基于按需路由的MPRN多播算法

文章提出了采用按需路由发现策略的移动分组无线网多播路由算法。在算法中不需要维护全局的路由信息,通过按需路由发现过程,动态更新路由信息和建立多播转发组。多播数据包在转发组成员间进行有限泛洪,能够降低带宽的占用及减少路由更新信息的传播。模拟实验显示多播算法在带宽较低、多播组成员数量变化较大的移动分组无线网环境中,具有较好的可靠性和工作效率。     

移动自组网中基于移动预测和概率的能量有效组播路由算法

移动自组网中节点的使用寿命很大程度上依赖于电池能量的有效利用．通过研究移动节点能量的剩余和使用情况，提出了一种新的关于节点能量估价函数PCF（power cost function）计算方法，能够较好地反映当前节点的能耗值．并且结合PCF提出一种基于移动预测和概率构造能量有效组播树M-REMiT（an algorithm based on mobility prediction and probability for refining energy-efficient multicast tree）的分布式算法，在节点移动的情况下，利用概率优化方法减少一棵组播树的总能量消耗，延长了组播树中每个节点的使用寿命．模拟结果显示这个组播算法比以前相关的算法具有更好的性能．     

TMCP: Two-layer multicast communication protocol for Bluetooth radio networks

Bluetooth is a low power, low cost, and short-range wireless technology developed for Personal Area Networks (PANs). A Bluetooth multicast group is a set of Bluetooth devices that desire for periodically receiving the multicast messages from the same source. For reducing the propagation delay and saving the bandwidth and energy consumptions, a multicast tree which connects all multicast members serves for the delivery of multicast messages. However, a given connected scatternet topology may not be appropriate for constructing an efficient multicast tree and hence causes power consumption and end-to-end delay. This paper develops a two-layer multicast communication protocol (TMCP) using role switching techniques for constructing an efficient multicast tree. The proposed TMCP collects as many as possible the members into the same piconet, reduces the length of multicast paths and assigns each member with a proper role. The constructed multicast tree has several features including as few as possible the non-member devices, the smallest tree level and the minimal propagation delay. Experiment results show that the TMCP offers efficient multicast service with low power consumption and small delay.     

移动自组织网络中基于移动Agent 的多约束QoS 多播路由算法

提出了一种移动自组织网络中基于移动Agent 的多约束QoS 多播路由算法．算法采用移动Agent 采集 网络信息,每个源节点构造一棵具有带宽和能量约束的多播树,选择节点剩余能量多的作为中间转发节点,以延长 网络的生存时间．当数据传输过程中链路发生断裂时,算法修复局部路径,而不是重新发送数据包,有效地降低了 路由重构和数据重传的可能性．利用网络仿真工具NS2 系统进行了仿真实验,实验结果证明新算法具有很高的效率 和鲁棒性．     

一种在Ad Hoc网络中基于地理位置的节约能量的组播路由算法

在移动adhoc网络中,设计节约能量的组播路由算法是非常重要的,这是由于网络中的节点运行时所需要的能量来自于电池的有限供给。由于节点是可以移动的,这就要求节约能量的路由协议在本质上是分布式的,对于当前的节点状态是自适应的。论文提出一种基于地理位置的节约能量的组播路由算法,使得在满足带宽的同时,组播的能量消耗尽可能的少。其基本思想是:先由基本的组播算法生成一棵组播树,然后由组播树的每个非叶子节点根据其邻居节点的地理位置,动态地选择一些转发点,通过这些点以较小功率转发时可节约能量,以此优化组播树。     

Distributed reformation of core-based group-shared multicast trees in mobile ad hoc networks

This paper proposes a method to reduce the cost of a core-based group-shared multicast tree, where the cost is evaluated by the total bandwidth consumption of multicasting packets among all group members. Due to the broadcast nature of radio transmissions, we find that the challenge of determining minimum cost multicast tree can be approximated by finding the multicast tree with a minimum number of non-leaves (the minimum non-leaf multicast tree problem). However, we also find that the minimum non-leaf multicast tree problem is NP-complete. Thus, a method is proposed to dynamically reduce the number of non-leaves in an existing multicast tree. Experimental results show that our method reduces the cost of the multicast tree in both geometrically and randomly distributed network models and the random waypoint mobility model.     

一种适用于移动网络的低代价动态多播路由算法

多播由于能够有效地利用网络资源并减轻服务器的负担因而受到广泛关注,但在移动网络环境中,由于多播组成员的位置可以动态改变,已有的动态多播算法不能获得较好的性能。论文提出了一种适用于移动网络的动态多播路由算法,该算法为目的节点建立最短多播路径时采用了结合链路代价和多播目的节点数的平摊代价函数,以便构建出的多播树在整个通信过程中平均总代价较小。模拟实验结果表明论文提出的算法所构建的多播树的平均总代价要低于其它动态算法。     

Hierarchical Reliable Multicast: Performance Analysis and Optimal Placement of Proxies

This paper studies the use of multicast together with proxy nodes for reliably disseminating data from a single source to a large number of receivers. In order to achieve reliability, data must be retransmitted in case of loss either by the source or by special network nodes, called proxies. Each proxy is responsible for reliably delivering the data to a subgroup it is assigned. The multicast tree is partitioned into subgroups that form a hierarchy rooted at the source, hence the term hierarchical reliable multicast. The performance of this approach strongly depends on the topology and the loss characteristics of the underlying tree and the location of proxies. In the first part of the paper, we study the processing and bandwidth performance of such a reliable multicast dissemination given the tree and the placement of proxies. In the second part of the paper, we develop dynamic programming algorithms that give a placement of a fixed number of proxies on an arbitrary tree that minimizes the bandwidth used for reliable transfer. The first algorithm provides an optimal solution to the multicast proxies location problem in polynomial time, in the number of nodes and proxies. The second is an approximation algorithm that gives a solution with cost within a chosen precision from the optimal, in an improved running time. An optimal and an approximate solution are also provided for the proxies location problem if unicast is used for transmissions. Applications of this dynamic programming approach to related problems are discussed.     

Bandwidth-delay-constrained least-cost multicast routing based on heuristic genetic algorithm

We present an heuristic genetic algorithm for the quality of service (QoS) multicast routing that depends on: (1) bounded end-to-end delay and link bandwidth along the paths from the source to each destination, and (2) minimum cost of the multicast tree, where the link delay and the link cost are independent metrics. The problem of computing such a constrained multicast tree is NP-complete. We show by experiments that our proposed genetic algorithm is efficient and effective.     

自适应移动组播算法

在分析用户移动模式的基础上，提出一种基于用户移动模式的自适应移动组播算法。移动主机根据移动模式和当前移动状态自适应地选择双向隧道机制或者远程加入机制完成组播切换。该算法的优点是，当移动速率较小时，以较小的组播树重构代价实现组播数据的优化传输，而移动速率较大时，可以避免频繁的组播切换，减小组播树重构代价。     

Multimedia security in group communications: recent progress in key management,authentication, and watermarking

Multicast is an internetwork service that provides efficient delivery of data from a source to multiple receivers. It reduces the bandwidth requirements of the network and the computational overhead of the host devices. This makes multicast an ideal technology for communication among a large group of participants. Secure group communications involves many service types include teleconferencing, pay TV and real-time delivery of stock quotes. IP multicast is the traditional mechanism to support multicast communications. Multicast security includes group membership control, secure key distribution, secure data transfer and copyright protection. This paper is an overview of the schemes proposed for group key management, authentication and watermarking in wired networks with fixed members and wireless networks with mobile members.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the IASTED International Conference on Communications and Computer Networks, Cambridge, MA 4-6 November 2002.     

AODV路由算法的多播通信

ah—hoc网络具有网络拓扑结构易变的特性，苒加上移动网络本身具有的通信带宽有限，电池能源有限等特性。使得设计适合ad-hoc的路由协议具有一定的难度。AODV（Ad Hoc On—demand Distance Vector）是现在被广泛应用于adhoc网络中的一种按需路由算法，并且还设计了多播功能。多播是指一次给一个有明确定义的组发送消息。AODV的多播功能是路由器通过建立多播书树的方法实现的。本文主要介绍AODV路由协议算法的多播通信，其中详细介绍了多播树的建立过程和维护过程。并且选取传输半径和发包率为参     

基于启发式遗传算法的QoS组播路由问题求解

研究了带宽、延时抖动和包丢失率约束以及费用最小的QoS组播路由问题,并提出一种启发式遗传算法。该算法有以下特点：（1）预处理机制;（2）树结构编码;（3）启发式交叉策略;（4）指导性变异过程,最后通过仿真实验证明该算法快速有效。     

A sleep-mode interleaving algorithm for layered-video multicast services in IEEE 802.16e networks

In this paper we investigate efficient mechanisms to support layered-video multicast services in IEEE 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) networks.¹ Given the bandwidth eager and energy hungry nature of layered-video multicast services, network systems should employ efficient bandwidth allocation and energy saving mechanisms. We first investigate how the WiMAX energy saving mechanisms significantly degrade the performance of multicast bandwidth allocation mechanisms for layered-video multicast services. Then, we present a theoretical model for illustrating this interaction problem. To the best of our knowledge, this paper offers the first investigation into and the first theoretical model of the interaction problem between multicast bandwidth allocation and WiMAX energy saving mechanisms. To solve the interaction problem, we propose a novel sleep-mode interleaving algorithm beyond the existing mechanisms. The proposed algorithm has full compatibility with the existing multicast bandwidth allocation mechanisms and with IEEE 802.16e standards. By appropriately adjusting one sleep mode parameter defined in the standard, the proposed sleep-mode interleaving algorithm effectively guarantees the bandwidth efficiency of the video multicast mechanisms while mobile users can execute the standard sleep mode operations. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of packet delivery ratio, user satisfaction, energy efficiency and computational complexity.     

基于组播源移动的组播树修改过程研究

特定源组播(SSM)是现在应用最广泛的组播模型。随着无线网络的快速发展,移动用户不断增加,移动环境为越来越多的用户提供有限的、共享的带宽,这样的现实更加重了网络对组播服务的需要。然而,特定源组播(SSM)对组播源移动的支持仍然是一个有待解决的问题。本文将针对组播树修改协议(TM)进行分析和改进,进一步完善组播树修改协议过程。     

多源多播服务功能链优化部署算法

在软件定义网络和网络功能虚拟化环境下,针对多播中的服务功能链（SFC）部署,探究了多源多播中的联合虚拟网络功能（VNF）部署和流量路由问题,目的是最小化节点资源消耗和链路资源消耗总成本。同时考虑到节点、链路及带宽延迟限制,建立了整数线性规划模型,并提出一种名为多源多播树优化的启发式算法。该算法旨在为所有用户找到最近的源节点,获得多个源、目节点组,为每个组构造一棵多播服务功能树,然后优化多播服务功能树。实验仿真结果表明,与其他启发式算法相比,该算法有效地降低了总成本、链路利用率及时延。     

低轨卫星网络中高效资源利用的组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权CCST(w-CCST)算法.CCST算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法.DAC方法根据组成员在网络中的分布情况自适应选择最优核;在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的传输带宽利用率和传输效率.在w-CCST算法中,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以满足某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务.最后,通过仿真与其它算法进行了性能对比,仿真结果说明CCST组播树的平均树代价比其它组播树显著降低,平均端到端传播时延比其它组播树稍高;w-CCST算法的平均端到端传播时延性能好于CCST算法,树代价性能稍差,说明使用加权因子可以在组播树的树代价和端到端传播时延性能之间作折中.     

A Service-Centric Multicast Architecture and Routing Protocol

In this paper, we present a new multicast architecture and the corresponding multicast routing protocol for providing efficient and flexible multicast services over the Internet. Traditional multicast protocols construct and update the multicast tree in a distributed manner, which may cause two problems: first, since each node has only local or partial information on the network topology and group membership, it is difficult to build an efficient multicast tree and, second, due to the lack of complete information, broadcast is often used for sending control packets and data packets, which consumes a great deal of network bandwidth. In the newly proposed multicast architecture, a few powerful routers, called m-routers, collect multicast-related information and process multicast requests based on the information collected. The m-routers handle most of the multicast-related tasks, whereas other routers in the network only need to perform minimum functions for routing. The m-routers are designed to be able to handle simultaneous many-to-many communications efficiently. The new multicast routing protocol, called the Service-Centric Multicast Protocol (SCMP), builds a shared multicast tree rooted at the m-router for each group. The multicast tree is computed in the m-router by employing the Delay-Constrained Dynamic Multicast (DCDM) algorithm, which dynamically builds a delay-constrained multicast tree and minimizes the tree cost as well. The physical construction of the multicast tree over the Internet is performed by a special type of self-routing packets in order to minimize the protocol overhead. Our simulation results on ns-2 demonstrate that the new SCMP protocol outperforms other existing protocols and is a promising alternative for providing efficient and flexible multicast services over the Internet.     

Cored-Based Tree with Forwarding Regions (CBT-FR); A Protocol for Reliable Multicasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper we propose a new protocol for reliable multicast in a multihop mobile radio network. The protocol is reliable, i.e., it guarantees message delivery to all multicast nodes even when the topology of the network changes during multicasting. The proposed protocol uses a core-based shared tree. The multicast tree may get fragmented due to node movements. The notion of a forwarding region is introduced which is used to glue together fragments of multicast trees. The gluing process involves flooding the forwarding region of only those nodes that witness topology change due to node mobility. Delivery of multicast messages to mobile nodes is expedited through (i) pushing the message by witness nodes in their forwarding regions and (ii) pulling messages by a mobile node during (re)joining process. Hence, the protocol conserves network bandwidth by using a combination of the push–pull approach and by restricting flooding only to the essential parts of the network that are affected by topology change.  We develop a theoretical model to compute the probability of packet loss (as a function of the mobility rate) for our proposed scheme compared to the the core-based tree protocol (CBT); we also evaluate the effectiveness of forwarding regions as compared to traditional flooding. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms CBT.     

一种动态负载均衡的P2P应用层组播方案

基于结构化的P2P基础设施,给出一种动态负载均衡的应用层组播方案--DLBMS.利用Tapestry协议的路由和定位机制,设计了延迟优化的组播转发树结构,采用根节点复制的方法生成多棵不相交的组播转发树,根据负载的变化动态调节组播转发树数目以实现负载均衡和降低源到组成员节点的端到端延迟.通过模拟实验说明了此方案在平均控制负载和端到端平均延迟方面的有效性.