The effect of geomagnetically induced currents on the thermal conditions of power transformers

Methods to calculate the thermal processes and temperature of the most heated points of the tank and windings of a power transformer in conditions of flow of geomagnetically induced currents in grounded windings are developed. Dependences of additional loss in the tank and windings are obtained for a TRDN-63000/115/6.3/6.3 power transformer. It is shown that additional losses in power transformer windings are caused by the geomagnetically induced currents and depend on the first and nth harmonic components of magnetizing current, as well as on the load factor of a power transformer. The dependences of excess temperature of the most heated points of windings over ambient temperature on the geomagnetically induced current and load factor are determined. It is found that the excess temperature of the most heated point of winding over ambient temperature is also affected by the total additional loss of active power in the tank caused by the eddy currents at a geomagnetic storm. The acceptable load capacity of power transformers in geomagnetic storms with different intensities is determined in dependence on the ambient temperature. An increase in the load capacity of power transformers above set values in geomagnetic storms can lead to overheating of transformer windings and triggering of transformer gas protection, which will cause an electric power system to malfunction.     

基于单周控制的基波磁通补偿串联混合型有源电力滤波器

介绍了基于变压器基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器,将一变压器的一次侧串联在电网与谐波源之间,当串联变压器二次侧注入的基波电流与电网电流的基波分量满足补偿条件时,串联变压器可以实现对基波呈低阻抗,而对谐波呈很高的励磁阻抗,实现谐波与电网的隔离。将单周控制代替传统的滞环控制来获得补偿电流的跟踪,使得开关频率恒定,从而可以精确地设计高频滤波电容,提高系统的补偿性能和鲁棒性。推导了采用单周控制时系统的控制方程,分析了系统的工作过程。利用MATLAB对采用单周控制时系统的补偿性能进行仿真,结果表明系统具有较好的动稳态补偿性能。通过实验进一步证明了采用单周控制的可行性。     

变压器空充下的励磁涌流二次谐波特性分析

针对近年来变压器空充试验时,电流的二次谐波含量低于保护整定值导致差动保护误动作的问题,首先利用2条不同斜率的直线对变压器磁化特性曲线进行拟合,推导出不同空充电压下励磁涌流二次谐波含量的表达式,进而基于有限元分析软件搭建并验证了一台14 kVA单相变压器以及一台325 MVA三相变压器的仿真模型,然后对验证过的模型进行了变压器空充仿真。研究表明：在考虑铁芯磁化曲线起始部分存在非线性特征的情况下,空充电压小于临界电压时,励磁涌流中含有少量二次谐波;空充电压等于临界电压时,励磁涌流二次谐波含量达到峰值;随着空充电压等级的提高,励磁涌流二次谐波含量呈现先增后减的趋势。     

一种实用的基于基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器

推导了基于变压器基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器的新原理 ,得出当串联变压器二次侧注入的基波电流和电网电流的基波成分满足基波补偿条件时 ,则串联变压器可以实现对基波呈现很低阻抗 ,而对谐波呈现很高的励磁阻抗。对该有源电力滤波器的电流控制方式进行了仿真。通过采用电流型谐波源进行接近实用化的实验 ,证明了该原理的正确性并取得了极好的补偿特性     

变压器差动保护动作特性的仿真研究

为了解决工程实际中继电保护装置的测试问题,针对变压器差动保护,利用Matlab软件,在建立单侧电源110 kV双圈变压器简单电力系统模型的基础上,进行变压器微机继电保护装置的仿真分析。探究了励磁涌流与剩磁及合闸初相角之间的关系以及励磁涌流中的谐波含量情况。基于此,采用二三次谐波制动及常规比率制动保护原理,研究了差动保护装置的动作特性。通过对仿真结果的分析,整定保护装置参数,并获取测试数据,用于测试实际继保装置。经实验验证:该方案能够有效进行变压器差动保护装置的测试,具有较好的工程实用性。     

变压器空投导致相邻元件差动保护误动分析及防范措施

现场发生多起变压器空投导致相邻正常运行的发电机、变压器以及线路差动保护误动的事故,严重影响电网的安全稳定运行。结合现场录波数据与数字仿真,考虑励磁涌流、和应涌流以及互感器饱和等影响因素,文中对差动保护误动的原因展开研究,指出励磁涌流导致的互感器饱和是差动保护误动的主要原因。在此基础上提出了投入谐波闭锁判据、改进比率制动特性等防范措施。现场录波数据和仿真试验结果验证了所研究结论的正确性及应对措施的有效性。     

串接小容量变压器预充磁技术参数设计

串接小容量变压器预充磁涌流抑制技术在船舶电力系统中应用广泛,但缺乏规范化的参数设计方法。推导了串接小容量变压器预充磁技术各次合闸最大励磁涌流峰值解析计算公式。基于此,以预充磁变压器合闸励磁涌流峰值小于系统额定电流,工作变压器合闸励磁涌流峰值小于差动保护启动值为原则确定可选预充磁变压器容量范围;从海洋核动力平台安全性、经济性角度出发规范预充磁电路结构;基于实际建立磁通与预期磁通相位一致原则规范预充磁变压器绕组接线方式;提出相邻周期涌流能量比方法计算变压器建立稳态磁通所需时间,规范预充磁最短合闸时间间隔。MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果表明,在不同合闸角、剩磁情况下,所设计的参数能够保证预充磁合闸过程中变压器差动保护可靠不误动。     

励磁涌流下直流50 Hz谐波运行特性分析及应用

近几年南方电网发生了多起因换流变压器空投而导致的直流50 Hz保护误动事件。针对这个问题,分析励磁涌流下直流中50Hz谐波运行特性的基础上,结合影响规律提出了换流变空投前的交流系统强度边界及直流功率边界。先是分析了不同谐波源下直流50 Hz谐波特征,全面梳理了影响换流变涌流谐波的产生和传递的因素;基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,结合实际直流具体研究了关键因素剩磁、合闸角、交流系统强度以及直流功率对涌流谐波产生的影响,以换流变合闸涌流为谐波源分析了直流功率、直流运行方式、线路长度对直流中50 Hz谐波传递特性的影响;最后结合各因素的影响规律,在换流变涌流最严重时,分析得到不使直流逆变侧50 Hz保护误动的交流系统强度边界及直流功率边界,为实际工程换流变空投前的系统条件提供参考。     

变压器励磁涌流负序二次谐波特征及机理

空载合闸产生的励磁涌流是导致变压器差动保护不正确动作的主要因素,同时也会造成电网中谐波、电压暂降等电能质量问题。交直流混联电网中,换流器的谐波耦合特性使得交流电网中的谐波会引起直流保护的误动作,导致直流闭锁,威胁电网安全运行。文中基于变压器铁芯近似磁化特性曲线,推导了励磁涌流及其中二次谐波分量的解析表达式,分析了合闸参数对负序二次谐波分量的影响,指出由于断路器开断引起的三相平衡性剩磁不会造成励磁涌流中二次谐波以负序为主的现象,只有三相非平衡性剩磁才可能引起励磁涌流中的二次谐波呈现明显的负序特征。PSCAD仿真验证了分析及结论的正确性,为解决工程实际问题提供了理论依据。     

变压器差动保护中电流相位补偿方式的分析

在变压器空载合闸时，对变压器差动保护中△→Y电流相位补偿方式进行分析，证明变换后得到的某相差流并不能反映该相励磁电流的真实变化。进一步利用MATLAB仿真YN，d11变压器空载合闸，对比分析了变压器差动保护中△→Y和Y→△这2种电流相位补偿方式对二次谐波比励磁涌流闭锁判据的影响，仿真结果表明前者并不比后者具有明显的优势，也不宜采用分相闭锁差动保护。同时，分析变压器对称涌流产生的原因，计算说明对称涌流中的二次谐波比并不一定比单侧涌流低。提出了利用未经补偿的相电流计算励磁涌流闭锁判据中二次谐波比，提高分相闭锁的可靠性，以及利用综合二次谐波比全相闭锁保护、加短延时投入分相开放判据开放保护，提高带故障合闸时保护动作速度的思想。     

A Kalman filter based digital percentage differential and groundfault relay for a 3-phase power transformer

The design and real-time implementation of a Kalman-filter-based digital percentage differential and a ground-fault protection scheme for three-phase power transformers are presented. A set of eleven-state Kalman filters is used to estimate the fundamental and up to fifth harmonic components of the transformer current signals. The protective relay is equipped with an even harmonic restraint during magnetizing inrush conditions and a fifth harmonic restraint during overexcitation conditions. The restraint during external faults is provided by means of a percentage differential characteristic. The relay operates in half a cycle during internal faults. In order to achieve sensitive ground-fault protection, separate primary and secondary ground-fault protection are provided. The relay algorithm is implemented on a single TMS320 digital signal processor and tested in real time using a three-phase laboratory power transformer     

A New Strategy for Selection of Switching Instant to Reduce Transformer Inrush Current in a Single-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic System

Photovoltaic energy integration with the power system is increasing with the lack of fossil resources and developments in photovoltaic technology. Magnetizing inrush current occurs due to switching the transformer into service. Inrush current leads to shortage in the transformer lifetime and/or the operation of protection devices disconnecting the transformer. This article studies the impact of existing photovoltaic energy on the reduction of transformer inrush current. Photovoltaic power is utilized to reduce the inrush current by applying an opposite flux on the transformer, then connecting the transformer with the power network at a suitable switching instant of grid voltage waveform. The switching instant depends upon the flux produced in the transformer primary winding by the photovoltaic system. This article introduces a new strategy to determine the switching instant for reducing the transformer inrush current. The proposed method depends upon the monitoring of total harmonic distortion at different switching instants. The proposed method is appropriate for real-time applications. The proposed procedure is applied to a single-phase example and simulated in MATLABR2013a/SIMULINK (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The simulation results show the suitable instant of switching to reduce the magnetizing inrush current and the corresponding total harmonic distortion.     

运用模糊神经网络来区分变压器励磁涌流和内部故障

变压器励磁涌流和内部故障的鉴别一直是变压器差动保护中的一个热点问题。在几种传统的识别励磁涌流方法的基础上 ,结合模糊神经网络这一新型的人工智能技术 ,综合利用这几种原理对电气量的采样值分别提取形成网络的特征输入量 ,并采用了Simpson模糊极小 -极大神经网络来形成区分励磁涌流和内部故障的模糊模式分类器。运用EMTP程序通过大量的仿真计算获取网络的训练和测试样本 ,结果表明 ,训练后的网络能快速地区分变压器各种运行工况下的励磁涌流和内部故障 ,对测试样本的正确率达到 10 0 %。     

适用于高压大容量工况的新型并联有源滤波器

提出一种基于谐波磁通补偿原理的新型并联型高压大容量有源电力滤波器.通过对带气隙的线性并联变压器的电压方程分析可知,当满足谐波磁通补偿条件时,可使变压器支路在有源滤波器投入后对谐波呈近似为0的低阻抗、对基波呈高阻抗,从而疏导电力系统中的谐波电流.新滤波器的谐波电流检测位置位于并联变压器支路上,检测电流与反馈电流共铁心.并联变压器的二次侧采用多个补偿绕组的结构以解决有源滤波器的大容量问题.仿真和实验结果证明了该方案可以取得良好的滤波效果.     

考虑铁磁元件励磁特性的电网暂态计算

介绍含铁磁元件电力网络的合闸暂态过电压的模拟计算方法,其中铁磁元件的非线性特性励磁曲线采用逐点线性化方式加以处理。首先给出了变压器的等值电路模型,再以该模型为基础,运用国际上流行的电磁暂态计算软件ATP分别对计及与不计变压器励磁支路的系统网络进行了合闸暂态模拟,对比模拟结果表明:非线性励磁曲线的考虑能在一定程度上对合闸过电压产生影响。     

电力变压器有源谐波模型

建立适当的电力系统元件谐波模型是电力系统谐波分析的基础,章总结了电力变压器谐波模型的已有研究成果,推导了单相变压器完整的有源谐波模型,然后将电力变压器的谐波建模问题归结为激磁电流的计算,详细介绍了单相变压器激磁电流的计算和谐波分析方法。     

Fuzzy logic-based relaying for large power transformer protection

Power transformer protective relay should block the tripping during magnetizing inrush and rapidly operate the tripping during internal faults. The frequency environment of power system has been made more complicated and the quantity of 2nd frequency component in inrush state has been decreased because of the improvement of core steel. Then, traditional approaches will likely be maloperated in the case of magnetizing inrush with low second harmonic component and internal faults with high second harmonic component. This paper proposes a new relaying algorithm to enhance the fault detection sensitivities of conventional techniques by using a fuzzy logic approach. The proposed fuzzy-based relaying algorithm consists of flux-differential current derivative curve, harmonic restraint, and percentage differential characteristic curve. The proposed relaying was tested with relaying signals obtained from Salford EMTP simulation package and showed a fast and accurate trip operation.     

GIC频率变化对变压器偏磁程度的影响

近年来随着我国电网电压等级的升高,电网规模的扩大,地磁活动引起的电网异常现象引起了人们的关注。对于频率一般为0.1~0.001Hz的地磁感应电流,电网计算模型采用直流等效原则,即地面感应电势等效为直流电源,系统元件等效为电阻,忽略电感。但地磁感应电流频率的变化影响变压器的偏磁程度,从而影响地磁感应电流计算的精确度。采用时域场路耦合法,建立变压器模型,利用磁场模型计算动态电感,电路模型求解电流,分析不同频率下变压器动态电感和励磁电流的数值波形,确定其偏磁程度。结果表明,当中性点之间的地面感应电势(ESP)一定时,频率为0.1~0.002Hz时变压器并未饱和,GIC若按照直流计算存在不同程度的误差,频率越低误差越小;频率低于0.002Hz时变压器饱和,可按直流进行计算。     

Magnetizing inrush model of transformers based on structure parameters

This paper proposes a circuit model for the transient period of inrush current in a transformer. The magnetizing inrush model is developed from the structural parameters of the transformer. In the analysis of the magnetization curve, the relationship between the magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity differs from the ordinary B-H curve; this paper interchanges the B and the H and characterizes the B-H of the magnetic core as a simple tangent function in the H-B planes. Furthermore, the concept of inrush equivalent inductance is also used in the magnetizing inrush model. Using the magnetizing inrush model, an inrush current value can be estimated before the transformer is manufactured. Moreover, in the future, this model can provide the power system with a more thorough transient analysis. During this research, the inrush currents are simulated using the circuit model from ICAP/4. Fourteen actual transformers, each with a different winding structure, are used for demonstration. Experiments and simulations are carried out to examine the proposed method.     

基于谐波电流时域分段算法的换流站损耗评估

介绍了换流阀损耗和换流变压器损耗的计算方法。根据IEC 61803中的损耗计算模型,采用时域分段法计算谐波,开发出换流站损耗分析软件。换流站损耗算例分析显示,用时域分段法精确算得的谐波电流对直流侧换流阀及平波电抗器的损耗计算值影响不大,但对交流侧的换流变压器损耗计算值影响则较明显。