UPFC状态反馈精确线性化潮流控制策略

统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)传统线性控制器的性能可能因运行点的大范围变化而恶化,针对该问题提出了一种基于微分几何状态反馈精确线性化理论的UPFC非线性潮流控制策略。通过选择李雅普诺夫型输出函数、适当的非线性坐标变换和状态反馈将UPFC的5阶非线性系统完全转化为一个线性系统,然后采用线性极点配置方法设计了UPFC内部潮流控制器。IEEE 118节点系统的仿真对比结果表明,所提UPFC潮流控制策略改进了传统PI控制近似线性化的缺陷,有效适应了UPFC控制范围的大幅度变化,在提高电力系统暂态稳定性方面的效果明显优于传统PI控制。此外,该控制策略设计过程可以应用于所有基于电压源型换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)的柔性交流输电系统(flexibleAC transmission system,FACTS)装置。     

UPFC潮流控制与优化的研究

FACTS对电力系统暂态的控制作用已被广泛认可,但对稳态方面的作用仍需要进一步的研究。文中基于功率注入法,建立了统一潮流控制器（UPFC）的稳态模型,分析了UPFC的潮流控制特性,同时通过三维立体图像形象地显示出UPFC的控制范围。基于该模型,UPFC的潮流控制研究可转化为一个优化问题的求解。通过求解最优潮流问题可得到UPFC所在支路的传输功率、系统发电费用和系统网损。IEEE-14和IEEE-30节点系统的优化结果表明：UPFC对系统局部范围内的潮流有相当大的调节作用,但对于系统范围内的经济性目标却作用有限。这说明UPFC稳态控制能力依赖于系统的运行目标,因此UPFC在稳态下的最佳控制策略应该是与相应运行方式相结合的区域目标下的优化控制。该结论对UPFC的选址也有一定的参考价值。     

UPFC模糊控制器优化设计

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)为现代电力系统的安全、稳定、经济运行提供了有效途径。文中采用分层自适应遗传算法寻优UPFC模糊控制器的量化因子和比例因子,基于智能权函数法设计模糊控制规则。所设计的UPFC模糊控制器充分利用了遗传算法的参数优化能力和模糊控制的鲁棒性。采用Matlab对含UPFC的单机无穷大系统进行了仿真。仿真结果表明所设计的UPFC模糊控制器可以有效地调节UPFC所接入处的母线电压、稳定UPFC直流侧电容电压、控制输电线路的潮流,并且响应速度快、控制精度高、鲁棒性强。     

UPFC运行点变化对电力系统稳定和控制性能的影响

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的主要控制功能是潮流控制和电压控制,控制的水平由控制器的设定参考值决定。它们也是文中所指的UPFC的控制运行点,即UPFC安装线路上由UPFC调节达到的输送的有功和无功水平,以及安装母线上由UPFC控制达到的电压水平。文中讨论了UPFC控制运行点变化对电力系统稳定性的影响。同时还发现,控制运行点在较大程度上决定了控制器的控制性能和2个UPFC之间的交互影响。通过2个装有UPFC的电力系统的仿真结果证实了文中的讨论。     

UPFC运行点变化对电力系统稳定和控制性能的影响

统一潮流控制器（UPFC）的主要控制功能是潮流控制和电压控制，控制的水平由控制器的设定参考值决定。它们也是文中所指的UPFC的控制运行点，即UPFC安装线路上由UPFC调节达到的输送的有功和无功水平，以及安装母线上由UPFC控制达到的电压水平。文中讨论了UPFC控制运行点变化对电力系统稳定性的影响。同时还发现,控制运行点在较大程度上决定了控制器的控制性能和2个UPFC之间的交互影响。通过2个装有UPFC的电力系统的仿真结果证实了文中的讨论。     

统一潮流控制器的自适应校正稳定控制器设计

在装设了统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)的弱阻尼连接多机系统中,综合利用全系统的线性化状态方程和传递函数的信息,设计了线性化的UPFC稳定控制器。为使该稳定控制器能在系统大范围内的运行点提供有效阻尼,文中在UPFC稳定控制器中加入一可调的超前(滞后)环节,利用Prony分析在线辨析系统低频振荡特性。利用在线辨析的结果对稳定控制器的可调环节进行微调,使之针对系统具体运行工况进行自适应校正,从而持续工作在最佳状态。最后利用电磁暂态仿真程序对一个装设有UPFC的两区域弱阻尼连接系统进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明,文中设计的自适应校正UPFC稳定控制器能够明显提高该系统的阻尼水平。     

UPFC控制的交互影响分析———可控参数域计算方法

在回顾和论述一般电力系统控制交互影响,特别是统一潮流控制器(UPFC)控制的交互影响这一问题研究的基础上,以装有UPFC的新英格兰10机39节点系统为研究对象,系统研究了UPFC的控制交互影响与控制器控制运行点之间的关系。为了在讨论UPFC的控制交互影响与控制器控制运行点之间关系的过程中,排除参数整定值这一因素的影响,提出通过分析计算UPFC的可控参数域随其控制运行点的变化,揭示了两者之间的相互联系。     

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)对次同步振荡的影响及抑制策略

FACTS等快速控制装置在一定条件下可能激发电力系统的次同步振荡问题,导致发电机轴系失稳,造成重大事故,危害电力系统的安全稳定运行。UPFC作为一种新型FACTS元件,虽然能实现母线电压控制和线路有功、无功功率的调节,但对次同步振荡影响的研究较少。同时,目前的UPFC阻尼控制器多针对低频振荡模态。故在搭建UPFC模型的基础上,运用测试信号法,研究了系统运行参数和UPFC电压有功控制等对次同步振荡的影响,并设计了相应的UPFC附加阻尼控制器。在IEEE第二标准测试系统上的计算机仿真说明,该控制器能有效提高多个扭振模态的电气阻尼,抑制系统的次同步振荡。     

统一潮流控制器附加阻尼抑制次同步谐振的理论与仿真

随着串联电容补偿输电的推广应用,中国电力系统面临着严峻的次同步谐振(SSR)问题。针对SSR问题,文中基于采用电流控制模式的统一潮流控制器(UPFC),提出了一种UPFC附加阻尼控制抑制SSR的方法;首先选择了附加阻尼控制信号接入UPFC控制器的位置,然后设计了UPFC附加次同步阻尼控制器(SSDC),并推导了其抑制系统SSR的机理,且所设计的SSDC采用了模态分离控制以达到抑制多模态SSR的目的。最后,综合利用复转矩系数和时域仿真的方法,对所设计的UPFC装置SSDC抑制SSR的有效性进行了分析和仿真。结果表明,所设计的SSDC在有效抑制SSR的同时,不会影响系统和UPFC装置的正常运行。     

UPFC动态特性仿真研究

以具体的统一潮流控制器 ( UPFC)电路结构为基础 ,采用 MATLAB中的动态仿真工具SIMULINK建立了 UPFC的详细仿真模型 ,并以一个含 UPFC的简单电力系统为例 ,仿真分析了UPFC的静、动态运行特性。从对仿真结果的分析可以看出 ,当以常规的潮流控制为目的时 ,在系统受扰的情况下 ,UPFC的运行可能会严重偏离其正常运行条件并加剧系统的故障状态     

Design of an ANN tuned adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller for power system dynamic performance enhancement

A supplementary damping controller for a unified power flow controller (UPFC) is designed for power system dynamic performance enhancement. To maintain a good damping characteristic over a wide range of operating conditions, the gains of the UPFC supplementary damping controller are adapted in real time, based on online measured transmission line loadings (active and reactive power flows). To speed up the online gain adaptation process, an artificial neural network is designed. A major feature for the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller is that only physically measurable variables (active and reactive power flows over the transmission line) are employed as inputs to the adaptive controller. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller, computer simulations are performed on a power system subject to a three-phase fault. It is concluded from the simulation results that the proposed adaptive UPFC supplementary damping controller can yield satisfactory dynamic responses over a wide range conditions. The electromechanical mode with an oscillation frequency around 0.78 Hz has been effectively damped by the proposed damping compensators.     

Knowledge domain states mapping concept for controller tuning in an interconnected power network

This paper presents novel power system stabilizers (PSS) tuning approach with particles swarm optimization (PSO) driven knowledge domain states mapping for multi area power system. Tuning of PSS parameters has been done by PSO technique offline at different operating conditions as load dynamics change. The objective function for PSS parameters tuning is integral time multiplied by absolute error (ITAE). The sets of tuned parameters at different operating conditions thus obtained are termed as knowledge domain. The process is viewed as knowledge domain mapping. The dynamical system response has been linked with states, and if there is any violation from desired limits, control action is initiated and thus retuned control parameters obtained straight away from the respective knowledge domain helps to provide quick response and precise damping of signals of interest. Proposed concept also demonstrates that if one controller (PSS) fails to stabilize the system at certain operating condition then another controller (UPFC) connected in the system acts as supplementary controller in automation which assists PSS functioning and thus entire system operation improves by way of modulating the signal dynamics at interface points which quickly damps oscillations. The system study has been performed on a sample six area power systems comprising of UPFC connected between area two and three and PSS to all areas. The proposed concept demonstrates auto tuning of PSS for quick oscillation damping as the operating conditions change and also under situations of PSS failure due to relatively larger perturbation, UPFC acts as supplementary controller by assisting the entire system PSS to recover ensuring stability.     

Adaptive fractional integral terminal slidingmode power control of UPFC in DFIG windfarm penetrated multimachine powersystem

With an aim to improve the transient stability of a DFIG wind farm penetrated multimachine power system (MPN), an adaptive fractional integral terminal sliding mode power control (AFITSMPC) strategy has been proposed for the unified power flow controller (UPFC), which is compensating the MPN. The proposed AFITSMPC controls the dq- axis series injected voltage, which controls the admittance model (AM) of the UPFC. As a result the power output of the DFIG stabilizes which helps in maintaining the equilibrium between the electrical and mechanical power of the nearby generators. Subsequently the rotor angular deviation of the respective generators gets recovered, which significantly stabilizes the MPN. The proposed AFITSMPC for the admittance model of the UPFC has been validated in a DFIG wind farm penetrated 2 area 4 machine power system in the MATLAB environment. The robustness and efficacy of the proposed control strategy of the UPFC, in contrast to the conventional PI control is vindicated under a number of intrinsic operating conditions, and the results analyzed are satisfactory.     

计及UPFC最优配置的电力系统鲁棒调度协同优化策略

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)应用于潮流调控时,计及UPFC调控参数的交流潮流计算是非凸、非线性问题,且多台装置间的非线性交叉耦合特性也会直接影响优化配置方案。为此,基于UPFC的潮流调控特性,构建了计及UPFC的松弛型交流潮流二阶锥规划模型;计及风电的不确定性,协同考虑UPFC的规划和电力系统的调度问题,建立了计及UPFC最优配置的电力系统鲁棒协同优化模型,并采用列和约束生成算法进行求解。以IEEE RTS-24节点系统为算例进行仿真分析,结果表明所提协同优化策略有效提升了UPFC配置方案的适应性,提高了系统运行经济性和风电消纳能力,增强了系统运行调控的灵活性。     

基于动态最优潮流的UPFC控制模式转换策略

摘要：南京西环网统一潮流控制器（unified power flow controller,UPFC）是我国首个UPFC工程,实现了南京西环网潮流的灵活、精准控制。目前,国内外对于UPFC控制模式的研究多停留在工程投运前的控制站层面,针对工程投运后且具有全局优化能力的控制模式研究相对较少。因此,文章基于优化思想针对UPFC工程投运后的多时段、全局优化控制模式展开研究。首先,基于BPA和MATLAB联合调用对华东地区电网数据进行等值,得出南京西环网某典型日的多时间断面数据;然后,建立考虑负荷变化的含UPFC的动态最优潮流模型,并采用原对偶内点法进行求解;最后,提出针对不同负荷情况下UPFC控制模式转换策略,进一步提高了UPFC的经济性。     

基于背靠背 VSC-HVDC 电网间同期并列装置实现UPFC 的仿真研究

基于电压源型换流器(VSC)能够同时独立控制有功功率和无功功率的原理,对背靠背VSC-HVDC同期并网装置结构和统一潮流控制器(UPFC)电路主拓扑结构进行分析,提出一种基于功率传递方式实现电网并网与UPFC功能相结合的控制策略。电压源型换流器完成同期并网操作后,采用断路器状态作为特征信号闭锁并联侧和串联侧的换流器,通过相关电气设备的操作完成UPFC结构的转换,改变换流器控制策略以实现潮流调节功能。同一装置在不同模式下实现多种功能,提高了电力系统的稳定性和自动化程度,增加设备的使用率。本文利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Robust coordinated design of multiple and multi-type damping controller using differential evolution algorithm

A robust coordination scheme to improve the stability of a power system by optimal design of multiple and multi-type damping controllers is presented in this paper. The controllers considered are power system stabilizer (PSS) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based controller. Local measurements are provided as input signals to all the controllers. The coordinated design problem is formulated as an optimization problem and differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to search for the optimal controller parameters. The performance of the proposed controllers is evaluated for both single-machine infinite-bus power system and multi-machine power system. Nonlinear simulation results are presented over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed coordinated design approach. It is observed that the proposed controllers provide efficient damping to power system oscillations under a wide range of operating conditions and under various disturbances. Further, simulation results show that, in a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillations are effectively damped by the proposed approach.     

计及UPFC的电力系统无功优化

以统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)为代表的灵活交流输电技术(flexible AC transmission system,FACTS)可实现传输功率的合理分布、优化系统资源,提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。该文基于内点优化方法,提出计及UPFC的无功优化模型,以系统有功网损最小为目标函数,采用UPFC电压源模型,将其作用等效为一系列电压和功率的约束,直接放到内点法的约束中,在不同的负荷运行方式下进行优化分析。在IEEE-30节点系统测试中发现,引入UPFC后系数矩阵的维数会有所增加,但不会影响其收敛性。算例就系统网损和电压指标对装设UPFC前后进行比较,并给出最优控制方案下UPFC的参数值。结果表明该方法是可行的、有效的,取得很好的效果。     

Comparison of different robust control methods in design of decentralized UPFC controllers

The unified power flow controller (UPFC) integrates properties of both shunt and series compensations, and can effectively alter power system parameters in such a way that increases power transfer capability and enhances system stability. In practice, simple proportional–integral (PI) controllers are used to control the UPFC. However, the PI control parameters are usually tuned based on classical or trial-and-error approaches and as such, they are incapable of obtaining good dynamic performance for a wide range of operating conditions and various loads in power systems. Hence, in this article robust control approaches are proposed based on the quantitative feedback theory (QFT), H_∞ loop-shaping and μ-synthesis, to design UPFC controllers (power-flow and DC-voltage regulator). The three mentioned methods are compared with each other and a supplementary damping controller is developed to improve damping power system oscillations. Here, a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system, installed with a UPFC (with system parametric uncertainties) is considered as a case study. The system parametric uncertainties are obtained following 40% simultaneous alterations in parameters and load from their typical values. The simulation results indicate satisfactory verifications of the robust control methods in dealing with the uncertainties considered. When the above three methods and the PI controller are compared in performance in several time-domain simulation tests, the results show clear superiority of the three methods over the PI controller, with the QFT presenting the best performance amongst the three robust control.