Ad Hoc网络中基于蚁群的多路径路由算法

Ad Hoc网络是由一组移动节点在没有任何现存网络基础设施或是集中管理的情况下形成的动态网络.针时Ad Hoc网络的动态网络环境和负载不均等不利因素,提出了一种基于蚁群的Ad Hoc多路径路由算法(AMRBA),算法具有良好的分布式特性,能为网络提供大量的冗余路径,增强了网络的抗毁性.同时通过对蚂蚁收集到的网络信息所对应的参数赋予不同加权值的方法对路由表进行控制,有效地缓解了Ad Hoc网络的拥塞问题和路由开销过大的问题.仿真结果表明,AMRBA在分组投递率、端到端平均时延等方面有优良性能,改善了网络性能.     

Ad hoc网络中的抢先式路由算法

在无线Ad Hoc网络中，由于节点的频繁移动导致的路由失效引起了网络性能的严重下降。文中提出了一种针对无线Ad Hoc网络按需路由协议的抢先式路由算法。该算法以链路状态分析为基础，在路由发现时尽量保证新发现路由的可靠性；若节点接收信号强度小于危险阈值，则启动链路状态分析模块预测链路失效时间，如果预测结果小于反应时间，就提前进行路由维护。仿真结果表明，该算法能以可接受的开销有效地减少路由失效数、降低分组投递延迟，提高了网络性能。     

Ad Hoc网络典型路由协议的仿真比较

Ad Hoc路由算法一直是Ad Hoc领域的研究重点.首先对三种典型的路由协议进行了理论分析,然后利用NS2仿真工具对不同速度下三种协议的性能进行了仿真,并对三种协议的分组投递率,平均端到端时延以及路由开销进行了分析比较,最后得出按需路由协议最适合移动要求较高的网络的结论.     

基于GloMoSim的Ad Hoc网络路由协议仿真研究

针对24台移动终端在无线自组织网络中的联网通信需求,需要选择一种能够适应Ad Hoc网络拓扑结构不断变化的路由协议。文章对Ad Hoc网络的路由协议进行了分类和比较,并通过GloMoSim仿真平台,结合具体的网络仿真场景,着重对Ad Hoc网络中的AODV和DSR两种按需路由协议进行性能仿真测试,比较不同移动速度下两种协议的平均端到端时延、分组投递率和吞吐量性能优劣。实验表明,节点在GloMoSim平台中成功实现了通信互联,无论节点在静止状态还是高速移动情况下,AODV的性能都要优于DSR协议。     

移动Ad Hoc网络中基于能量优化的多路径速率分配算法研究

提出了一种移动 Ad Hoc 网络中以优化整体能量消耗为目标的多径速率分配算法,该算法分布地运行在各路由源节点,综合考虑路径间速率调整对路由内部和外部的功率影响,使用功率增量的方式对各路径的速率进行动态转移。仿真结果表明,在保证总传输速率以及服务质量(误码率)的前提下,该算法能使移动 Ad Hoc 网络路由的总能量消耗得到优化。     

基于萤火虫群优化的Ad Hoc网络路由协议

针对Ad Hoc网络拓扑结构多变、网络生存时间受限及数据包分组传输效率低下等问题,本文借鉴萤火虫群优化算法的思想,提出了一种基于萤火虫群优化的Ad Hoc网络路由协议。路由协议用萤火虫优化算法的荧光素强度的更新规则与无线自组网络中的节点移动速度、拥塞程度、节点剩余能量及节点间的距离等因素相互映射,改进萤火虫群优化算法中的搜索萤火虫、驻留萤火虫及回溯萤火虫用于完成Ad Hoc网络中路由协议的路由发现、路由选择及路由维护等过程,整个协议无须传送大量的控制分组,即可实现Ad Hoc网络的稳定。仿真实验结果表明,与AODV及基于蚁群优化的路由算法AntRouting协议相比,本文所提出的路由协议在端到端延时、分组数据传输率及网络生存时间上均有良好的性能。     

基于AODV协议的路由预测及预修复

针对移动Ad Hoc网络中节点链路断裂、路由需要不断进行维护的问题,在按需距离矢量路由(AODV)协议基础上结合链路质量指示器,添加对节点电池电量的监测功能,根据节点剩余能量进行路由预测及预修复,在对链路状况提前做出判断的基础上及时进行路由切换,避免路由频繁中断.仿真表明,改进协议提高了数据包投递率,降低了端到端延迟时间,使网络更加稳定高效.     

节点度估计和静态博弈转发策略的Ad Hoc网络路由协议

针对Ad Hoc网络路由发现过程中广播路由请求分组导致的广播风暴问题，提出了一种基于节点度估计和静态博弈转发策略的Ad Hoc网络路由协议NGRP.NGRP考虑边界影响，采用分段函数的思想将网络场景分为中心、边和角区域，分别估算网络中节点在不同区域的节点度，避免了周期性广播Hello消息获取节点度导致的开销；NGRP路由请求分组的转发采用静态博弈转发策略，利用节点度估算参与转发路由请求分组的节点数量，将转发和不转发作为策略集合，设计效益函数，通过纳什均衡获得节点转发路由请求分组的转发概率，从而减少了路由请求分组广播过程中产生的大量的冗余、竞争和冲突，提高了路由发现过程中路由请求分组的广播效率.运用NS-2对协议的性能进行大量的仿真，结果表明：NGRP的分组投递率、路由开销、MAC层路由开销和吞吐率这4项指标明显优于AODV+FDG，AODV with Hello和AODV without Hello协议.     

Ad Hoc中基于动态规划的多约束QoS路由协议

对于Ad Hoc网络中多约束QoS求解问题,启发式算法的局限性在于寻路时间长。为此提出一种基于动态规划的多约束QoS路由协议,利用动态规划算法解决判据的最优化问题。在路由请求阶段寻求满足数据带宽需求的多条路由,目的节点应用动态规划算法寻求时延最优的路由。从相关的分组结构和路由流程两个方面对其进行了描述。最后通过仿真从平均端到端时延、分组投递率以及路由开销三个方面与传统的DSR路由进行对比,对于大规模Ad Hoc网络,能够明显提高网络的性能。     

动态延时的无线多播路由协议

在分析基于共享树的Ad Hoc网络多播路由协议MAODV的基础上,结合能量模型,提出了一种Ad Hoc网络基于动态延时的多播路由协议ECBMR。算法分析和仿真结果显示,在不增加算法复杂性的前提下,ECBMR明显地改善了MAODV协议的延时特性,节点的能量消耗比较均衡,一方面降低了系统的能耗,另一方面有效地延长了网络的存活时间,比较好地解决了Ad Hoc网络能量和延时相互矛盾的问题。     

Enhanced AODV routing protocol for Bluetooth scatternet

Bluetooth is one of the most widespread technologies for personal area networks that allow portable devices to form multi-hop Bluetooth ad hoc networks, so called scatternets. Routing is one of the challenges in scatternets because of its impact on the performance of the network. It should focus on reducing the power consumption in the network because most of the nodes are battery-operated portable devices. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for Bluetooth scatternets that customizes the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol by making it power-aware and suitable for scatternets. It enhances the AODV flooding mechanism by excluding all non-bridge slaves from taking apart in the AODV route discovery process. In addition, it improves the AODV route discovery phase by considering the hop count, the predicated node’s power, and the average traffic intensity for each node as metrics for best route selection. By removing HELLO packets, our protocol reduces the control packets overhead and the power consumption in network devices. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieved considerable improvements over other enhanced AODV protocols by increasing the data delivery ratio by 10.78%, reducing the average end-to-end delay by 8.11%, and reducing the average energy consumption by 7.92%.     

Improving routing distance for geographic multicast with Fermat points in mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), each node has the ability to transmit, receive, and route packets, and also moves through the field either randomly or in accordance with a pre-planned route. For enhancing the performance of MANETs, reducing the routing distance is a primary concern. For either ad hoc or static networks, the problem of minimizing the overall routing distance during multicasting is NP-complete. Therefore, it is difficult to determine an optimal solution. This paper presents an efficient geographic multicast protocol, designated as GMFP, based on the use of Fermat points. The objective of GMFP is to improve the overall routing distance for multicast tasks. Through a series of simulations, it is shown that GMFP outperforms the conventional Position-Based Multicast protocol and FERMA protocol in terms of the total routing distance, the packet transmission delay, the packet delivery ratio, and the node energy consumption. The performance improvements provided by GMFP are apparent as the scale of the network topology increases.     

基于改进萤火虫群优化的无线自组网路由算法

针对无线自组网络拓扑结构多变、网络生存时间受限及数据包分组传输效率低下等问题,借鉴萤火虫群优化算法,提出了一种改进萤火虫群优化的无线自组网络路由算法.路由算法将萤火虫优化算法中的荧光素强度更新与无线自组网络中的节点移动速度、拥塞程度、节点剩余能量、节点间距离等因素进行相互映射,同时改进萤火虫群优化算法中的搜索萤火虫、驻留萤火虫及回溯萤火虫用于完成无线自组网络中路由协议的路由发现、路由选择及路由维护等过程,整个协议无须传送大量的控制分组,即可实现无线自组网络的稳定传输.仿真实验结果表明,与AODV及基于蚁群优化的路由算法AntRouting协议相比,本文所提出的路由算法在端到端延时、分组数据传输率及网络生存时间上均有良好的性能.     

移动自组网中基于节能的AODV路由协议改进

在AODV路由算法的基础上,综合考虑节点剩余能量和跳数,提出了一种新的节能路由策略。该策略同时对数据包和路由控制包进行功率控制,改进了Hello机制。仿真结果显示该策略显著地提高了节能效果,延长了网络的生存时间。     

A game theoretic framework for stochastic multipath routing in self-organized MANETs

In this paper we propose a game theoretic framework for stochastic multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In a MANET, intelligent and adaptive attackers may try to hijack, jam or intercept data packets traveling from source to destination. In our proposed game, at each stage the source node keeps track of the available multiple paths, the residual bandwidth of the paths and the strategy of the attackers from the information gathered during the previous stage. Based on these observations, the source node selects a path for data communication and switching strategy among the multiple established paths between the source node and the destination node. Accordingly, it selects an optimal routing strategy to send data packets to the destination at each stage of the game. Using minimax-Q learning, the selected routing strategy maximizes the expected sum of per stage discounted payoff, which is the utilization of residual bandwidth between a source–destination pair along with the probability that the path is safe. Performance analysis and numerical results show that our proposed scheme achieves significant performance gains in terms of residual bandwidth utilization, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and security.     

一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议

无线移动自组网中的大多数节点都是由有限寿命的电池来提供的,能量保护策略就成为设计网络协议的一个重要条件。提出一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议,综合考虑了节点的剩余能量和路由跳数,有效保护网络中能量低的节点,减少了节点能量损耗,延长了网络的使用时间。该路由协议中采用了局部路由修复机制,减少了数据包丢失,提高了数据传输率。最后,仿真结果证明了协议的有效性。     

F-Ant: an effective routing protocol for ant colony optimization based on fuzzy logic in vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of mobile ad hoc networks that provide communication services between nearby vehicles and also between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks improve road safety and accident prevention and provide entertainment for passengers of vehicles. Due to the characteristics of VANET such as self-organization, dynamic nature and fast-moving vehicles, routing in this network is a considerable challenge. Swarm intelligence algorithms (nature-inspired) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) have been proposed for developing routing protocols in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced framework for ACO protocol based on fuzzy logic for VANETs. To indicate the effectiveness and performance of our proposed protocol, the network simulator NS-2 is used for simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol achieves high data packet delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay compared to traditional routing algorithms such as ACO and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV).

     

Scalability of routing methods in ad hoc networks

In an ad hoc network each host (node) participates in routing packets. Ad hoc networks based on 802.11 WLAN technology have been the focus of several prior studies. These investigations were mainly based on simulations of scenarios involving up to 100 nodes (usually 50 nodes) and relaxed (too unrealistic) data traffic conditions. Many routing protocols in such setting offer the same performance, and many potential problems stay undetected. At the same time, an ad hoc network may not want (or be able) to limit the number of hosts involved in the network. As more nodes join an ad hoc network or the data traffic grows, the potential for collisions and contention increases, and protocols face the challenging task to route data packets without creating high administrative load. The investigation of protocol behavior in large scenarios exposes many hidden problems. The understanding of these problems helps not only in improving protocol scalability to large scenarios but also in increasing the throughput and other QoS metrics in small ones. This paper studies on the example of AODV and DSR protocols the influence of the network size (up to 550 nodes), nodes mobility, nodes density, suggested data traffic on protocols performance. In this paper we identify and analyze the reasons for poor absolute performance that both protocols demonstrate in the majority of studied scenarios. We also propose and evaluate restructured protocol stack that helps to improve the performance and scalability of any routing protocol in wireless ad hoc networks.     

Predictive routing for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks: a milestone-based approach

Mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks have been the target of extensive research recently due to their efficient energy consumption and various possible applications. To support mobile sinks, an energy efficient routing protocol is essential. In this light, the present study proposes a milestone-based predictive routing protocol that improves energy efficiency. This study introduces the concept of a milestone node, which plays a role of spreading the estimated sink’s future location information to the nodes located in the vicinity of the recent trail of the sink, and by using this information, nodes can route data packets to the mobile sink efficiently. Along with the proposed predictive routing protocol, this study also suggests a periodic broadcast scheme to provide the sink’s location information to the entire network in order to increase the data packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol reduces energy consumption while maintaining high data packet delivery ratios compared to previous routing protocols such as ALURP and Elastic.     

Routing with adaptive path and limited flooding for mobile ad hoc networks

In MANET, each mobile host can freely move around and the network topology is dynamically changing. To send a datagram, a source host broadcasts a route discovery packet to the network. All neighboring nodes receiving this packet will rebroadcast this packet until it reaches the destination. It will have large flooding overhead, poor network performance and undesirable battery power consumption. To improve network performance, we design a novel routing protocol called RAPLF (Routing with Adaptive Path and Limited Flooding) for mobile ad hoc networks. Simulation results show that our protocol has better performance especially in packet delivery rate and flooding overhead when compared to similar protocols.