基于四波段半分析算法和Hyperion遥感影像反演太湖叶绿素a浓度

水体叶绿素a浓度不仅是水质状况的重要指标,也是制定水环境保护和水资源开发利用方案的重要依据。以2004年8月19日太湖水质浓度实验数据和同步的Hyperion影像为数据基础,研究适用于Hyperion影像的四波段半分析算法。由模型参数标定数据集(37组)对四波段半分析算法参数的拟合分析和模型检验数据集(5组)对算法精度的评估可知,基于指数拟合方法获取的四波段半分析算法具有较高的叶绿素a浓度估算精度(相关系数为0.8913,平均绝对误差为1.1109μg/L,对应的平均相对误差为5.69%,其对应的4个波段波长分别为671.02nm、701.55nm、711.72nm和742.25nm)。用以上四波段半分析算法从Hyperion影像中提取的叶绿素a浓度呈湖心低、沿湖区域高的格局。与22.23 μg/L的年均叶绿素a浓度相比较,2004年8月19日的叶绿素a浓度处于年际较高水平。     

基于TM影像的太湖夏季悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度反演

利用2006年8月1日陆地卫星TM数据与7月29日～8月1目的同步湖面采样数据,分析了典型站点反射率光谱特征,建立悬浮物和叶绿素a的反演模型。结果表明悬浮物的变化主要影响TM第2和第4波段,叶绿素a则主要影响TM第3、第4波段。TM4波段与悬浮物具有较高的相关度,利用TM4波段、3×3像元窗口能较好反演出悬浮物浓度。植被指数NDVI（（TM4-TM3）／（TM4＋TM3））与叶绿素a浓度有较高的相关度,基于5×5像元窗口的植被指数NDVI能很好的反演出太湖叶绿素a浓度,但不能很好地区分出水华和水草。2006年夏季,太湖悬浮物的分布特点为河口区、梅梁湾、西北近岸区最高,其次是湖心区,东太湖、胥口湾和南面的湖州附近湖区浓度最低。叶绿素a分布情况为最高的点出现在梅梁湾口、竺山湾西北部沿岸区以及西太湖近岸区;湖的大部分边缘区即与陆地交接处,叶绿素a的浓度也偏高;南面的湖州附近以及西山岛北面部分湖区叶绿素a浓度最低。而东太湖、胥口湾附近叶绿素a偏高则主要是由该水域沉水植被的发育造成的。     

使用光谱平滑提高浑浊水体叶绿素a浓度估算模型的应用精度

水体叶绿素a浓度估算是水质参数遥感监测的重要内容,由于采样时间和地点的限制,传统估算模型的参数和形式具有较大的时间和空间依赖性。光谱平滑可以突出不同数据集的共同特征,从而增加模型的预测精度,因此考虑使用平滑方法来提高水体叶绿素a浓度估算模型的应用精度。利用太湖2004年夏季和2011年春季共4个月的数据,对比分析了移动平均、多项式平滑和核回归平滑处理前后浑浊水体实测反射光谱的变化,以及该变化对叶绿素a浓度三波段遥感估算模型和模型应用精度的影响。结果表明：核回归平滑处理后的光谱数据建立的三波段模型的残差正态分布更好,估算模型更为稳健。将2004年7月数据建立的模型用于8月数据,估算的叶绿素a浓度的RMSE从平滑前的33.56 mg/m³降低到了平滑后的25.60 mg/m³;将2011年3月建立的模型用于4月数据,估算的叶绿素a浓度的RMSE从平滑前的16.68 mg/m³降低到了平滑后的10.57 mg/m³。由此可以认为,实测光谱的核回归平滑处理有助于提高叶绿素a浓度三波段模型的应用精度,且对于叶绿素a浓度变化较大的夏季数据的改进效果更显著。     

新庙泡叶绿素a浓度高光谱定量模型研究

利用吉林省新庙泡的高光谱实测数据和水质采样分析数据,尝试通过单波段、波段比值、一阶微分和峰谷间距法建立叶绿素a反演模型。结果表明:单波段光谱反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关性较差,不宜用于该区域的叶绿素a浓度估算;680 nm和700 nm波段反射率之比、700 nm处光谱一阶微分值和两波段峰谷间距反演模型都具有较高的决定系数,分别为0.783 4、0.792 7、0.796 9,验证模型的决定系数为0.651 3、0.431 7、0.756 4,均方根误差分别为8.69μg·L-1、14.50μg·L-1、10.04μg·L-1,显著水平P<0.01。这3种方法皆可以用于新庙泡叶绿素a浓度的定量遥感,其中又以峰谷间距法为最优。     

基于HJ-1卫星CCD数据的厦门海域叶绿素a浓度反演

针对HJ-1A/B卫星CCD数据,建立适合于厦门海域的叶绿素a浓度反演模型,将为持续监测该海域的赤潮提供时间序列的叶绿素a浓度数据。基于2013年7月31日厦门海域水体实测光谱与叶绿素a浓度同步测量数据,及HJ\|1B卫星CCD2光谱响应函数,对各波段遥感反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关性进行比较,证实蓝、绿波段比值与叶绿素a浓度相关性最高。对OC3模型在内的5种模型的反演结果和实测叶绿素a浓度做相关性分析,发现各模型相关系数均达到0.7以上。利用2013年7月30日实测数据对同期厦门海域HJ-1B卫星CCD2数据叶绿素a浓度反演结果进行精度验证,结果表明本地化的10指数模型在反演叶绿素a浓度动态范围较大的区域具有更高的精度。     

应用Landsat TM影像估算渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度

利用23个实测样点的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度数据及同步Landsat TM影像数据,分别分析了Landsat TM离水辐射亮度对渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度的敏感性,选择合适的波段,通过回归分析构建了基于Landsat TM离水辐射亮度的渤海叶绿素a和总悬浮物浓度反演模型。结果表明,TM1、TM2和TM3波段对叶绿素a的敏感性较高,以TM4/TM1和TM3/TM2的对数为自变量,以叶绿素a浓度的对数为因变量的线性估算模型可以有效反演渤海叶绿素a浓度,决定系数R2达到0.97;TM3波段对悬浮物的敏感性最高,以TM2、TM3和TM3/TM2为自变量,以总悬浮物浓度的以10为底的对数为因变量的多元线性模型获得的结果最佳,决定系数R2达到0.91。     

航天成像光谱仪CHRIS在内陆水质监测中的应用

欧空局2001年10月22日成功发射的PROBA卫星上搭载了紧密型高分辨率成像光谱仪（CHRIS），它可以提供高光谱分辨率、高空间分辨率和多角度的遥感数据，它代表了新一代的地球观测数据源。CHRIS有5种工作模式，其中模式2是专门为水体研究而设计的，它在400～1 050 nm的可见光至近红外有18个波段，每个波段数据的空间分辨率是17 m。CHRIS数据的高光谱分辨率、高空间分辨率和多时相覆盖的特点为内陆水质监测提供了有利条件。为了验证CHRIS在内陆水质监测中的具体应用，在太湖梅梁湾开展了水面综合试验，在梅梁湾均匀分布的14个水面采样点分别测量了水面光谱和水质参数。利用这些数据，同时结合CHRIS数据的光谱特征，建立了叶绿素浓度反演半经验模型，应用于CHRIS图像反演了太湖梅梁湾的叶绿素浓度分布图，并取得了较好的结果。最后指出CHRIS数据不但在内陆水质监测中具有巨大潜力，而且CHRIS遥感器是今后内陆水质监测卫星遥感器的典范。     

太湖秋冬季蓝藻水华MODIS卫星遥感监测

利用2007年10~12月长时间序列MODIS卫星遥感影像,在经验模型估算叶绿素a和藻蓝素浓度的基础上,通过阈值分割提取太湖蓝藻水华,实时获取了蓝藻水华及其色素浓度信息。结果表明：10~12月蓝藻主要分布在西部沿岸和湖心区,爆发频率和水华面积均高于北部各湖湾,其中10、11月平均水华面积分别为261.5km2和321.6 km2,12月水华面积明显小于前两个月,平均为163.3 km2。另外,在蓝藻爆发期,叶绿素a和藻蓝素平均含量基本维持在45μg/L和180μg/L的水平,且爆发期内,蓝藻水华的空间分布、覆盖面积、色素浓度在短时间内会发生非常大的变化。     

运用分段法反演太湖水体的叶绿素a浓度

为了提高太湖水体叶绿素a浓度的反演精度,本文采用了浓度分段法,将采样点按其浓度分成两类后分别建立统计模型,并在相关性较低的低浓度模型中采用了光谱修正园子OSS／TSS进行混合光谱分解。最后的验证结果显示,利用浓度分段模型估测叶绿素a浓度的均方根误差（RMSE）为21．12μg／L,R^2=0．92;而利用传统经验模型的估测精度为RMSE=35．72μg／L,R^2=0．72。表明浓度分段法可以有效地提高内陆富营养化水体的叶绿素反演精度。     

运用分段法反演太湖水体的叶绿素α浓度

为了提高太湖水体叶绿素口浓度的反演精度,本文采用了浓度分段法,将采样点按其浓度分成两类后分别建立统计模型,并在相关性较低的低浓度模型中采用了光谱修正因子OSS/TSS进行混合光谱分解.最后的验证结果显示,利用浓度分段模型估测叶绿素α浓度的均方根误差(RMSE)为21.12 μg/L,R2=0.92;而利用传统经验模型的估测精度为RMSE=35.72μg/L,R2=0.72.表明浓度分段法可以有效地提高内陆富营养化水体的叶绿素反演精度.     

Assessment of water quality in Lake Garda (Italy) using Hyperion

For testing the integration of the remote sensing related technologies into the water quality monitoring programs of Lake Garda (the largest Italian lake), the spatial and spectral resolutions of Hyperion and the capability of physics-based approaches were considered highly suitable. Hyperion data were acquired on 22nd July 2003 and water quality was assessed (i) defining a bio-optical model, (ii) converting the Hyperion at-sensor radiances into subsurface irradiance reflectances, and (iii) adopting a bio-optical model inversion technique. The bio-optical model was parameterised using specific inherent optical properties of the lake and light field variables derived from a radiative transfer numerical model. A MODTRAN-based atmospheric correction code, complemented with an air/water interface correction was used to convert Hyperion at-sensor radiances into subsurface irradiance reflectance values. These reflectance values were comparable to in situ reflectance spectra measured during the Hyperion overpass, except at longer wavelengths (beyond 700 nm), where reflectance values were contaminated by severe atmospheric adjacency effects. Chlorophyll-a and tripton concentrations were retrieved by inverting two Hyperion bands selected using a sensitivity analysis applied to the bio-optical model. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the assessment of coloured dissolved organic matter was not achievable in this study due to the limited coloured dissolved organic matter concentration range of the lake, resulting in reflectance differences below the environmental measurement noise of Hyperion. The chlorophyll-a and tripton image-products were compared to in situ data collected during the Hyperion overpass, both by traditional sampling techniques (8 points) and by continuous flow-through systems (32 km). For chlorophyll-a the correlation coefficient between in situ point stations and Hyperion-inferred concentrations was 0.77 (data range from 1.30 to 2.16 mg m^− 3). The Hyperion-derived chlorophyll-a concentrations also match most of the flow-through transect data. For tripton, the validation was constrained by variable re-suspension phenomena. The correlation coefficient between in situ point stations and Hyperion-derived concentrations increased from 0.48 to 0.75 (data range from 0.95 to 2.13 g m^− 3) if the sampling data from the re-suspension zone was avoided. The comparison of Hyperion-derived tripton concentrations and flow-through transect data exhibited a similar mismatch. The results of this research suggest further studies to address compatibilities of validation methods for water body features with a high rate of change, and to reduce the contamination by atmospheric adjacency effects on Hyperion data at longer wavelengths in Alpine environment. The transferability of the presented method to other sensors and the ability to assess water quality independent from in situ water quality data, suggest that management relevant applications for Lake Garda (and other subalpine lakes) could be supported by remote sensing.     

Leaf chlorophyll content retrieval from airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery

Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for accurate retrieval of forest biochemical parameters. In this paper, a hyperspectral remote sensing algorithm is developed to retrieve total leaf chlorophyll content for both open spruce and closed forests, and tested for open forest canopies. Ten black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) stands near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, were selected as study sites, where extensive field and laboratory measurements were carried out to collect forest structural parameters, needle and forest background optical properties, and needle biophysical parameters and biochemical contents chlorophyll a and b. Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery was acquired, within one week of ground measurements, by the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) in a hyperspectral mode, with 72 bands and half bandwidth 4.25-4.36 nm in the visible and near-infrared region and a 2 m spatial resolution. The geometrical-optical model 4-Scale and the modified leaf optical model PROSPECT were combined to estimate leaf chlorophyll content from the CASI imagery. Forest canopy reflectance was first estimated with the measured leaf reflectance and transmittance spectra, forest background reflectance, CASI acquisition parameters, and a set of stand parameters as inputs to 4-Scale. The estimated canopy reflectance agrees well with the CASI measured reflectance in the chlorophyll absorption sensitive regions, with discrepancies of 0.06%-1.07% and 0.36%-1.63%, respectively, in the average reflectances of the red and red-edge region. A look-up-table approach was developed to provide the probabilities of viewing the sunlit foliage and background, and to determine a spectral multiple scattering factor as functions of leaf area index, view zenith angle, and solar zenith angle. With the look-up tables, the 4-Scale model was inverted to estimate leaf reflectance spectra from hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. Good agreements were obtained between the inverted and measured leaf reflectance spectra across the visible and near-infrared region, with R² = 0.89 to R² = 0.97 and discrepancies of 0.02%-3.63% and 0.24%-7.88% in the average red and red-edge reflectances, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll content was estimated from the retrieved leaf reflectance spectra using the modified PROSPECT inversion model, with R² = 0.47, RMSE = 4.34 μg/cm², and jackknifed RMSE of 5.69 μg/cm² for needle chlorophyll content ranging from 24.9 μg/cm² to 37.6 μg/cm². The estimates were also assessed at leaf and canopy scales using chlorophyll spectral indices TCARI/OSAVI and MTCI. An empirical relationship of simple ratio derived from the CASI imagery to the ground-measured leaf area index was developed (R² = 0.88) to map leaf area index. Canopy chlorophyll content per unit ground surface area was then estimated, based on the spatial distributions of leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf area and the leaf area index.     

An empirical anisotropy correction model for estimating land surface albedo for radiation budget studies

Land surface albedo is one of the key parameters in the radiation budget, the hydrological cycle and climate modeling studies. It is now widely understood that large errors may occur in the estimation of surface albedo without taking into consideration the anisotropy reflectance effect, which is a general feature of the earth surface. Two major anisotropic correction methods exist for the retrieval of land surface albedo under clear sky conditions. One method involves linearly converting from top of the atmosphere (TOA) albedo to surface albedo, and another is based on the inversion of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model of the surface. In the present study, a new approach that utilizes an empirical model for estimating surface albedo has been proposed for snow free land surfaces under clear sky conditions. We analyzed the bidirectional reflectance data set with numerous samples representing various land cover types, which derived from POLDER/ADEOS-1 multi-angle imagery data and distributed by MEDIAS-France. Through the analysis, an empirical relation between bidirectional reflectance and albedo was established and has been discussed in detail. The proposed model can be used for direct estimation of surface albedo from a single BRF observation when the sun-target-sensor geometry is known. No BRDF model inversion scheme is necessary. The present model has no or weak dependence on the existing land surface classifications, and is insensitive to wavelength. The theoretical absolute accuracy of the estimated albedo is approximately 0.010 for visible (0.4-0.7 μm), 0.023 for near infrared (0.7-3.0 μm) and 0.016 for shortwave (0.2-3.0 μm), respectively. Albedo consistency with viewing geometry has been verified, resulting in good agreement for albedo estimated from various viewing directions. Validation of the satellite estimated albedo derived by the proposed method, using field observations were also presented and results show it can give reasonably accurate estimation. The proposed method is expected to be a suitable candidate for practical applications of albedo estimation for sensors that do not perform multi-angle observations.     

Evaluation of factors causing reflectance differences between Sun and Shade Leaves

Shade and sun leaves of Valencia orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were collected to evaluate comparative effects of their leaf chlorophyll concentration, water content, thickness, and mesophyll volume of air on visible light reflectance, specifically the 0.45-, 0.55-, and 0.65-μm wavelength (WLs). The reflectance at the 0.45-, 0.55-, and 0.65-μm WLs of sun leaves but not shade leaves was negatively correlated with total chlorophyll concentration. Reflectance at the 0.45-μm WL was affected by leaf water content for both sun and shade leaves. Sun leaf reflectance at the 0.45-μm WL, but not shade leaf reflectance was affected significantly by leaf mesophyll air volume. The effect of leaf thickness on reflectance was apparently of less importance than that of the chlorophyll content, air volume, and water content. The influence of shade and sun leaves on visible light reflectance/absorptance of at least Valencia orange tree canopies probably should be considered in modeling canopy reflectance and growth.     

EOS/MODIS 遥感资料探测海洋赤潮信息方法

近几年来, 我国沿海赤潮的发生越来越频繁, 已经成为一种常见海洋灾害。它的发生给沿海经济、居民生活和生态系统造成了很大影响。通过分析赤潮水体及其周边水体的光谱特性, 以及赤潮发生期间海水叶绿素a 浓度的变化特点, 提出了利用EOS/ MODIS 通道4 与通道3 的反射率比和通道11 与通道9 的离水辐射率比再结合相关的悬浮泥沙信息提取海水中赤潮信息的方法。利用此方法, 对2002 年6 月15 日和2004 年5 月31 日发生在我国渤海的赤潮进行了信息提取。结果表明此方法可以有效地提取海水中的赤潮信息。     

植物生化组分遥感探测的光谱统计参数比较

利用统计分析方法,分析了叶片叶绿素和氮含量与其光谱特性的统计关系,分别建立了log(1/R)、反射率一阶导数(FDS)、对波深中心归一化(BNC)及对波深面积归一化(BNA)的光谱形式与叶片叶绿素和氮含量的统计方程,并对这4个指标的性能进行了比较和评价。结果表明采用描述光谱吸收特征的参数BNC和BNA,能够提高遥感估算植物生化组分含量的效果,特别是对氮的估算,其预测值与测量值的相关系数R达到0.960。     

Suspended sediment concentrations in the Yangtze River estuary retrieved from the CMODIS data

The Chinese Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (CMODIS) was loaded on the China's SZ‐3 spacecraft. Using an empirical line method, the CMODIS radiance is converted to the water‐leaving reflectance, and is applied to inversion of the suspended sediment concentrations in the Yangtze River estuary. The concentrations ranging between 0 mg/L and 1000 mg/L are well validated by the field measurement data. This study demonstrates an example for the feasibility of the CMODIS data for concentration retrieval of the suspended sediment.