A study of the overload capacity of the cyclical electromagnetic drive depending on the initial temperature excess in transient thermal modes

The electromagnetic impact drive cyclic operation mode, in which the power taken from an energy source can be significantly higher than the value of this power in the long-time mode, is analyzed. Moreover, the initial heating temperature of the electric drive may exceed the ambient temperature. This investigation is of current importance as it is necessary to improve methods of approximate design of electromagnetic impact drives in the short-time regime. The research goal is to derive approximate cyclic-heating design equations to connect the electric-drive output parameters with its overload capability depending on the initial temperature excess and temperature oscillations during an operation cycle. The research described in this paper is based on the Newton equation for cyclic heating in the transient mode. This finite difference equation was obtained earlier and solved using the discrete Laplace transformation for trellis function equations. The results presented in this paper have been obtained for the permissible impact energy and operatingcycle quantity with respect to the heating conditions. It is assumed that the electric drive is a homogeneous body with a uniformly distributed heat source and ideal thermal conductivity when the heat-emission power is constant. Using the example of designing a synchronous electromagnetic impact drive, it is shown that the obtained approximate solutions can be used for solving typical tasks of cyclic heating at the preliminary design stage.     

Dynamic thermal rating of power lines – Model and measurements in rainy conditions

The transfer capabilities of overhead power lines are often limited by the critical power line temperature that depends on the magnitude of the transferred current and the ambient conditions, i.e. ambient temperature, wind, precipitation, etc. To utilize existing power lines more effectively and more safely concerning the critical power line temperatures and to enforce safety measures during potentially dangerous events, dynamic assessment of the thermal rating is required. In this paper, a Dynamic Thermal Rating model that covers the most important weather phenomena, with special emphasis on rain, is presented. The model considers a dynamic heat generation due to the Joule losses within the conductor and heat exchange with the surrounding in terms of convection, radiation, evaporation, rain impinging and solar heating. The model is validated by comparison of the skin and core temperature of the power line with measurements under realistic environmental conditions.     

不同载流条件下滑动电接触特性

不同载流情况下,引起滑动接触面温升的主要因素有摩擦热、焦耳热、电弧热.接触面的温升使接触材料表面发生物理化学变化,从而改变了接触面成分,同时反过来影响接触面的滑动电接触性能.论文通过对铜基粉末冶金滑板、浸铜碳滑板两种滑板材料与铜锡导线的对磨实验,分析了两种滑板材料在受流摩擦时的磨损行为.研究表明:随着电流的增大,两种滑板材料的接触电阻、温度以及磨耗率都在增大,浸铜碳滑板材料的接触电阻变化率较小,但接触表面的温度偏高,该滑板磨耗率变化较小,受流磨损性能较好.     

导线临界防冰电流及其影响因素分析

导线覆冰是影响输电线路安全运行的主要问题之一,基于焦耳热效应的临界电流防冰方法可行且有效。为此,基于焦耳热效应和导线在临界覆冰状态下的传热过程,并考虑了集肤效应、导线几何外形及其表面水膜对传热过程的影响,建立了临界防冰电流模型,其计算结果与人工气候室试验结果符合。另外,还研究了在覆冰环境下,导线直径及几何外形、环境温度、风速、液态水含量(LWC)、中值体积直径(MVD)对输电线路临界防冰电流的影响。仿真结果表明,临界防冰电流随温度的降低或风速的增加而迅速增大,随LWC的增大或MVD在0～100μm区间增大而缓慢增大,而当MVD>100μm时,临界防冰电流无明显变化。     

覆冰交流输电线路保线电流及其影响因素分析

建立了导线覆冰过程的热平衡方程,同时考虑绞线几何外形及集肤效应对传热过程的影响,提出了基于焦耳热效应的输电线路导线保线电流计算公式,并采用Runge-Kutta算法对水滴运动轨迹进行模拟,得到碰撞系数这一关键参量值。仿真结果表明,保线电流是导线外径、导线电阻、表面几何外形等导线自身参数以及环境温度、风速、水滴中值体积直径、空气中液态水含量等大气参数的函数;得到了不同绞线在典型覆冰类型下的保线电流,与人工气候室的试验结果相吻合。将该模型的预测结果与其他模型进行了比较,进一步证明该模型的准确性。     

Proximity effect and eddy current losses in insulated cables

Insulated cables are generally designed according to thermal criteria: the current rating depends on the permissible temperature inside the insulation. As the heating of a cable mainly results from Joule losses, it is worthy to determine the current distribution in its metallic components (the core and the metallic screen for single core cables). The current distribution in tables is affected by the skin effect and the proximity effect due to neighbouring cables of the circuit itself or from parallel links. A general method is developed to calculate the current distribution in the core and the screen of a single-core cable, starting from Maxwell equations. The stress is set upon skin and proximity effects, taking into account the influence of the frequency. Joule losses are calculated in some practical cases of three-phase links     

Physical model of dynamic Joule heating effect for reset process in conductive-bridge random access memory

Dynamic Joule heating effect of reset process in conductive-bridge random access memory (CBRAM) was investigated theoretically. By introducing the geometry effect of conductive filament (CF), the temperature and electric field distributions in the transient state in both one-dimen-sional and three-dimensional cases were discussed in detail. We found that the CF’s geometry plays an important role in the transient Joule heating process, and the transient thermal effect turns increasingly significant with increasing applied voltage in reset procedure. The proposed position where CF ruptures is between the location of temperature peak and narrow end of the CF rather than the point of temperature peak in the cone-shaped CF system. It is more interesting that the rupture of CF possibly occurs in transient process, before steady-state is established.     

架空导线动态载流量的分析及改进算法

架空导线的输送容量在很大程度上受限于导线的温度,即架空导线存在一定的热稳定容量。本文基于IEEE Std 738和CIGRE架空导线载流量的计算方法,研究了导线热平衡方程中散热、发热的影响因素,分析关键因素对散、发热的影响程度。针对传统法将散、发热代入架空导线的稳态热平衡方程直接计算的动态载流量波动剧烈这一问题,提出在其基础上对一段时间的几个时刻所载电流单值加权求解架空导线动态载流量的改进算法。改进算法可极大地减小载流量的波动,导线温度的仿真分析表明导线温度在一个很小的范围内变化,增强了动态增容技术的实际应用性。     

Eddy current analysis of thin metal container in induction heating by line integral equations

In recent years, induction‐heating cookers have spread rapidly. It is desirable to commercialize flexible and disposable food containers that are suitable for induction heating. In order to develop a good‐quality food container for moderate heating, the eddy currents induced in a thin metal plate must be accurately analyzed. The integral equation method is widely used for solving induction‐heating problems. If the plate thickness approaches zero, the surface integral equations on the upper and lower plate surfaces tend to become the same and the equations become ill‐conditioned. In this paper, we first derive line integral equations from the boundary integral equations under the assumption that the electromagnetic fields in the metal are attenuated more rapidly than those along the metal surface. Next, to test the validity of the line integral equations, we solve for the eddy current induced in a thin metal container in induction heating and obtain the power density imparted to the container and the impedance characteristics of the heating coil. We then compare the computed results with those obtained by the FEM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 20–27, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20813     

共箱封闭母线多物理场耦合分析

共箱封闭母线由于拥有较为复杂的发热与散热结构,故其温升的计算一直是研究与设计的重点。借助有限元法,通过建立有限元模型首先分析得到了双层导体共箱封闭母线在稳态中的工频电磁场及焦耳热分布。随后利用间接耦合法,将焦耳热作为热源带入到流场-热场耦合模型,计算得到了热场与流场,进而得出共箱封闭母线中导体与外壳的主要散热方式为辐射散热,为控制母线温升应加强母线的辐射散热能力。     

Analysis of the transient Joule heating effect in a conductive-bridge random-access memory (CBRAM) using a single-phase-lag (SPL) model

The main objective of this work is to study the transient Joule heating effect in a conductive-bridge random-access memory (CBRAM) using the single-phase-lag heat conduction model to describe the effects of the metallic conductive filament (CF) radius and the reset voltage on the thermal and electric field. The results reveal that the CF geometry plays an important role in the transient Joule heating. The heat wave of fast transient conduction is stronger in the narrow region of the CF during the reset process for a high applied voltage and a small top radius of the CF. It is demonstrated that the presented model can predict the nanoscale heat transfer in the transient state and during the reset process in the CBRAM. Finally, numerical computations are carried out using the finite-element method to solve the nonlinear heat conduction equations.

     

基于磁场-流场-温度场耦合计算的母线槽热性能分析

作为大电流输配电设备，母线槽的发热温升和散热问题是影响其工作稳定性的重要因素之一，为此本文建立了母线槽的磁场－流场－温度场耦合分析模型，首先计算了三相四线空间绝缘型母线槽的工频磁场、涡流场和焦耳热，然后将焦耳热作为体积热源，通过间接接耦合方法分析了母线槽内部气流场和温度场，母排间距对母线温升影响显著，存在一个使母排温升最小的最优母排间距，增大外壳高度或宽度能够降低母排温升。     

Potential of cryogenic liquids for future power equipment insulation in the medium high voltage range

Cryogenic liquids show a noteworthy impact on the concept of improved future power equipment with superconductors. Superconducting materials eliminate any Joule heating but are based on very low operating temperatures. A high overall current density in the equipment may be presupposed. Cooling however must be guaranteed by cryogenic liquids, i.e. liquid helium or liquid nitrogen, respectively. The cooling liquids are interesting basic insulating fluids with a reasonable dielectric performance in the medium high voltage domain. Most exciting is the chemical inertness. Hazards such as fire risk in case of severe faults can be ruled out, thus reducing insurance cost drastically. Thermal aging of the liquids can also be disregarded because no chemical reaction must be taken into account during service, even in the case of temporary overload operation. Dielectric aging due to partial discharges may be of little concern because the liquids can be fully reprocessed easily by vaporizing and recondensing in a closed cooling circuit; no memory effects may degrade the liquid at all. On the other hand, overload operation may yield a large amount of thermal bubbles which can affect the dielectric strength seriously. Finally, the liquids are produced from gases which are found in the open atmosphere. There is no danger of any poisonous reaction in case of uncontrolled leakage, and the disposal of insulation systems at the end of operational life is straightforward without the need of costly processing.     

气体放电对金属平板强化传热作用的研究

文中对比研究了电晕、介质阻挡以及辉光放电对空气-金属之间对流传热系数的影响作用。通过对加热器功率以及铜板电极温度测量，计算获得在自然对流以及电极间发生放电两种情况下对流传热系数。在气体放电强化传热的作用下对流传热系数获得数倍的增加。在直流电晕放电实验中，当均匀的直流辉光放电产生时，空气-金属之间传热速率获得最大幅度的提高。采用介质阻挡放电在提高空气-金属之间传热速率的同时，放电间隙击穿电压发生显著提高，也使放电在实际应用中更易于控制。     

垃圾衍生燃料热解热重实验研究

本实验用热重分析法对含75%布、含50%、67%、75%、100%生活垃圾的RDF样品的热解进行研究,通过分析不同热解终温、不同升温速率、不同物料比、添加污泥与添加废石灰对RDF热解过程的影响,分析TG和DTG曲线的变化和特征点温度及不同阶段样品质量变化,计算热解率,研究表明,①热解终温增加,TG曲线向低温区移动,热解率增大,其中最大可达98.6%;②升温速率增加,热解反应向高温区移动,说明升温速率越低,越有利于热解反应进行;③对于生活垃圾与生物质不同配比的RDF热解,生活垃圾比重的增加导致TG曲线向高温区移动,挥发分析出温度延后;④添加污泥的RDF与添加废石灰的RDF相比,热解更充分,热解率由77.14%上升到92.46%。     

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles

We have demonstrated that, in general, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force experienced by a particle has two components. The first depends upon inhomogeneities in the applied electrical field strength and upon the in-phase part of the resultant dipole moment induced in the particle and can be identified with the conventional dielectrophoretic (cDEP) force. The second relates to nonuniformities in the phase distribution of the applied field and to the out-of-phase part of the induced dipole moment. A nonuniform phase distribution corresponds to a field that travels through space. This second force component gives rise to traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP). In this paper, we describe several electrode configurations designed to produce electric fields capable of inducing cDEP and twDEP forces for the purpose of manipulating particles. Using DS19 Friend murine erythroleukemia cells as test particles having well-characterized dielectric properties, we investigated the electrokinetic behaviors for these electrodes as a function of frequency and electrode excitation mode. Several characteristic cell electrokinetic behaviors were identified, including trapping, linear motion, levitation, and circulation of the cells, depending on the excitation characteristics of the electrodes and the cell dielectric properties. We describe these findings and rationalize them in terms of the field distributions produced by the electrodes, the particle dielectric properties, and generalized dielectrophoresis theory. The biotechnological applications of dielectrophoretic manipulation are then discussed     

Time-domain temperature variations of a composite insulator surface exposed to arc discharges

In this paper, a system of equations is presented, which describes time-dependant temperature variations for a dielectric surface exposed to an arc discharge. The formulas are derived for a circular (as well as any-shape) region interacting with the arc discharge. The final set of equations makes it possible to convert temperature values, measured at some depth beneath the sample surface which is exposed to the arc heating, to the corresponding surface temperature values. The theoretical results are verified by measurements according to the IEC 61621 test method, and numerical calculations are done for an epoxy composition that is used in composite insulator manufacturing.     

An experimental study of the dielectric premiability of dry saturated steam

The results from experimental studies of the dielectric premiability of dry saturated steam in the temperature range from 388 to 614 K are presented, based on which an equation for calculating this constant is proposed.     

IGBT器件封装用有机硅凝胶宽频介电特性与温度影响

有机硅凝胶材料作为IGBT器件封装用绝缘材料,在器件的运行工况下,器件承受着重复性导通关断电压,对应频谱宽,且器件损耗将引起温度升高。为了能够准确分析器件内部电场特性,运用频域介电谱技术对有机硅凝胶在宽频、宽温度范围内的介电特性进行研究,利用叉指电极,实现对有机硅凝胶在不同温度下的宽频介电谱测试。采用Cole-Cole介电模型对实验数据进行拟合,并分析温度对Cole-Cole模型特征参量的影响规律。研究结果表明：频率和温度对有机硅凝胶的介电特性均有较大影响,在低频高温下,有机硅凝胶材料相对复介电常数的实部、虚部都显著增加。在所提取的Cole-Cole介电模型的特征参量中,直流电导率σ₀及特征参量Δε₁与温度之间的关系都满足Arrhenius方程,热活化能分别为0.233 eV与0.691 eV;弛豫时间τ₁和τ₂随温度的变化规律有所不同,但在高温时都明显增加。对半导体器件封装用有机硅凝胶材料介电特性的认知可以为器件内部电场分析和绝缘设计提供基础数据支撑。     

IGBT器件封装用有机硅凝胶宽频介电特性与温度影响

有机硅凝胶材料作为IGBT器件封装用绝缘材料,在器件的运行工况下,器件承受着重复性导通关断电压,对应频谱宽,且器件损耗将引起温度升高。为了能够准确分析器件内部电场特性,运用频域介电谱技术对有机硅凝胶在宽频、宽温度范围内的介电特性进行研究,利用叉指电极,实现对有机硅凝胶在不同温度下的宽频介电谱测试。采用Cole-Cole介电模型对实验数据进行拟合,并分析温度对Cole-Cole模型特征参量的影响规律。研究结果表明：频率和温度对有机硅凝胶的介电特性均有较大影响,在低频高温下,有机硅凝胶材料相对复介电常数的实部、虚部都显著增加。在所提取的Cole-Cole介电模型的特征参量中,直流电导率σ₀及特征参量Δε₁与温度之间的关系都满足Arrhenius方程,热活化能分别为0.233 eV与0.691 eV;弛豫时间τ₁和τ₂随温度的变化规律有所不同,但在高温时都明显增加。对半导体器件封装用有机硅凝胶材料介电特性的认知可以为器件内部电场分析和绝缘设计提供基础数据支撑。