Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

New coordination approach to minimize the number of re-adjusted relays when adding DGs in interconnected power systems with a minimum value of fault current limiter

The presence of DGs in power networks tends to negatively affect relays coordination. Adding fault current limiters FCLs is one of the possible solutions to mitigate negative impacts of DGs addition on protection systems. Traditional schemes have estimated the minimum value of FCL to restore relays coordination when adding DGs without resetting of any relays. That minimum value of FCL in such case is called a critical value, where below this value the relays coordination will be lost.Nowadays, designing FCL to simultaneously achieve two conflicted objectives of good performance and low cost is considered a great challenge. The paper introduces a new scheme to determine to what extent we could decrease FCL impedance value below its critical value with re-adjusting the original settings of only one adaptive relay to get relays coordination. Decreasing FCL value below its critical value will reduce the cost especially for superconductivity FCL. The proposed scheme can determine the location of that selected relay to be an adaptive one and estimate its re-adjusted new settings to be applied when DGs are added while inserting the reduced value of FCL.Actually the proposed scheme can be applied for any networks irrespective of the number of added DGs and their capacities; while having an adaptive relay is the only requirement to implement it.The proposed approach is implemented and effectively tested on the large well-known interconnected IEEE-39 bus test system with 84 relays. Its results are compared with other approaches where, no re-adjusted relays settings are applied. A noteworthy advantage of the proposed scheme is the ability to implement a reduced FCL value than the critical value, by adjusting only one relay settings in the whole network. The proposed scheme may also be extended to re-adjust settings of more than one relay and get further reduced value of FCL. Furthermore, it is also shown that a more optimum value of the total operating time of all primary relays for near end faults is achieved when applying the proposed method rather than other traditional schemes.     

Adaptive overcurrent protection scheme coordination in presence of distributed generation using radial basis neural network

The operational performance of conventional overcurrent protection relay coordination connected to a distribution network is adversely afected by the penetration of distributed generators (DG) at diferent buses in the network. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel adaptive protection coordination scheme using a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), which automatically adjusts the overcurrent relay settings, i.e., time setting multiplier (TSM) and plug setting multiplier (PSM) based on the penetration of DGs. Short circuit currents and voltages measured at diferent buses are acquired using the remote terminal units (RTU) connected to diferent buses within the terminal network. Communication between the various remotes and local end station RTUs is through hybrid communication systems of fber optic and power line communication system modules. The new adaptive overcurrent protection scheme is applied to the IEEE 33-bus distribution network with and without DGs, for single and multi-DG penetration using both the ETAP and MATLAB software. The simulation results show the proposed scheme signifcantly improves the protection coordination.     

基于节点迁移的电力系统并行计算优化分割策略

利用基于拉普拉斯谱划分的递归二分法将电力网络进行支路切割，然后将支路切割转换为节点撕裂。在转换过程中使用了一种优化的支路排序策略，以减小边界块，从而减小协调计算时间，提高并行效率。通过计算迁移节点目标函数，减小了分割的不平衡度。在IEEE标准网络上，用并行潮流算法对分割的网络进行测试计算。结果表明，该优化策略有效减小了边界块，适合电力系统并行计算。     

基于图论的电力系统PMU布点优化算法

基于最小支配集理论和电力系统线性量测模型,提出了可观测节点集合、WAMS可观测矩阵两个概念以及一种新的节点可观测性计算规则。以保证系统的完全可观测性和以系统图的最小支配集为搜索范围构成约束条件, 以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置（PMU）配置数目最小为目标,形成了PMU配置优化问题。并应用禁忌搜索(TS)方法求解该问题,保证了全局寻优。最后采用 IEEE 14、30、57 、118节点系统和新英格兰 39 节点系统对该方法进行了验证,仿真结果表明该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Gravitational Search Based Algorithm for Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using User Defined Characteristic

Due to dependency on Plug Setting (PS), Time Dial Setting (TDS), size of the network, more than one back-up relays for one primary relay and other technical constraints, coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) is an extremely constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. In this paper, a new Gravitational Search (GS) based algorithm is presented for achieving optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. The proposed algorithm utilizes user defined characteristic for inverse time overcurrent relays than the predefined standard curves. The user defined relay characteristic deals with constants that control the shape of the characteristics as variable adjustable values which are optimally chosen along with TDS and Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM). The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated on 8-bus, 15-bus and IEEE 30-bus distribution network at different fault locations (near-end, far-end and middle point). In addition, the time of operation of some of the primary relays at different fault locations on IEEE 30-bus distribution network is also presented. At the end, comparative evaluation of the proposed algorithm with other optimization algorithms having different relay characteristics presented in the literature clearly indicates its effectiveness and superiority in terms of the sum of total primary relays operating time.     

适用于发展性故障的故障分量提取算法

提出了适用于发展性故障的故障分量提取算法。该算法首先计算发展性故障发生前保护安装处的故障分量，再根据发展性故障发生前保护安装处的电流和获取的故障分量求得非故障状态网络中的支路电流;发生发展性故障后，利用保护安装处的全电流减去求得的支路电流得到发展性故障后的故障分量电流。该算法不受电网参数波动和负荷变化的影响。在IEEE 9节点系统模型基础上，BPA仿真验证了算法的正确性。     

基于保护元件与PMU数据多源的广域后备保护算法

为了提高广域后备保护的准确性与容错性,提出了一种同时利用传统保护元件和相量测量单元(PMU)数据的广域后备保护算法。将实时获得的广域保护动作加权,得到综合判断值,然后采用高斯函数获得对应的故障概率。同时,根据统计数据,由正序电压幅值、线路两侧正序电流相角差,计算得到PMU数据对应的故障概率,再将两种故障概率加权综合。在理论上定量地分析了广域保护容错的极限位数。在IEEE 14节点系统上的多组案例实验结果表明,该算法对多个保护误动与拒动有较高的容错性,并且能够检测多重故障。     

Positional protection of transmission systems using GlobalPositioning System

This paper presents a new technique for the protection of power transmission systems by using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and fault generated transients. In the scheme, the relay contains a fault transient detection system together with a communication unit, which is connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors of the CVT. Relays are installed at each busbar in a transmission network. These detect the fault generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time instant corresponding to when the initial travelling wave generated by the fault arrives at that busbar. The communication unit is used to transmit and receive coded digital signals of the local information to and from the associated relay(s) in the system. At each substation, the relays determine the location of the fault by comparing the GPS time stamps measured locally with those received from the adjacent substations. Extensive simulation studies presented in the paper demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme     

Experimental results and technique evaluation based on alienation coefficients for busbar protection scheme

In modern digital power protection systems, statistical coefficients technique is recently used for fault analysis. An alienation technique is developed for busbar protection against all ten types of shunt faults, which may locate in busbar protection zone, under different loading levels, fault resistances and fault inception angle. It does not need any extra equipment as it depends only on the three-line currents measurements, of all feeders connected to the protected busbar, which are mostly available at the relay location. It is able to perform fault detection, fault confirmation, faulty phase selection and determine the fault location in about a half-cycle period. Thus, the alienation technique is well suited for implementation in digital protection schemes. The technique is efficient to detect current transformer saturation conditions without needing any additional algorithm. The effects of DC components and harmonics are eliminated with estimation of alienation coefficients. The proposed scheme is applied for an experimental circuit. LABVIEW program and MATLAB package are used to implement the proposed technique.     

Development of a New Bus Zone Identification Algorithm Based on Phase Angle Comparison Using Sequence Components of Currents

This article presents a new bus zone identification algorithm using phase angle comparison of sequence components of bay currents. The modified discrete Fourier transform algorithm is used to estimate phasors of sequence components of all bay currents. The proposed scheme is based on relative phase angle difference of positive-sequence (1), negative-sequence (2), and zero-sequence (0) components of all connected bay currents and it is verified that this angle difference is almost in phase during in-zone bus fault whereas it differs by more than 90° for out-of-zone fault/normal condition. The proposed scheme has been validated by performing numerous simulations on busbar system using PSCAD/EMTDC (Winnipeg, MB, Canada) and MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) software. Subsequently, the proposed algorithm has also been authenticated on a developed laboratory prototype of busbar using digital signal processor (TMS320F28335, Texas Instruments, Mumbai, India) processor. Both simulation and practical results show a high degree of accuracy (99%) in distinguishing in-zone and out-of-zone faults for varying fault and system conditions.     

考虑节点电气介数的多组同基最小断点集选取方法

最小断点集(MBPS)是复杂环网配合整定计算的起点,其解往往具有多组,需要从中选取最理想的一组。考虑潮流对节点的实际利用情况以及节点对断点保护脆弱性的影响状况,提出了以节点电气介数指标来衡量保护的脆弱程度,给出了一种求取多组同基最小断点集的选取方法。相对于已有的多组同基MBPS选取方法,所选指标更符合电力系统潮流的传播特点以及潮流对节点的实际利用情况,所选取的MBPS更为合适,最后通过算例验证了该算法的有效性和合理性。     

基于风险控制的PSCOPF改进模型及交替迭代算法

计算效率低和计算结果过于保守是困扰传统预防性安全约束最优潮流(PSCOPF)应用的2个关键难题。针对这些问题,提出一种新的具有可控风险度的改进模型及交替迭代算法。根据电力系统实际运行控制存在偏差的特点,在发电机有功和无功源电压等变量的基础上引入偏差量;以偏差量的平方和最小作为综合风险指标,构造电压互补约束,将原始大规模PSCOPF问题分解为故障数较少的PSCOPF和约束潮流2个子问题。子问题之间采用交替迭代的方式计算,获得不可控故障集和可控故障集,进而得到整个问题的解。IEEE 118、300节点标准系统和某703节点、241个预想故障实际系统的测试结果表明,所提模型及算法在不降低系统安全性的前提下具有良好的经济性和较高的计算效率;与传统模型的集中式计算方法相比,其占用内存可减少80%,串行和并行加速效果分别在5倍和10倍以上。     

基于改进量子遗传算法的电力系统无功优化

提出一种基于改进量子遗传算法的电力系统无功优化方法。该方法借鉴量子计算的一些概念,采用量子比特对控制变量编码,这种编码方式能表示出许多可能的线性叠加态,从而更好地维持种群的多样性。同时利用搜索到的最佳个体信息更新量子门,加快了该方法的收敛速度,采用群体灾变策略防止该方法陷入“早熟”。分别采用线性规划算法、复合形算法、改进禁忌搜索算法、标准遗传算法、自适应遗传算法和该方法对IEEE 6和IEEE 30节点系统进行无功优化,实验结果表明,该方法全局寻优能力强、收敛速度快。     

计及可靠性约束的配电网故障指示器优化布点方法

近年来,故障指示器凭借其接入灵活性和经济性被广泛应用于配电网故障定位中。然而全覆盖式地故障指示器安装配置方案投资成本高,规划方案不精益。文中提出一种基于故障信息变量的配电网可靠性评估模型;进一步给出一种基于混合整数线性规划的可靠性约束的配电网故障指示器优化布点方法,将可靠性指标作为约束放入优化模型中,在满足可靠性要求的前提下降低故障指示器的投资维护成本。基于IEEE 53节点系统的算例仿真结果表明,所提方法兼顾了故障指示器布点的可靠性与经济性,可以精确获得不同可靠性要求下的布点方案。     

Fault diagnosis in distribution networks with distributed generation

The penetration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution power system would affect the traditional fault current level and characteristics. Consequently, the traditional protection arrangements developed in distribution utilities are difficult in coordination. Also, the reclosing scheme would be affected. With the rapid developments in distribution system automation and communication technology, the protection coordination and reclosing scheme based on information exchange for distribution power system can be realized flexibly. This paper proposes a multi-agent based scheme for fault diagnosis in power distribution networks with distributed generators. The relay agents are located such that the distribution network is divided into several sections. The relay agents measure the bus currents at which they are located such that it can detect and classify the fault, and determine the fault location. The proposed technique uses the entropy of wavelet coefficients of the measured bus currents. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is tested through simulation of two systems. The first system is a benchmark medium voltage (MV) distribution system and the second system is practical 66 kV system of the city of Alexandria.     

一种改进的相量测量装置最优配置方法

以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置(PMU)配置数目最小为目标,提出了一种改进的PMU最优配置方法.将启发式方法和模拟退火方法有效结合以确保得到最优解,提高了基于启发式方法的初始PMU配置方案的质量,通过改进配置模型缩小了模拟退火方法的寻优范围,从而提高了求解速度.还提出了一种基于节点邻接矩阵的快速可观测性分析方法.最后采用IEEE 14、IEEE 30、IEEE 118节点系统和新英格兰39节点系统对该方法进行了验证.     

基于保护重要度的多组同基最小断点集选取方法

在复杂环网的继电保护整定计算中,最小断点集(MBPS)的求取往往会出现多组同基解。综合考虑节点和线路对断点脆弱性的影响,并基于节点和线路电气介数,提出了保护重要度概念,以此作为衡量保护脆弱性的指标,给出了一种多组同基最小断点集选取方法。最后通过算例验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

含分布式电源的配电网故障紧急恢复与抢修协调优化策略

随着分布式电源的规模化接入,传统配电网故障恢复策略逐渐难以适应实际需要.为此,提出一种含分布式电源的配电网故障紧急恢复与抢修协调优化策略.首先,在故障紧急恢复模型中引入典型负荷时变性需求模型,优先恢复需求度高的负荷.以抢修时间最短和社会经济损失最小为综合目标函数得到故障抢修模型.然后,研究故障紧急恢复与抢修协调优化策略,利用主网与孤岛协调控制进行故障恢复,通过改进粒子群算法得到最优抢修顺序.在抢修过程中,考虑负荷及时变性需求变化,调整故障紧急恢复与抢修最优方案,保证配电网可靠、快速恢复正常运行状态.最后,通过算例仿真验证了所提策略的有效性.     

基于编码PETRI网的电力系统故障诊断模型研究

文中对基于编码原理和Petri网建模方法的电力系统故障诊断进行了进一步的研究,介绍了冗余嵌入Petri网、Petri网的故障模型及根据范德蒙矩阵构造生成矩阵的方法;重点分析了电力系统元件故障诊断Petri网模型的特点：母线及线路的Petri网模型的标准型与电网规模无关等;提出了电网拓扑结构发生变化时模型的快速修正方法,即根据模型标准型进行添加或删减,以使该方法更加适应大型电网多变的运行方式.以IEEE-118母线系统为例验证了故障诊断的正确性和模型修正方法的快速性.最后,经对文中方法和文献中的另外2种方法进行比较,证明文中方法具有诊断速度快,精度高,具有电网拓扑结构变化能力,适用于大型电网故障诊断.