A novel hybrid state estimator for including synchronized phasor measurements

State estimator is crucial for on-line power system monitoring, analysis and control. With the increasing use of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU) in power grids, how to utilize phasor measurements to improve the precision of state estimator becomes imperative. Since there are lots of traditional measurements in SCADA system and it is hard for phasor measurements to replace them in the near future, the best way is to develop hybrid state estimator which includes both phasor and traditional measurements to get better behavior. In this paper, a novel state estimator for including voltage phasors, branch current phasors and traditional measurements is proposed. The detailed model and how to calculate covariance matrix of PMU measurements are described in detail. New England 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system are used as test systems and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed state estimation algorithm improves the precision greatly and gets better behavior as compared with other state estimators with or without phasor measurements.     

State estimation and bad data processing for systems including PMU and SCADA measurements

Conventional state estimators (SE) are based on real-time measurements, consisting of bus voltages and active and reactive power flows and injections, and estimate the voltage phasors of the network buses. Until recently, these measurements were obtained only through SCADA. With the advent of GPS synchronized measurements obtained by phasor measurement units (PMU), effective techniques are required to incorporate the extremely accurate PMU measurements into state estimation, in order to improve its performance and observability. This paper develops a non-linear weighted least squares estimator by modeling the current phasor measurements either in rectangular or in polar coordinates and compares the two approaches. Any numerical problems arised at flat start or for lightly loaded lines, are resolved. The error amplification, due to the current phasor measurement transformation from polar into rectangular coordinates, is also investigated. The normalized residual test is used to effectively identify any bad data in the conventional and phasor measurements. The proposed techniques are tested with the IEEE 14-bus system.     

A Distributed State Estimator Utilizing Synchronized Phasor Measurements

With the creation of balancing authorities by the North American Reliability Council that span large portions of the North American interconnection, and stringent requirements for real time monitoring of power system evolution, faster and more accurate state estimation algorithms that can efficiently handle systems of very large sizes are needed in the present environment. This paper presents a distributed state estimation algorithm suitable for large-scale power systems. Synchronized phasor measurements are applied to aggregate the voltage phase angles of each decomposed subsystem in the distributed state estimation solution. The aggregated state estimation solution is obtained from the distributed solution using a sensitivity analysis based update at chosen boundary buses. Placement of synchronized phasor measurements in the decomposed subsystems is also investigated in this paper. Test results on the IEEE 118-bus test bed are provided     

基于同步相量测量的电压稳定指标

针对输电网提出了一种基于同步相量测量信息的电压稳定指标。电力系统可以分解成许多电能传输路径,以传输路径首节点电压与末节点电压在首节点电压上的投影之差与首节点电压的比值作为计算电压稳定与否的指标。该指标根据最弱电能传输路径利用局部电压相量测量信息直接计算得出,避免了复杂的潮流计算。局部电压相量测量数据由相量测量单元PMU提供。基于一种快速有效的PMU配置方法,利用直接测量或间接计算的数据作为此稳定指标计算所需要的电压相量信息。运用图论的基本思想寻找电能最弱传输路径。通过计算电能最弱传输路径的电压稳定指标和系统无功储备情况判断系统电压稳定度,当系统接近不稳定状态时,最弱传输路径的电压稳定指标值趋向于临界值0.5。在IEEE5节点和IEEE30节点系统上的仿真表明了该指标预测系统电压崩溃的有效性和正确性。     

Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event

The paper describes one of the first field measurements of positive sequence voltage phasors at key system buses during a switching operation at Plant Scherer of the Georgia Power Company. The phasor measurements were synchronized using time transmissions from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The data show the first ever observation of power swings recorded via synchronized phasors at several points on an integrated power network. Measurements were made on the Georgia Power Company (GPC) system, the Florida Power and Light (FPL) system, and on the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system. The disturbance was also simulated on a stability program. Results of the simulation, and a comparison with the observed field data are also included     

电网相量同步测量技术及应用

为动态监测全网,分析了常规电网监测系统的缺陷,介绍了基于GPS(全球卫星定位系统)和现代通信技术的全新电网监测和控制手段——全网相量同步动态监测技术和系统,包括该系统中相量测量装置的设计原则、核心算法、系统通信方式的选择等关键技术及其应用前景,重点阐述了该技术在系统动态过程监测、不稳定预测、系统状态估计和失步保护与故障定位等方面的应用。基于电网相量同步测量技术的动态监测系统,改变了常规电网监测系统的状态估计和控制方式,提供了直接电网监测和控制的依据,提高了整个系统的可观性。调度员可实时观察到全网各节点间相角差的变化情况,并作出调度和稳定控制策略。它在电网监测和安全稳定控制上开辟了一个新的领域,在电力系统的动态分析中有很大应用前景。     

基于同步相量测量的电力系统等值及电压稳定评估

提出了一种基于同步相量测量的电力系统等值方法。该方法只需利用同步相量测量,即被监测负荷节点同步电压相量和电流相量,将系统等值成两节点系统。在此基础上以负荷阻抗模与系统等值阻抗模的差值和负荷阻抗模相比,作为判断电压稳定与否的指标,并且推导了在负荷模型为阻抗模型和功率模型时,该指标的正确性。采用EPRI-36节点系统进行仿真,验证了方法的正确性及合理性。     

基于广域测量系统的状态估计研究综述

广域测量系统（WAMS）的逐步发展给电力系统在线分析方法提供了一个新思路。针对WAMS测量精度高、具有同步相量测量功能以及数据传输快等特点，分别从引入高精度节点电压相量量测的状态估计算法、引入高精度支路电流相量量测的算法、引入全部WAMS量测的算法以及其他与WAMS状态估计相关的问题等4个方面，介绍了目前引入WAMS量测的各种状态估计算法；并详细分析了各种算法的优缺点和适用范围，从工程应用出发研究其可行性，对部分算法给出了改进措施。讨论了WAMS的不良数据检测与辨识问题、相量测量装置（PMU）的最优配置问题以及基于PMU的动态状态估计和谐波状态估计等与WAMS状态估计相关的其他问题。     

部分电压和电流相量可测量时电压相量的状态估计

基于电风坟相量和电流相量可测的条件下,推导出了整个电网电压相量的线性状态估计表达式,并对测量随机误差对电压相量状态地的影响进行了分析。由于对电压相量的状态估计是线性的,因此能实时实现对电网的监视。     

基于全球定位系统和锁相环技术的同步相量测量装置的实现

电网实时相量监测系统对于电力系统的状态估计、稳定监控具有重要意义。着重介绍电网实时相量监测系统中的基本功能单元——同步相量测量装置的原理和实现方法。该装置将全球定位系统和锁相环技术相结合,既保证了不同测量点被测相量的同步采样,又保证了各测量点对被测相量信号的采样频率能自适应地跟踪电网频率变化,使相量测量精度进一步提高。介绍基于离散傅里叶变换的电压相角计算方法,给出了发电机功角的计算公式。该装置可对电网重要节点的电压(幅值、相角)以及发电机的功角进行实时同步测量,并将测量结果实时送往监测中心,实现全网运行状态的实时监测。     

基于同步相量测量技术的广域测量系统的应用现状及发展前景

同步相量测量技术可对广域分布电力系统的电气量进行实时测量,为大型电力系统的安全分析和稳定控制提供了新的契机.卫星授时、电力通信网络和数字信号处理技术的快速发展为同步相量测量技术的应用提供了必要的基础.文章介绍了以同步相量测量技术为基础的广域测量系统(WAMS)的发展概况,在体系结构、相量测量单元(PMU)分布、通信通道的选择、中心站功能设计等方面进行了分析.在回顾目前国内外WAMS工程应用情况的基础上,集中介绍了WAMS现有的在线监测、分析与控制功能,并展望了WAMS在未来电力系统闭环控制中的应用前景.     

电力系统中基于PMU同步数据的应用研究综述

基于同步相量测量技术的广域测量系统为电力系统各领域中新应用功能的研究开发提供了全新的数据支撑平台。文章简要介绍了同步相量测量技术及在此基础之上的广域测量系统的发展现状;着重分析了PMU量测数据在包括阻尼控制、暂稳分析及控制、电压稳定、解列控制在内的电力系统动态领域以及包括线路参数测量、状态估计、潮流计算在内的电力系统稳态领域和继电保护领域中的应用研究情况;同时对这些应用研究的特点、优点以及存在的主要问题进行了相应的评述。     

基于相量测量的电压稳定裕度在线评估

超高压、大容量、远距离电能的传输和电力市场化等因素使电压稳定问题成为严重威胁电力系统安全稳定的主要隐患之一,研究一种快速、可靠的电压稳定裕度在线评估方法是十分必要的。提出了一种基于相量测量装置的电压稳定裕度在线评估策略,该方法根据电力系统在重负荷情况下网损增长率特性确定电压稳定裕度评估指标,利用相量测量装置提供的节点相量信息可以快速实现电压稳定裕度的在线评估。IEEE 39节点算例仿真验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。在相量测量装置不断推广的情况下,该方法对实现电压稳定的在线监控具有一定的现实意义。     

基于PMU的预测型振荡解列初步研究

提出了基于同步相量测量单元的预测型振荡解列方法。振荡中心两侧母线电压的相角差反映了功角差 ,利用该相角差的变化速度及符号 ,可以判定是同步振荡还是异步振荡以及滑差的情况 ,并实现预测解列功能。重点分析了相角差与功角差的关系     

基于PMU的预测型振荡解列初步研究

提出了基于同步相量测量单元的预测型振荡解列方法。振荡中心两侧母线电压的相角差反映了功角差,利用该相角差的变化速度及符号,可以判定是同步振荡还是异步振荡以及滑差的情况,并实现预测解列功能。重点分析了相角差与功角差的关系。     

Midterm stability evaluation of wide‐area power system using synchronized phasor measurements

In recent years, the PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) has received a great deal of attention as a synchronized measurement system of power systems. Synchronized phasor angles obtained by the PMU provide valuable information for evaluating the stability of a bulk power system. The aspect of instability phenomena during midterm tends to be more complicated, and the stability analysis using the synchronized phasor measurements is effective in order to keep a complicated power system stable. This paper proposes a midterm stability evaluation method for the wide‐area power system using synchronized phasor measurements. By clustering the power system to some coherent groups, step‐out is predicted on the basis of an aggregated two‐machine equivalent power system. The midterm stability of a longitudinal power system model of Japan's 60‐Hz systems constructed by a hybrid‐type power system simulator is practically evaluated using the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(1): 25–32, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10274     

广域测量系统用于电压稳定在线预测

广域测量技术的发展和应用为电力系统电压稳定预测奠定了基础。为了提高电力系统的安全稳定运行,提出了一种基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的电力系统关键节点电压稳定在线预测方法。该方法根据安装在关键节点的相量测量单元(PMU)实时采集的局部电压、电流相量,利用最小二乘法拟合出电压、电流相量随着负荷增长的变化趋势,可预测出该负荷增长下未来某一时刻关键节点的电压、电流相量变化。利用电压稳定复合判据来评估电压的稳定性并采用k值指示节点的电压稳定程度。在2机5节点及新英格兰10机39节点系统上通过仿真计算,结果表明该方法能有效预测关键节点的电压稳定性。     

基于同步电压相量的故障定位新方法

提出一种利用同步电压相量进行输电网络故障定位的新方法。该方法首先运用对称分量法和线性叠加原理建立故障后的附加正序网络并且定义了故障点的匹配指标,进而基于该指标运用遍历搜索方法寻找故障点位置。该算法仅利用电压相量进行计算,因而能避免因电流互感器饱和导致的误差影响,且仅需少量的同步相量测量单元配置。基于PSCAD的仿真实验表明该方法能够有效地定位任意电网结构的短路故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻等因素的影响。     

基于同步相量测量装置的配电网安全态势感知方法

配电网安全态势感知是全面动态分析配电侧网络安全运行状态及潜在隐患的关键技术。针对配电网安全态势感知的快速性和准确性需求,该文提出一种基于同步相量测量装置的配电网安全态势感知方法。首先,构建在同步相量测量装置优化布点前提下的配电网网络拓扑分层模型,快速捕获系统安全态势要素;其次,提出融合信息熵值的支持向量数据描述算法,实现配电网安全态势要素中异常信息的辨识和理解;然后,采用长短期记忆网络对正常运行和故障扰动下的配电网运行趋势进行预测,并提出零序电压、电压越限裕度、支路过载严重度和电压相位变化量等安全态势预警指标,感知系统实时态和未来态的安全风险。最后采用IEEE 33和PG&E69配电网验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法提高了配电网安全态势要素获取速度和精度,缩短了安全态势要素异常辨识时间,实现对配电网各节点的安全态势感知。     

A review on synchrophasor communicationsystem: communication technologies,standards and applications

The present-day power system is a complex network that caters to the demands of several applications with diverse energy requirements. Such a complex network is susceptible to faults caused due to several reasons such as the failure of the equipment, hostile weather conditions, etc. These faults if not detected in the real-time may lead to cascading failures resulting in a blackout. These blackouts have catastrophic consequences which result in a huge loss of resources. For example, a blackout in 2004 caused an economic loss of 10 billion U.S dollars as per the report of the Electricity Consumers Resource Council. Subsequent investigation of the blackout revealed that the catastrophe could have been prevented if there was an early warning system. Similar other blackouts across the globe forced the power system engineers to devise an effective solution for real-time monitoring and control of the power system. The consequence of these efforts is the wide area measurement system (WAMS). The WAMS consists of several sensors known as the phasor measurement units (PMUs) that collect the real information pertaining to the health of the power grid. This information in the form time synchronized voltage and current phasors is communicated to the central control center or the phasor data concentrator (PDC) where the data is analyzed for detection of power system anomalies. The communication of the synchrophasor data from each PMU to the PDC constitutes the synchrophasor communication system (SPCS). Thus, the SPCS can be considered as the edifice of the WAMS and its reliable operation is essential for the effective monitoring and control of the power system. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various synchrophasor communication technologies, communication standards and applications. It also identifies the existing knowledge gaps and the scope for future research work.