基于社会效益最大化的黑启动电源规划

通过论述电力系统恢复的步骤和策略,分析了黑启动电源对电力系统恢复的影响。建立了以社会停电损失最小为目标的黑启动电源规划模型,用以优化黑启动电源的安装位置及容量。模型考虑了2种情况,分别研究黑启动电厂对口支援非黑启动电厂和互联电网情况下黑启动电源规划问题,并考虑了用户停电损失率随时间变化的问题。应用遗传算法求解互联电网黑启动电源规划问题,并给出算例对所提出的规划模型进行了验证。最后总结了影响黑启动电源布置的因素。     

基于DEA/AHP模型的电力系统黑启动有效方案评估

电力系统全部停电后的黑启动过程是一个非常复杂的问题,科学合理的黑启动方案对于大停电后的快速恢复有着重要作用.把基于数据包络分析(DEA)的层次分析法(AHP)(DEA/AHP)模型用于电力系统黑启动方案的评估排序.该方法充分利用DEA和AHP的特点,避免了人为设定AHP判断矩阵的主观性和随意性,克服了DEA不能在一个尺度上对方案进行全排序的缺点.针对天津电网,用该方法对候选黑启动方案进行评估,得出了最优方案,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

大停电背景下考虑系统暂态安全的动态风电穿透功率极限计算

动态风电穿透功率极限(DWPPL)代表黑启动过程中系统在不同恢复时段对风电的接纳能力,其成功求解可以指导风电在系统恢复过程中的有序接入,进而使系统依靠风电启动功率小、启动速度快的优势,加快系统恢复进程。为了更加准确地求解DWPPL,建立计及系统暂态安全约束的DWPPL非线性整数规划模型,该模型采用二元表的方式统一描述了各暂态安全约束;提出基于纵横交叉优化算法和PSD-BPA仿真的DWPPL求解方法。针对含风电的IEEE 39节点系统中某具体黑启动方案,求解了各时段的DWPPL并验证了算法的优越性;在PSD-BPA上仿真验证了所求DWPPL的正确性和考虑系统暂态安全的必要性。     

电力市场中的黑启动服务

在电力市场的背景下，黑启动辅助服务是保证系统安全可靠供电的重要和必要手段之一。文中描述了黑启动的目标、形式，通过对黑启动机组的选择以及提供黑启动服务所需工作的讨论，提出了黑启动服务费用的计算、收取和支付方法，并指明了参与黑启动服务的各方在提供服务的过程中的权利和义务。对电力市场条件下的黑启动服务进行了较为系统的描述，对当前各区域电网建立电力市场、提供黑启动辅助服务具有一定的参考价值。     

Protection issues during system restoration

Power system blackouts are a very rare phenomenon in a well-planned interconnected power system. Nevertheless it is very important to have plans and systems in place to handle any eventuality even if it is remote. This report brings out various issues related to protection during a system restoration process. Power system protection is critical to a safe, efficient, and reliable power system. Protection engineers take every possible care to ensure that protection systems are designed considering all predictable eventualities and these constraints have grown over time. However, during system restoration, after a major blackout, it is possible for the protection elements to be presented with situations, which they can mistake for an unhealthy power system and the protection elements may operate. The prime concern during a power system blackout is to bring the system back to normalcy as fast as possible. At times, if proper care is not taken, the protection system can hinder and delay the restoration of the power system. This report discusses various such conditions that can occur during the blackstart of a power system and also suggests solutions to manage them without compromising the objectives of protection system i.e., to ensure a safe, efficient, and reliable power system.     

基于燃机机组的上海电网黑启动系列试验

历时一年时间,依据循序渐进的原则,上海电网进行了一系列的黑启动试验,充分验证了上海电网黑启动方案的可行性,检验了电网黑启动过程中的组织和技术措施的有效性。文章通过介绍上海电网黑启动系列试验的总体过程和主要结论,突出了以燃气轮机作为黑启动电源、在全压方式下启动大容量变压器、燃机小系统带重负荷长期稳定运行等上海电网黑启动试验的独特之处。     

电力系统黑启动的研究

研究电力系统黑启动的过程及恢复中存在的自励磁、过电压、频率和电压稳定,组织措施及安排等问题,并通过华东系统黑启动仿真对上述问题进行分析和解决,证明制定严格的黑启动计划不仅可以迅速恢复系统、降低事故损失,而且对处理紧急状态或地区性解裂有重要意义。     

孤岛启动模式下的预置保护和自动装置研究

提出了黑启动模式的概念,介绍了几种黑启动模式。并着重研究了一种新的黑启动模式即基于孤岛启动模式并分析其机组特点。为实现孤岛启动的黑启动模式,提出了三种保护和自动装置的预置方案以进行孤岛的主动解列。针对单机无穷大系统,对设计的保护方案进行了仿真校核。证明了主动解列保留孤网,进而基于孤岛进行黑启动的方法的可行性。     

上海大容量火电机组黑启动系列试验

上海电网发电系统是以纯火电为特征,且大容量机组占绝对优势,对于机组黑启动而言,这些均是劣势。通过一系列黑启动试验及其研究,解决了长期以来一直困扰上海电网的缺乏黑启动能力的问题。本文通过介绍上海电网黑启动系列试验的总体过程和主要结论,分析了燃气轮机作为黑启动电源、全压启动大容量变压器、燃机小系统带重负荷长期稳定运行等上海电网黑启动试验的独特之处。     

启动电源服务的市场化

通过与其他辅助服务市场的比较,阐述了黑启动服务的特点.分析启动电源服务所需的各种资源及参与方的成本.基于风险观点,建立启动电源服务的优化购买模型并提出相应的求解策略与算法流程.其中综合考虑了启动电源参与方的技术性能与经济指标,所确定的服务费除补偿服务商成本外,还包含合理引导服务商改进其启动能力的市场激励信号.在此基础上,讨论启动电源服务的市场监管并建议服务费用的分摊与支付方案.通过仿真,验证了算法的有效性.     

Blackstart capability planning for power system restoration

Blackstart capability is essential for power system restoration following a blackout. System restoration planners determine the restoration sequences to provide cranking power from blackstart units (BSUs) to non-blackstart units (NBSUs), pick up critical loads, and energize the necessary transmission paths. This paper proposes a new algorithm for optimization of the restoration actions. An optimal search algorithm is proposed to determine the plan to crank NBSUs through the selected paths of transmission lines. Assuming that the generation capability of a BSU is constant, the method is used to optimize the overall system MWHr generation capabilities from NBSUs. To reduce the computational complexity of system restoration planning, a new generator model is proposed that results in a linear integer programming (IP) formulation. Linearity of the IP problem formulation ensures that the global optimality is achieved. The optimal power flow (OPF) is used to examine the feasibility of planned restoration actions. Test cases from the IEEE 39-bus system, ISO New England system, and Duke-Indiana system are used to validate the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is computationally efficient for real-world power system cases.     

山西电网黑启动方案滚动研究及其保护配置

随着山西电网结构的不断发展变化，结合山西电网已经制定的电网黑启动方案，提出了适合现有网架结构的新的黑启动方案启动路径及保护配置，并对新的路径进行了仿真研究。同时提出了应加强黑启动方案的滚动研究以及制定电网黑启动故障模式恢复卡、倒闸操作卡、保护配置卡的建议。     

孤岛启动模式下的预置保护和自动装置研究

提出了黑启动模式的概念,介绍了几种黑启动模式.并着重研究了一种新的黑启动模式即基于孤岛启动模式并分析其机组特点.为实现孤岛启动的黑启动模式,提出了三种保护和自动装置的预置方案以进行孤岛的主动解列.针对单机无穷大系统,对设计的保护方案进行了仿真校核.证明了主动解列保留孤网,进而基于孤岛进行黑启动的方法的可行性.     

Multi-objective day-ahead localized reactive power market clearing model using HFMOEA

In this paper, a multi-objective localized day-ahead reactive power market clearing model named as multi-zone DA-RPMC is proposed. The proposed model is based on the zonal uniform price auction by separating the whole market into various voltage control areas/zones. Two objective functions such as total payment function (TPF) for reactive power support services from generators/synchronous condensers and total real transmission loss (TRTL) are minimized simultaneously using a hybrid fuzzy multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (HFMOEA) satisfying all the power system constraints. The proposed multi-zone DA-RPMC model is tested and compared with single-zone DA-RPMC model on standard IEEE 24 bus reliability test system. For both the single-zone and multi-zone DA-RPMC models, the performance of HFMOEA is also compared with NSGA-II in terms of various performance metrics such as spacing, spread and hypervolume. Further, both the single-zone and multi-zone DA-RPMC models are also analyzed on the basis of market power owned by any generator/any generating company. The simulation results obtained confirm the superiority of HFMOEA based multi-zone DA-RPMC model to take better day-ahead reactive power market clearing decisions.     

考虑无功辅助服务分段报价的多目标无功优化方法

电力市场改革对电力系统无功辅助服务机制和无功优化提出了更高的要求。如何在确保电力系统电压质量和安全可靠运行的前提下,实现无功辅助服务市场化、优化无功资源调控是无功电压自动控制面临的重要课题。基于电力市场环境提出了一种无功辅助服务分段报价规则,构建机组进相、滞相时的购电成本模型。在此基础上,提出了一种考虑无功辅助服务规则的多目标无功优化控制方法。对某省级电网实际运行方式进行了仿真计算和分析、讨论。仿真结果验证了该算法无功调控效果的有效性、经济性与均衡性,满足电力市场环境下实际应用需求。     

A personal computer based system for the laboratory evaluation ofhigh performance power system protection relays

The power system simulation system described provides a relay under evaluation with current and voltage input similar to that encountered under service and fault conditions. Using digital transient simulation programs to model power system behaviour, the facility provides an effective bandwidth of from DC to 4 kHz for both the current and voltage relay input. The relay's output is automatically monitored during the test, enabling a detailed report of its response to be produced. The application of the system is illustrated by the evaluation of a new EHV teed feeder relaying system     

考虑调频补偿效果的区域综合能源系统调频服务优化策略

辅助服务对维持含有高比例可再生能源电力系统的安全稳定运行至关重要。含有储能设备的区域综合能源系统作为优质调频资源,可以有效调节可再生能源接入电力系统后导致的不可忽略的频率偏移,帮助解决电力系统频率稳定性问题。文中建立了在市场机制下考虑调频补偿效果的区域综合能源系统运行优化模型,并采用YALMIP+CPLEX在MATLAB中进行了仿真分析,求得了不同调度模式下的总运行成本。通过采用实际运行中的宾夕法尼亚—新泽西—马里兰(PJM)调频市场模型和参数来指导区域综合能源系统中调频资源的优化配置,在电能与调频服务市场收益之间进行权衡,实现了利润的最大化。     

黑启动过程中的负荷恢复

研究了黑启动中的负荷恢复与系统并网问题，将基于直角坐标的最优乘子牛顿潮流法与灵敏度技术相结合，采用连续线性规划法对负荷恢复阶段出现的N-1潮流不可行和状态越限问题建立了恢复控制的模型和算法。然后建立了负荷恢复阶段仿真各子系统频率变化过程的模型和算法，针对子系统的并网问题建立了基于连续线性规划的并网压差发电调度算法，有效地解决了并网电压差优化控制问题。用标准测试系统和实际电网的数值仿真试验证明了模型和算法的有效性。     

Framework for energy brokerage system with reserve margin andtransmission losses

The power industry in the United States is presently participating in a changing business environment. While planning to meet future peak demand is still a concern, the efficient utilization of existing generation and transmission resources is fast becoming of primary interest. This interest suggests to move from cost-based market operations to price-based market operations. In such a business environment, a need for a mechanism to determine the pricing of various ancillary services is desired as the ancillary services go together with electrical power transfer. The proposed approach develops a novel method of pricing mechanism for reserve margins and transmission losses as a part of the overall transaction in an energy brokerage system. The brokerage model described in this paper is based on formulations using linear programming     

Assessing the benefits of regulating power market integration in Northern Europe

The expected increase of intermittent electricity production from renewable sources in Northern Europe poses rising challenges to the balancing of the power system. The Nordic hydro based power system, particularly the Norwegian, is in a favourable position to provide the necessary balancing services. In order to provide these services to continental Europe an integration of markets for balancing services (regulating power market) might be advantageous. Contemporaneously the European Union enforces the liberalisation and integration of national European power markets, including the regulating power markets. To investigate the possible outcome of such an integrated market, a regulating power market model is developed, which is based on a common day-ahead market, including Nordic and northern continental Europe.The proposed model considers the procurement of regulating reserves as well as their activation, taking into account available transmission capacity. Different steps of regulating power market integration are studied. The analysis confirms, that there is a socio-economic benefit by integrating regulating power markets. The benefit mainly results from a provision of reserve capacity from the Nordic to the continental European power system, the netting of imbalances and hence the reduced activation of regulating reserves in the continental power system.