融冰绝缘地线对变电站雷电过电压的影响

地线直流融冰采用了全线绝缘化设计,而地线绝缘化设计将对变电站雷电过电压产生影响。以500 kV融冰绝缘地线为例,介绍了融冰绝缘地线架设方式,采用 ATP-EMTP 软件建立500 kV变电站雷电侵入波过电压模型,分析了融冰绝缘地线架设对500 kV变电站雷电过电压的影响,总结了雷击点位置、杆塔接地电阻、避雷器配置方案对变电站设备雷电过电压的影响规律。研究结果表明：融冰绝缘地线架设对变电站设备最大过电压影响很小;雷击杆塔离变电站越近,变电站高压设备产生的过电压越大;母线避雷器对变电站设备保护效果较好,雷电侵入波产生的最大过电压下降较多;杆塔接地电阻越小,变电站设备最大过电压越小。其结论对涉及融冰绝缘地线变电站具有一定的参考价值。     

Mechanism of pole‐mounted transformer damage by backflow lightning and measures against the damage on low‐voltage distribution line

Pole‐mounted transformers are especially vulnerable to lightning damage. The progress of the information society imposes increasingly stringent requirements for the reliability of electric power supply, and this in turn necessitates a reduction in lightning damage to pole‐mounted transformers. Lightning protective devices (surge arresters) are now being installed around the primary bushing of the transformers, which has decreased the number of disconnections around the primary bushing due to lightning. But surge arresters installed on the primary side of the transformer cannot protect it against backflow lightning entering the secondary side of the transformer. The characteristic of transformer damage by backflow lightning is that the electromagnetic force produced by the current flowing into the secondary side deforms the transformer windings. This paper elucidates the mechanism of transformer damage by lightning flowing into the secondary side by comparing actual lightning damage cases with the results of verification tests using a short‐circuit generator. Effective countermeasures against transformer damage by backflow lightning are examined by EMTP calculations, which indicate that neutral grounding on the low‐voltage distribution line is the most effective way of decreasing the current flowing into the transformer. The lower the grounding resistance, the less current flows into the transformer. In addition, decreasing the voltage on the secondary side is important in order to protect the secondary‐side bushing. The calculation results indicate that surge arresters installed around the secondary side of the transformer are effective in decreasing the voltage on the secondary side. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 1–11, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20921     

基于ATP-EMTP线路避雷器安装位置的仿真分析

首先通过仿真得出35 k V线路杆塔以三相或两边相同时安装线路避雷器防雷效果最佳。再通过易击杆塔及附近杆塔避雷器不同的安装位置对杆塔的耐雷水平和导线中雷电冲击过电压的影响,最终得出安装线路避雷器仅能提高安装杆塔的耐雷水平,对相邻杆塔无外延保护,在易击杆塔附近连续安装线路避雷器对于提高易击杆塔的耐雷水平和降低导线中雷电冲击过电压的峰值要比间断安装时效果好。     

同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施的评估

相比于单回线路,同塔线路容易遭受雷电绕击和反击,严重威胁电网安全。评估同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施,包括降低杆塔接地电阻、加强线路绝缘水平、架设耦合地线和加装线路避雷器等,并提出上述防雷措施的配置原则:采取降阻措施改善接地,采用不平衡高绝缘方式,将耦合地线架设在塔顶,以及根据线路雷击跳闸的具体情况和线路杆塔特点选择性地安装线路避雷器。     

基于ATP-EMTP对配电网雷击过电压的仿真研究

阐述了雷电流模型、配电网各元件计算模型、绝缘子串闪络机理,采用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP 建立仿真计算模型,比较分析杆塔冲击接地电阻对线路耐雷水平的影响,以及线路避雷器不同安装方案对线路耐雷水平的改善效果。仿真计算结果表明：雷击过电压容易导致绝缘子闪络,通过安装线路避雷器、降低杆塔接地电阻有效地提高了10 kV配电线路耐雷水平,改善了线路耐受过电压的能力。     

某油井雷击灾害调查分析及防护措施探讨

通过现场雷击灾害调查和采集雷灾现场储油罐变形处的剩磁、接地电阻等相关数据,分析了油井设施雷击灾害原因。计算出储油罐变形处的直击雷过电压高达2 100 kV、10 kV变压器感应过电压为180 kV、1 140 V电机上的过电压为20.8 kV、电视机的过电压达到4 014 V都超过了相关设备的耐压值。然后根据理论分析的结论探讨了油井储油罐、采油机、电机、变压器的直击雷防护措施,建议采取在变压器高压侧装设额定电压为15 kV的氧化锌避雷器,在后续输电线路的第1级采用8/20μs波形、通流量大于80 kA的浪涌保护器、第2级采用8/20μs波形通流量40 kA且残压小于设备耐压值的浪涌保护器的过电压保护措施。     

Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

Suppressing the effect of lightning-induced overvoltages by the combined use of surge arresters and overhead ground wires

Lightning voltage induced by nearby strokes is one of the causes of major overvoltages which threaten the insulation of power distribution lines. Surge arresters as well as an overhead ground wire usually are employed for the protection of equipment and line insulation on overhead power distribution lines. The fundamental mechanism of suppressing effects of overvoltages induced by nearby strokes has been demonstrated independently by one of the present authors for surge arresters and for an overhead ground wire. In this paper, the protective effect of the combination of surge arresters and overhead ground wire is analyzed. As a result, it is found that the effect of surge arresters used together with an overhead ground wire is almost the same as that of surge arresters alone.     

750 kV输变电示范工程单相人工接地故障试验现场实测和计算分析

应用电磁暂态计算程序(electromagnetictransientprogram,EMTP)对安装金属氧化物避雷器的35kV配电线路的耐雷水平进行了分析计算。具体比较了雷击有、无避雷线的线路,采取不同避雷器安装方案时的耐雷水平;分析了杆塔冲击接地电阻、绕击导线位置对耐雷水平的影响。仿真计算结果表明,安装线路避雷器﹑减小杆塔的接地电阻可有效提高35kV配电线路的耐雷水平。对于35kV有避雷线配电线路,加装线路避雷器后可显著降低其发生绕击闪络的概率。     

配电线路避雷器雷电感应过电压防护研究

应用ATP-EMTP对配网架空线路雷电感应过电压下,线路避雷器的保护效果进行了仿真计算研究。仿真计算结果表明,安装线路避雷器可以对配网架空线路雷电感应过电压进行防护,其保护效果与避雷器的配置方式及线路杆塔接地电阻有关,降低杆塔接地电阻可以减小线路避雷器的安装密度。     

一起变压器雷击故障的分析

为了研究某高压厂用变压器在雷击后造成机组停运的原因,分析了故障录波,开展了高厂变的油色谱、绝缘电阻、直流电阻、直流耐压泄漏电流、介质损耗、低电压短路阻抗、交流耐压等试验,得出了变压器在承受较大短路电流后绝缘正常,故障的发展首先是两相短路、后发展为三相短路的判断。在现场测绘防雷接地布置的基础上,结合土壤、雷声和弧光情况,计算并推断了雷电反击过电压使得绝缘闪络,后在工频电压作用下持续电弧放电,造成高厂变低压侧母排两相及三相短路的过程,分析得出故障原因为变压器区域墙顶的避雷器接地引下线布置安装不能满足标准规定要求。最后提出了相应的防范措施,为类似雷电反击事故的分析提供具有重要参考价值的信息。     

Suppression of lightning-induced overvoltages by distribution line surge arresters

The primary aim of surge arresters in power distribution lines is to protect lines and equipment from the voltage induced by nearby lightning strokes. To further improve power systems, methods to protect distribution lines against direct lightning strokes are still needed. An effective measure against direct lightning strokes is to increase the number of arresters. However, if the surge current is too large, some surge arresters absorb energy in excess of their capability and may break; this leads to a line fault. To evaluate the protective effect of the surge arresters against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire, the authors measured both the voltage across the surge arresters and the energy absorbed by them using a full-scale model line and a 12 MV impulse generator. The results were compared with simulation results by EMTP. There have been no previous studies making a comparison of this kind.     

110kV变电站雷电过电压的仿真研究

针对低压设备事故频繁发生的问题,使用电磁暂态计算程序ATP—EMTP（ATPDRAW）就某110kV变电站雷击进线段杆塔塔顶落雷引起的过电压进行建模与仿真,通过建立系统中配电变压器、电源线、避雷器、接地系统等相关元器件的数学仿真模型,进行了雷击点、运行方式和杆塔接地电阻的比较,讨论了绝缘配合裕度计算等重要因素对雷电过电压的影响。     

Influence of Grounding Resistance Connecting to Surge Arrester on Effectiveness of Lightning Protection Caused by Direct Hit for Power Distribution Lines

In Japan, the grounding resistance of surge arresters (Arrs) for the lightning protection of power distribution lines is generally maintained below 30 Ω. Therefore, electric power companies have been spending large amounts of money on the construction and maintenance of low grounding resistances. In this paper, the influence of grounding resistance on lightning protection measures for power distribution lines with both a ground wire (GW) and Arrs is investigated by EMTP analysis and experiments. These results showed that even if the grounding resistance of Arrs becomes high, the effectiveness of lightning protection is hardly decreased. The results also indicated that it is more important for constructing a rational lightning protection system to install a large number of lightning protection devices on power distribution lines than to lower the grounding resistance of Arrs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 10–22, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21280     

35kV输电线路避雷器的雷电放电电流和吸收能量

在建立输电线路防雷计算模型的基础上,用电磁暂态计算程序对有、无避雷线的35 kV输电线路避雷器的雷电放电电流和吸收的雷电放电能量进行了计算。具体计算了不同幅值的雷电流作用下,不同冲击接地电阻时,线路上避雷器的放电电流和吸收的比能量,讨论了雷电流、接地电阻对放电电流和比能量的影响,并对分别装在有、无避雷线的输电线路上的避雷器的放电电流和比能量进行了纵向比较分析。     

断路器拒动引起110kV变电站失压的事故原因分析

对一起由于110 kV断路器拒动引起2座110 kV变电站失压的事故原因进行了分析。在现场检查、线路巡查以及雷电定位相关数据分析的基础上,结合保护动作报告、录波数据、事件顺序记录等,对事故中线路跳闸、断路器拒动和保护动作情况进行了分析,认为单环网的薄弱电网结构是引发事故的根本原因,而小水电站未安装过电压及高低周保护装置、易遭受雷击的杆塔未采取防雷措施等是导致事故的间接原因。提出优化电网结构,改造变电站110 kV母线接线方式,在易受雷击杆塔上安装线路避雷器,重要线路断路器配置双跳闸线圈等整改措施。     

取消750 kV断路器合闸电阻的可行性研究

取消750 kV线路断路器合闸电阻可节省费用,提高断路器运行可靠性。笔者以即将建设的兰州东-银川东750 kV输电线路工程为背景,结合国外对取消合闸电阻的研究,利用电磁暂态计算程序(ATP/EMTP)计算装设1组避雷器和断路器合闸电阻时,线路三相合空线、单相自动重合闸统计操作过电压水平。计算表明,在首末端装设1组避雷器时,三相合空线、单相自动重合闸统计操作过电压最大值分别为2.38 p.u.和2.57 p.u.,在线路线路长度较短时,两端装设避雷器的方法可以将上述两种统计操作过电压抑制到1.80 p.u.以下,可见在线路较短时取消合闸电阻成为可能。     

交流滤波器避雷器电气特性分析中不同仿真模型的影响

交流滤波器是直流输电系统的重要设备。主要分析仿真模型对交流滤波器用避雷器电气特性（过电压、电流和吸收能量）的影响,基于PSCAD电磁仿真程序,开展滤波器投入和交流滤波器母线接地故障下的建模及仿真计算。仿真结果表明：在交流滤波器投入工况下,采用单个滤波器大组模型（模型1）进行仿真时,在运滤波器的避雷器不动作,与实际情况不符;在滤波器投入及滤波器母线接地故障下,完整参数模型（模型3）中各组滤波器用避雷器过电压比原系统模型（模型2）和模型1降低可达21%,电流降低可达53%,但吸收能量升高可达56%。因此,若在绝缘设计中不采用完整参数模型,避雷器电压电流设计值会偏大,能量设计值会偏小,同时会在滤波器投入工况下忽略同大组其他交流滤波器的避雷器动作情况。     

220kV线路多重雷击导致两侧开关断口绝缘击穿分析

介绍220 kV线路雷击故障、两侧变电设备受损及断路器内部故障的发现、处理过程,结合线路故障查巡、雷电参数、过电压及继电保护动作时序分析,确定线路两侧开关雷电侵入波同时受损原因。指出因较短线路遭受多重雷击,造成开关断口内、外绝缘不能承受侵入波及其反射波的叠加作用而击穿,灭弧室瓷套在内、外部电弧持续热效应下可能发生爆炸。建议开展110、220 kV SF6断路器雷电冲击、反极性工频联合电压试验,并在强雷地区变电站110、220 kV架空出线侧加装避雷器保护。     

Temporary overvoltage duty of surge arresters in noneffectively grounded systems

Important characteristics of metal oxide surge arresters depend on the specified temporary overvoltage duty requirement due to the volt–ampere characteristics. However, there are few reports on the duty of surge arresters in noneffectively grounded systems. The temporary overvoltages of 1.43 pu proposed in effectively grounded systems is too low compared with nearly pu in a line‐to‐ground fault. The overvoltages due to a combination of a line‐to‐ground and load rejection, where not only the main power circuits but also control systems such as AVRs participate, is rare but probably the severest case. Here the overvoltage duty of surger arresters is clarified for various residual voltage levels and system conditions. The severest condition is that in a system including a cable line because of operation of the UEL of the AVR. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 38–46, 1999