不同程度的影响。     

Classification of lightning damage to wind turbine blades

Lightning damage to wind turbine blades is of great concern to wind power installations. We investigate various issues arising from lightning damage and assess the causes through actual lightning observations as well as from high‐voltage and large‐current experiments. Although installing lightning receptors and down conductors provide a good countermeasure, blade damage can still be caused by lightning still. New techniques are needed to better protect blades from lightning surges; these may include not only better performance and layout of receptors, but also independent lightning towers and new types of blade materials. This paper provides a classification of blade damage sustained in winter lightning, ranked in severity by analyzing the many incidents of damage that have actually occurred in Japan. Moreover, a list of possible causes of damage and relative countermeasures is also presented. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size model

Wind turbine generation systems are built at locations where few tall structures are found nearby so as to obtain good wind conditions, and thus, they are often struck by lightning. To promote wind power generation, lightning‐protection methodologies for such wind turbine generation systems have to be established. This paper presents the result of an experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size wind turbine model. Overvoltages observed at wavefronts of lightning surges are focused on in this study. In the experiments, lightning strokes to one of the blades and to the nacelle were considered, and voltages and currents at various positions of the wind turbine model were measured. The following points have been deduced from the results: (i) The voltage rise due to the tower footing resistance can cause a significant voltage difference between the tower foot and an incoming conductor led from a distant point. Also, a voltage difference between the bottom of down conductors installed inside the tower and an incoming conductor can be of significance. (ii) The lightning current flowing through the tower body induces voltages in main and control circuits which form loops, and the induced voltages can cause overvoltages and malfunctions. (iii) Traveling‐wave phenomena in a wind turbine generation system for a lightning strike to the tip of a blade and to the nacelle have been clarified from the measured waveforms. This information can be used for developing an EMTP simulation model of wind turbine generation systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 22– 30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20466     

Characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades. Experimental study of the effects of receptor configuration and other parameters

The characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades have been investigated by model experiments with real turbine blades. The effects of various types of receptors, the polarities of the applied voltages, and pollution on the blade surface are clarified. Based on these experimental results, lightning protection design of actual wind turbine blades by receptors is discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 8–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21143     

某风电场风能发电机组综合防雷浅析

通过对蓬莱紫荆风电场风电机组所处的特殊雷电环境以及遭受雷击后果的分析,依据《建筑物防雷设计规范》、《建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范》等国家现行防雷技术规范,参照国际电工委员会(IEC)防雷部分相关标准,对风电机组雷电防护进行设计和探讨,以期达到各系统的正常运行,最大限度地减少雷击损失。     

风电机组的雷击机理与防雷技术

随着风电机组单机容量和风电场规模的增大，风电场的安全运行问题日益受到重视。在影响风电场安全运行的诸多因素中，遭受雷击是一个重要方面。本文结合风电机组防雷的研究成果，对风电机组的雷击过程、雷击损坏机理以及防雷措施进行了较全面的阐述。     

Transient EMF induced in LV cables due to wind turbine direct lightning strike

This paper presents a novel, easy to use, engineering method for determining the transient electromotive force (EMF) induced in low-voltage (LV) cables, connecting the wind turbine with a near-by transformer, in the event of direct lightning strike into the top of the wind turbine tower. Proposed method is based on the application of the travelling wave analysis onto the system consisted of wind turbine tower, earthing system of wind turbine, earthing system of near-by transformer station and LV cables connecting the wind turbine with associated transformer. Hence, this design gives rise to a complex, mutually connected, earthing system. Direct lightning strike to the wind turbine initiates a travelling wave process in the system consisted of lightning channel, wind turbine tower and earthing system of the wind turbine. Due to the transient nature of the observed phenomenon, current and voltage states at the earthing system as well as in the associated low-voltage cables are formed through the propagation and reflection of the accompanying travelling waves. Transient EMF induced in LV cables could endanger cable main insulation and insulation of the associated transformer LV winding. Developed theory is subsequently applied on the concrete wind turbine example.     

3MW风电机组变桨距无模型控制

随着风电机组装机容量的迅速增加,电网对风电机组的电能品质提出了更高的要求,而功率波动是影响风电机组电能品质的一个重要问题。考虑到风电机组变桨控制中的桨距角和机组功率的非线性关系和外界扰动问题,为了减小风电机组功率波动,基于无模型自适应(MFA)控制理论设计了风电机组变桨无模型控制器,不依赖于风电机组精确的数学模型。为了验证无模型变桨控制器的性能,以3MW双馈风电机组为控制对象在Sinmulink中对该算法进行了仿真并和广泛应用的PID变桨控制器进行了对比。仿真结果表明无模型变桨控制器较好地解决了风电机组变桨控制中的非线性和外界扰动问题,风电机组输出的功率波动明显小于PID控制器。     

雷击风机叶片的跃变击距特性与定量表征

风机叶片对雷电的接闪是风机防雷研究中的关键内容,合理分析接闪时的击距特性意义重大。基于雷击过程的物理机制,将雷击发生时上、下行先导头部间的距离定义为跃变击距,并分析了多上行先导竞争对风机接闪和跃变击距的影响。基于先导起始和发展理论,根据下行先导的等效模型和稳定上行先导的判定方法建立了风机叶片接闪模型,利用该模型得到了随雷电流幅值变化的跃变击距公式,指出侧面距离等参数对跃变击距没有影响,实验和观测结果证明了模型的正确性。最后利用接闪模型提出了考虑稳定上行先导对周围电场畸变作用的对地击距公式,与其他学者计算的结果进行对比指出,现有对地击距公式或不适用于风机背景的防雷计算。     

Simulation of Lightning Overvoltage Distribution on Stator Windings of Wind Turbine GeneratorsEI北大核心CSCD

This paper analyzes lightning surge on the stator windings of wind turbine generators. The path of lightning in the wind turbines was analyzed. An equivalent circuit model for megawatt direct-driven wi...