变电站屏蔽电缆端口的雷电感应电压计算方法

变电站内屏蔽电缆容易受到雷电干扰,严重时会造成端接设备损坏,有必要开展电缆端口的雷电感应电压计算研究。基于电磁骚扰的耦合路径分析,提出了依次求解电缆屏蔽层响应和电缆内部响应的耦合分析步骤。对于电缆屏蔽层响应,指出了基于地电位差的传导耦合分析方法和基于空间磁场的感应耦合方法的不足,提出了基于电磁散射理论的更一般的分析方法;对于电缆端口响应,提出了基于转移阻抗和转移导纳的分布激励源的传输线计算方法。通过典型算例,计算了屏蔽电缆单端接地和双端接地时端口雷电感应电压,计算结果表明电缆屏蔽双端接地比单端接地具有更好地雷电屏蔽效果。     

屏蔽层对电缆寄生参数的影响分析

电缆作为连接各种电子设备必不可少的元件,是电磁兼容设计的重点问题之一,大部分电磁干扰敏感问题、电磁干扰发射问题、信号串扰问题都是电缆产生的。针对电缆是否应用屏蔽层的电磁干扰问题进行对比分析,通过运用Q3D软件对电缆的寄生参数进行提取并得到其场分布图,建立电缆的等效电路模型,使用6500B阻抗分析仪对于屏蔽电缆和非屏蔽电缆的寄生参数进行测量验证,分析了屏蔽电缆的接地原因。研究结果表明:屏蔽电缆的寄生参数有所增加,但是其对辐射干扰有明显的抑制作用。     

变电站开关操作对屏蔽电缆电磁干扰的预测

研究变电站瞬态电磁场对屏蔽电缆的电磁耦合问题，对于提高变电站内二次设备的抗电磁干扰能力具有极为重要的意义。文中将矩量法与传输线理论相结合，应用场线耦合理论计算变电站开关操作产生的空间电磁场对站内屏蔽电缆的电磁干扰。通过与国际上通用的电磁暂态计算程序EMTP的计算结果进行比较，验证了计算方法的正确性，同时克服了EMTP只能处理屏蔽电缆与母线平行放置的不足。最后，将该计算方法应用于500kV变电站开关操作时，在屏蔽层不同接地方式的屏蔽电缆上产生的电磁干扰的数值预测，获得了一些有益的结论，可为工程应用提供一定的理论依据。     

变电站二次电缆屏蔽层接地方式探讨

变电站二次电缆屏蔽层是提高变电站电磁兼容水平的重要措施。二次电缆的屏蔽层采用1端接地还是2端接地目前仍然是一个有争议的问题。文章从抗干扰和防止过电压的角度分析了屏蔽层的作用，认为采用2端点接地后屏蔽层中流过的电流应分为感应电流和噪声电流。感应电流是由外界电磁场感应产生的，其实际作用是抵消外界电磁场的干扰。屏蔽层中的噪声电流对芯线干扰很小。屏蔽层1点接地情况下由于无电流回路，因而屏蔽层无法取得良好的屏蔽效果。在一个良好的接地网中采取均压、分流配套措施后，屏蔽层再采用2端接地则会具有更好的防止电磁干扰的效果，且屏蔽层很难发生烧毁事故。     

一种求解屏蔽电缆场线耦合问题的混合方法

为了克服求解屏蔽电缆电磁耦合问题传统方法的缺点,研究了一种将电磁场时域有限差分方法(FDTD)和传输线理论相结合的混合求解方法。将屏蔽电缆的场线耦合模型分解为内系统和外系统,分别应用场的方法和等效路的方法进行求解。在外系统的求解中,考虑了有耗土壤和屏蔽层接地方式对屏蔽层响应的影响。内系统求解中对传输线方程应用FDTD方法得到了芯线响应的时域解。利用该混合方法研究了外部电磁脉冲干扰对近地铺设屏蔽同轴电缆芯线的影响,并与相关实测结果进行了对比分析,验证了计算结果的正确性。     

Near field coupling to shielded cable due to switching operation in substation

It is vital to study the electromagnetic coupling to shielded cable for improving electromagnetic antiinterference ability of secondary equipment in a substation. As a hybrid of method of moment (MoM) and transmission line method, a frequency domain model is put forward to study the near field coupling to shielded cable due to the switching operation in substation. Compared with the results of EMTP, the proposed method has been proven correct. Furthermore, this method overcomes the disadvantage of EMTP, which is only applicable for transient analysis of parallel conductors. As an example, the presented method is applied to evaluating the electromagnetic interference (EMI) to the shielded cable, whose shield is grounded at both ends, due to the switching operation in 500 kV air insulation substation (AIS). __________ Translated from Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, 2007, 27(9): 46–51 [译自: 中国电机工程学报]     

磁悬浮列车系统中的通信线力线路危险路遭受电影响的评估

本文提出一种通信线路遭受电力线路危险影响的评估方法。电力线路对通信线路的干扰 ,主要是由于电力线路电压和电流通过感性、容性和阻性耦合造成的。在平行长度较大时 ,带金属保护套的电力电缆对通信线路的干扰主要取决于感性耦合。本文建立了在最严重情况下电力线路对通信线路上产生的感应电压计算模型。上海磁悬浮列车示范运营线是世界上第一条投入商业运营的高速磁悬浮列车线 ,由于此系统中有数段 1 1 0kV电缆和通信线平行 ,通信线路上产生的原始感应电压大大地超过了我国相关国家标准的允许值。通过电力电缆金属保护层的三相交叉互联 ,并且在一大段电缆的两侧的金属保护层同相互联接地 ,大大地降低通信线路上产生的感应电压。该补偿方法有效地解决了上海磁悬浮列车系统中通信线路与电力线路的感性耦合问题。     

直流电缆上交流分量的计算及其屏蔽

交直流电缆并行敷设时,交流电缆会在直流电缆上产生感应电动势,进而产生工频电流分量.为此,针对上海柔性直流输电工程中可能的几种敷设方式下,对交流电缆在直流电缆上的感应电动势进行了计算,并且实测了不同接地方式下直流电缆金属屏蔽层对交流分量的屏蔽系数.计算结果表明,不同的敷设方式下交流电缆在直流电缆上产生的纵向感应电动势不同,三相交流电缆对直流电缆电磁耦合距离的不同是产生纵向感应电动势的根本原因;计算结果还发现在三相交流电缆与直流电缆耦合距离越远,所产生的纵向感应电动势越小;在4种敷设方式下,耦合距离超过2m后纵向感应电动势趋近于0.最后,还给出了实际工程中考虑屏蔽效应的直流电缆上感应电动势的计算方法,并且提出了屏蔽直流电缆上交流分量的方法.     

A numerical study of the efficiency of a cylindrical electromagnetic shield

Electromagnetic shields are widely used for protecting electrical equipment and cable lines from the influence of natural and artificial electric and magnetic fields. A 3D mathematical model of a solid cylindrical shield for protection from the effect of an alternating electromagnetic field produced inside a cable has been proposed. The model has been constructed using the finite-element method in the ANSYS HFSS software. Two electromagnetic-field sources have been considered: noise in the inner conductor (cable core) and a coaxial circuit, in which the shield is an outer working conductor. The electromagnetic-field distribution over the cable is described by the Maxwell equations, which are transformed into the Helmholtz vector equation with respect to the electric-field component so that the finite-element method may be used. The electromagnetic parameters of the considered media are constant and isotropic. The shielding properties have been studied for a copper cylindrical shield in the frequency range of 1–100 MHz. As a result of the mathematical solution, the distributions of electromagnetic-field intensities in the model have been obtained. To determine the shielding properties of a cable, the transfer impedance and shielding attenuation have been used. The adequacy of the model and technique for determining the efficiency of the screening has been verified by means of comparison between the obtained data and results of the analytical model.     

瞬态电磁场对屏蔽电缆的耦合机理

为了研究瞬态电磁场对屏蔽电缆的耦合机理,提出了区域分解时域有限差分法。基于法拉第定律的积分形式推导出了圆柱坐标系下三角形网格内磁场分量的FDTD差分方程,获得了屏蔽电缆不同截面上电磁场分布和屏蔽层上电流密度分布的规律。初步研究表明快速瞬态电磁场难以透过电缆屏蔽层耦合电缆芯线,缝隙耦合可能是瞬态电磁场耦合电缆的主要途径。     

Practice and Accepted Rules of Shielding Power Cables

The Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association voltage limits differ from those permitted by the 1975 National Electrical Code for nonshielded extruded insulated conductors rated 2001 to 8000 V. These differences have created among cable users a renewed interest in the subject of power cable shielding. A brief history of shields has been employed as an introduction to a review of shielding. Electric field patterns in nonshielded versus shielded cable are described along with reasons for shielding and the several functions performed by shields. It is shown how electric stresses can create tracking or surface discharge in typical nonshielded cable installations Also reviewed are methods of minimizing shield losses in single-conductor shielded cables     

Reduction of interference on substation low voltage wiring

This paper describes test results and mitigation methods of electromagnetic interference (EMI) on control and low voltage circuits in substations caused by air disconnect switch operation. The tests are focused on a comparison between unshielded and shielded circuits from capacitively coupled voltage transformers (CCVT) and other equipment circuits in the vicinity. New test data are presented comparing unshielded and shielded cables and transient currents on all connections to the CCVT including the pedestal and ground strap. The paper gives a practical and understandable explanation of the causes of EMI in substations and how shielded cable and parallel ground conductors reduce interference. Design guidelines are listed in the conclusion     

多芯电缆屏蔽效能的仿真计算与测试

本文首先论述了由多导体传输线理论对多芯电缆屏蔽效能进行仿真计算,根据多芯电缆和同轴电缆的区别与联系,对各种电缆屏蔽效能的测试方法进行分析比较,提出了一种改进的测试多芯屏蔽电缆的转移阻抗,进而求出其屏蔽效能的注入线测试方法,并且比较了仿真计算结果和测试结果,达到很好的一致性。     

武器装备中电子设备的电磁兼容技术及预测分析手段

介绍了武器装备中电子设备存在的电磁兼容性问题,指出了对电子设备中电磁干扰进行预测分析的重要性和必要性。随后应用有限元法对一单芯电缆的电磁屏蔽性能进行了仿真计算,验证了仿真计算这一预测分析手段的可行性。     

复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的数值计算及试验

为抑制变电站开关操作时产生的瞬态电磁场对站内二次设备的干扰,通常将二次电缆的屏蔽层双端接地。而雷击变电站接地网时,由于接地网的高频接地阻抗较大,在屏蔽层的两个接地点会产生很大的地电位差,这一电位差将通过二次电缆的转移阻抗耦合至二次设备,影响二次设备的正常工作。将矩量法与传输线理论相结合,将无穷远处视为零电位参考点,提出了分析复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的理论计算模型,该计算模型在频率不高或电缆长度较短的情况下,可简化为集中参数电路模型。为验证计算模型的正确性,还在试验接地网上进行了冲击接地试验,理论计算与测量结果比较吻合。该计算模型及方法可用于实际变电站接地网的冲击接地特性研究以及二次电缆电磁干扰的数值预测。     

On-line partial discharge detection in cables

This paper describes an on-line PD (partial discharge) detection technique applicable to power cables. The method can be applied to both wire screen and solid shielded cables. In wire screen shielded cables, PD components with frequencies <100 MHz can be detected at distances over 150 m from the source, PD activity with levels as low as 20 pC can be detected within 100 m. However, in the case of solid shielded cables, PD levels of ⩾50 pC can be measured within 60 m in the frequency range <50 MHz. This method also can be utilized to check cable accessories such as splices and terminations. PD pulses with frequencies to ~300 MHz can be measured near the joints and terminations. The suitability and the sensitivity of the VHF technique were checked against two other alternative PD detecting techniques (pulse phase analyzer and high speed digital oscilloscope) by performing PD measurements in standard air gap and defects induced in EPR-insulated cable under laboratory-controlled conditions. The suitability and sensitivity of the VHF method were as good as the two alternative PD detection techniques     

电力电缆局放电磁耦合高频传感器的研制

电力电缆现已广泛应用于输配电网,其绝缘状况关系到电网的安全运行。现评价电力电缆绝缘状况的主要手段是检测电缆的局部放电。局部放电脉冲放电电流大小一般都在微安级,属于高频小电流信号。首先以罗戈夫斯基线圈为原型,分析了电流传感器结构参数对传感器性能的影响。然后设计制作了高频磁芯电磁线圈、放大电路和滤波电路,并进行仿真和实验研究。验证了设计的线圈频带宽,信噪比高,获得了预期效果。     

回路间距对电力电缆短路电动力的影响分析

为有效降低短路电动力对电缆和金具的损害，科学合理地确定电缆的回路间距，本文采用电磁耦合有限元法对高压大截面电缆短路电动力进行了数值计算和分析。建立了单、双回路下水平敷设和品型敷设的电缆三相短路电磁耦合有限元模型，计算并分析了短路电动力在时间和空间上的变化；分析得到了双回路水平和品型敷设下三相短路电动力最大值随回路间距变化的方程。结果表明，双回路短路电动力与回路间距满足特定函数关系，且存在一个电动力变化斜率的拐点，可根据该拐点确定回路间距。本文研究可为电缆短路电动力理论研究和工程设计施工提供理论和技术支撑。     

变电站二次设备的接地施工方法及改进

介绍了二次设备及电缆的不同接地种类和接地要求,结合在变电站施工中执行的电力系统反事故措施,重点分析了变电站在不同电磁耦合方式下二次电缆的抗干扰接地措施,指出了二次电缆屏蔽层通过专用接地铜排两点接地的施工方法,以及防止大地网电流烧毁二次电缆,屏蔽层一端在开关场经接地电阻接地的改进方法.     

雷击特高压变电站时电磁骚扰特性的预测

研究特高压变电站保护与控制设备的电磁兼容问题对于确保特高压电网的可靠稳定运行具有重要意义。为此,将矩量法与Fourier变换技术相结合,研究了雷击特高压变电站时保护小室区域的瞬态电、磁场分布,以及在双端接地二次电缆上产生的屏蔽层电流和芯线共模干扰电压。预测计算表明:保护小室区域的最大瞬态磁场强度约为2285A/m,建议在保护小室墙体铺设金属屏蔽网以满足特高压变电站保护与控制设备的脉冲磁场抗扰度5级的要求;由于雷电流作用时间极短,再加上电缆沟内多根电缆和并联铜排的分流作用,不会导致二次电缆的烧毁;二次电缆的芯线共模干扰电压<1kV,低于特高压变电站保护与控制设备的浪涌抗扰度4级的要求。