Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Improved Fuel Economy

This brief proposes a model predictive control method using preceding vehicle information within hybrid electric vehicles' (HEVs') predictive cruise control system to improve car following performance and reduce fuel consumption. This paper adds two original contributions to the related literature. First, a real‐time optimization approach using Pontryagin's minimum principle with analytical methods rather than numerical iteration methods is proposed. Second, to compute the desired battery state of charge trajectory as a function of vehicle position, only the topographic profile of the future road segments must be known. Both the fuel economy and the driving profile are optimized using the proposed approach. Simulation results show that fuel economy using the proposed method is improved significantly.     

A centralized control system for ecological vehicle platooning using linear quadratic regulator theory

This paper presents an ecological vehicle platooning control system that aims in reducing overall fuel consumption of the vehicles in a platoon. A centralized linear quadratic regulator system for controlling the vehicles in the platoon has been developed considering the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle and the resistance due to the road slope. The proposed control system is simulated on a highway with up?Cdown slopes for high speed driving. Its fuel saving performance is compared with a conventional decentralized vehicle platooning control system. Computer simulation results reveal the significant improvement in fuel economy by the proposed control system.     

Real-time energy optimization of HEVs under-connected environment: a benchmark problem and receding horizon-based solution

In this paper, we propose a benchmark problem for the challengers aiming to energy efficiency control of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on a road with slope. Moreover, it is assumed that the targeted HEVs are in the connected environment with the obtainment of real-time information of vehicle-to-everything (V2X), including geographic information, vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I) information and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) information. The provided simulator consists of an industriallevel HEV model and a traffic scenario database obtained through a commercial traffic simulator, where the running route is generated based on real-world data with slope and intersection position. The benchmark problem to be solved is the HEVs powertrain control using traffic information to fulfill fuel economy improvement while satisfying the constraints of driving safety and travel time. To show the HEV powertrain characteristics, a case study is given with the speed planning and energy management strategy.     

基于迭代学习与模型预测控制的交通信号混合控制方法

针对基于迭代学习控制的交通信号控制方法对于路网中存在的非重复性实时干扰不能进行有效处理的问题,本文在基于迭代学习控制的交通信号控制方法基础上,结合模型预测控制滚动优化和实时校正的特点,提出了一种基于迭代学习与模型预测控制的交通信号混合控制方法.该方法在有效利用交通流周期性特征改善路网交通状况的同时,可借助模型预测控制的优点对非重复性的实时干扰进行处理,从而进一步提高交通信号的控制效率.通过仿真实验对该方法的有效性进行了验证.实验结果表明,基于迭代学习与模型预测控制的交通信号混合控制方法能够更有效地均衡路网内的车辆密度,进一步提高了路网的通行效率.最后,本文还对该方法的收敛性进行了分析.     

Combined quasi-static backward modeling and look-ahead fuzzy control of vehicles

Vehicle modeling can play an important role in vehicle power train design, control and energy management investigation. This paper presents a method for vehicle power train modeling. The key feature of the method is its presentation of the dynamic of vehicle based on the road information. This ability makes the method suitable for look-ahead energy management and fuel economy optimal control problems. With the aid of a road slope database, road geometry ahead of the vehicle is extracted. A fuzzy controller is developed that receives this information and controls the velocity of the vehicle with respect to its fuel consumption. In order to maintain the operation of the combustion engine near its efficient region, the fuzzy controller commands a continuously variable transmission. Simulations are carried out using real road data. The results are presented and discussed.     

基于TCPN的交叉口信号控制模型与优化

针对城市路网中交叉口车辆通行效率低下,交通信号控制策略难于满足输入路段上车流变化的问题,本文提出了一种基于时延赋色Petri网的交叉口交通流优化控制模型。首先建立路段车流、交叉口车流和交通信号控制的TCPN模型,其次建立以交叉口输入路段车辆数最小为目标的车流优化方程。在假设信号周期固定的前提下,利用15个周期采集的交叉口输入、输出路段车辆数,求解满足优化目标的相位配时,确保交叉口输出车辆数最大,且输入路段上待通过车辆平均数最小。仿真结果表明,交叉口的通行能力显著提高,各输出路段上的车辆平均数分别增加了13.3%,9.7%,9.8%和4.3%。     

Torque control strategy with V2X information for HEVs tominimize fuel consumption

Today, much information from traffic infrastructures and sensors of ego vehicle is available. Using such information has a potential for internal combustion engine vehicle to reduce fuel consumption in real world. In this paper, a powertrain controller for a hybrid electric vehicle aiming to reduce fuel consumption is introduced, which uses information from traffic signals, the global positioning system and sensors, and the preceding vehicle. This study was carried out as a benchmark problem of engine and powertrain control simulation and modeling 2021 (E-COSM 2021). The developed controller firstly decides reference acceleration of the ego vehicle using the traffic signal and the position information and the preceding vehicle speed. The acceleration and deceleration leading to increase in unnecessary fuel consumption is avoided. Next, the reference engine, generator, and motor torques are decided to achieve the reference acceleration and minimize fuel consumption. In addition, the reference engine, generator and motor torques were decided by the given fuel consumption map for the engine, and by the virtual fuel consumption maps for the generator and the motor. The virtual fuel consumption is derived from the efficiency maps of the generator and the motor using a given equivalent factor, which converts electricity consumption to fuel for the generator and the motor. In this study, a controller was designed through the benchmark problem of E-COSM 2021 for minimizing total fuel consumption of the engine, the generator, and the motor. The developed controller was evaluated in driving simulations. The result shows that operating the powertrain in efficient area is a key factor in reducing total fuel consumption.     

Design and evaluation of a model predictive vehicle control algorithm for automated driving using a vehicle traffic simulator

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a model predictive control algorithm for automated driving on a motorway using a vehicle traffic simulator. For the development of a highly automated driving control algorithm, motion planning is necessary to satisfy driving condition in various road traffic situations. There are two key issues in motion planning of automated driving vehicles. One of the key issues is how to handle potentially dangerous situations that could occur in order to guarantee the safety of vehicles. The second key issue is how to guarantee the disturbance rejection of the controller under model uncertainties and external disturbances. To improve safety with respect to the future behaviors of subject vehicles, not the current states but rather the predicted behaviors of surrounding vehicles should be considered. The desired driving mode and a safe driving envelope are determined based on the probabilistic prediction of surrounding vehicles behaviors over a finite prediction horizon. To obtain the desired steering angle and longitudinal acceleration for maintaining the subject vehicle in the safe driving envelope during a finite prediction horizon, a motion planning controller is designed based on an model predictive control (MPC) approach. The developed control algorithm has been successfully implemented on a vehicle electronic control unit (ECU). The proposed control algorithm has been evaluated on a real-time vehicle traffic simulator. The throttle, brake, and steering control inputs and the controlled vehicle behavior have been compared to those of manual driving.     

协同自适应巡航控制车队仿真

如何评估道路环境等外部条件变化对协同自适应巡航控制（Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC）车队行驶安全性的影响,对于保障道路交通安全尤为重要。为此,结合Matlab/Simulink和CarSim搭建车辆-环境仿真平台研究道路环境对车队行驶安全性的影响。利用美国NGSIM车辆轨迹数据对平台采用的校正的预瞄驾驶员模型、加速度控制模型、节气门控制模型和制动器控制模型的控制器进行验证;利用平台开展红灯状态、隧道行驶和匝道行驶三种道路环境对车队行驶状态影响的仿真实验。仿真结果表明：车队可以顺利通过路口红绿灯;在安全车速范围内车队进出隧道口时方向控制良好;匝道坡度主要影响车辆加速度和车间距,坡度分别为3%和5%时,车队均保持稳定车间距安全行驶。     

Optimization management of hybrid energy source of fuel cell truck based on model predictive control using traffic light information

Energy optimization management can make fuel cell truck (FCT) power system more efficient, so as to improve vehicle fuel economy. When the structure of power source system and the torque distribution strategy are determined, the essence is to find the reasonable distribution of electric power between the fuel cell and other energy sources. The paper simulates the assistance of the intelligent transport system (ITS) and carries out the eco-velocity planning using the traffic signal light. On this basis, in order to further improve the energy efficiency of FCT, a model predictive control (MPC)-based energy source optimization management strategy is innovatively developed, which uses Dijkstra algorithm to achieve the minimization of equivalent hydrogen consumption. Under the scenarios of signalized intersections, based on the planned eco-velocity, the off-line simulation results show that the proposed MPC-based energy source management strategy (ESMS) can reduce hydrogen consumption of fuel cell up to 7\% compared with the existing rule-based ESMS. Finally, the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation test is carried out to verify the effectiveness and real-time performance of the proposed MPC-based energy source optimization management strategy for the FCT based on eco-velocity planning with the assistance of traffic light information.     

Look-ahead controls of heavy duty trucks on open roads — six benchmark solutions

A benchmark problem for fuel efficient control of a truck on a given road profile has been formulated and solved. Six different solution strategies utilizing varying degrees of off-line and on-line computations are described and compared. A vehicle model is used to benchmark the solutions on different driving missions. The vehicle model was presented at the IFAC AAC 2016 symposium and is compiled from model components validated in previous research projects. The driving scenario is provided as a road slope profile and a desired trip time. The problem to solve is a combination of engine-, driveline- and vehicle-control while fulfilling demands on emissions, driving time, legislative speed, and engine protections. The strength of this publication is the collection of all six different solutions in one paper. This paper is intended to provide a starting point for practicing engineers or researchers who work with optimal and/or model based vehicle control.     

Editorial - Special issue on networked system control and connected vehicles: opportunities and challenges

CASE (Connected, Automated, Sharing, and Electrifying) is a global trend in the automotive industry due to the big potential in improving energy efficiency and reducing the air pollution from automobile exhaust. Indeed, the connectivity, connecting the vehicles with the internet, is firstly implemented in the automotive industry in the sense of large scale connection of vehicles. The connected environment has been two decades in the automotive industry which enables us to provide a much comfortable and smart telemetric service. However, the attention has not been focused on the control technology with the connectivity for efficiency and emission improvement. From the view of system control, the connected vehicles are large-scaled, multi-agent or high dimension systems that coupled and interacted but centralized control is not reasonable. How to formulate the optimization or control problem for the connected vehicles and how to solve the problem with system control theory are significant challenging issues. This special issue collected seven papers that addressed these control problems from the view of networked system and optimal control theory. The collection can be divided into three groups. The first group includes three papers that focused on vehicle control with the use of V2V and V2I information. The article by Qiuyi Guo et al., demonstrated the possibility of improving the fuel economy of fuel cell trucks using the traffic light signal. It is shown that with the V2I information, the model predictive control technology can save more than 7.43\% hydrogen consumption in a case study driving cycle. The model predictive control technology is also applied to car-following control on an urban road network by using V2V and V2I information. The paper by A. S. M. Bakibillah et al., investigated this issue and it is shown that the control with V2Vand V2I can improve traffic flow and fuel economy. The paper by Bo Zhang et al., proposed a two-stage optimization approach for speed planning and energy management of hybrid electric vehicles, where the control policy of MPC is fully applied in the two stages of design and a typical scenario of merging is targeted. The second group collected two papers that focused on automated driving. For automated vehicles, control of vehicle dynamics is the main subject, but it is an important elemental subject for driving vehicles under connected environment. Controlling an individual vehicle in the scene of parking is addressed in the paper by Dequan Zen et al. which also demonstrated real test results. The issue of driving-by-wire full is investigated in the paper by Ping Wang et al., where again MPC is exploited for developing the real-time control law. Finally, two articles are collected that discussed active fault tolerant control for connected mobile robots by M. Hussein et al., and powertrain control for electric vehicles with robust control theory by J. Buerger ad J. Anderson, respectively.     

Predictive car-following scheme for improving traffic flows on urban road networks

Driving behavior is one of the main reasons that causes bottleneck on the freeway or restricts the capacity of signalized intersections. This paper proposes a car-following scheme in a model predictive control (MPC) framework to improve the traffic flow behavior, particularly in stopping and speeding up of individual vehicles in dense urban traffic under a connected vehicle (CV) environment. Using information received through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, the scheme predicts the future states of the preceding vehicle and computes the control input by solving a constrained optimization problem considering a finite future horizon. The objective function is to minimize the weighted costs due to speed deviation, control input, and unsafe gaps. The scheme shares the planned driving information with the following vehicles so that they can make better cooperative driving decision. The proposed car-following scheme is simulated in a typical driving scenario with multiple vehicles in dense traffic that has to stop at red signals in multiple intersections. The speeding up or queue clearing and stopping characteristics of the traffic using the proposed scheme is compared with the existing car-following scheme through numerical simulation.     

基于道路结构的无定位车辆出库转向控制方法

针对地下车库内定位信号差,无人驾驶车辆不能获得自身位置信息来完成在全局参考系中路径规划的问题,提出利用道路边沿的几何结构,从理论上推导转向控制的方法以完成车辆的出库。首先,给出车辆的驾驶场景和用于仿真的低速车辆模型;然后根据道路边沿数据,从理论上推导车辆相对于道路的位姿以及转弯处的转向曲率,并给出车辆在各路段的转向角控制方法;最后,在获取理想与非理想的道路边沿数据情况下,分别仿真采用该方法的车辆行驶状况。仿真结果表明,在道路边沿测量误差小于±20 cm的情况下,方法可以实现无定位的自主驾驶。     

云控制器在智能交通信号灯控制中的应用研究

针对智能交通系统中信号灯控制问题,提出一种新的控制方法--使用云理论的基本算法处理公交车辆反馈信息;将云理论中的前件云发生器与后件云发生器组合构建云控制器,对含有不确定性的多维度公交信号综合处理,并综合各种道路信息以决定交通信号灯的通行时间长度方案;通过模拟实验,证明该信号控制方法能够真实客观实时地反映道路情况,并对交通信号的时长做出有效调整,提高了控制的灵活性和实时性,有效减小了车辆平均延误,使控制系统更具智能化.     

基于路口相位方案优化设计的城市道路交通信号迭代学习控制方法研究

城市道路交叉口信号控制是交管工作持续关注的课题,关于协调好有限的道路资源与日益增长的交通需求之间的矛盾,有着至关重要的作用。由于道路自身条件约束,交通流的组成特点复杂,路网交通路呈现非线性动态特征,无法进行精准的数学建模控制。本文提出的迭代学习控制方法,根据交通流的组成和变化特点调整信号控制周期及有效绿灯时长,实现交通信号动态优化控制,保证车辆在路网中能够高效、平稳地通行,是针对非线性动态交通流的一种动态寻优控制算法,能够有效减少路口车辆等待时间、提高通行效率。考虑对不同相位设计方案的适应性,在传统配时优化模型的基础上,构建综合相位设计元素的交通信号迭代学习控制模型,并通过Vissim仿真软件和Python编程语言搭建仿真测试环境,验证了提出模型的有效性。     

城市交通信号的迭代学习控制及其对路网宏观基本图的影响

针对在城市交通信号控制中存在对交通流难以精确建模的问题,首先利用交通流的重复性特点,提出了一种基于迭代学习的城市交通信号控制方法,并证明了在不确定初态下迭代学习控制算法的收敛性.其次,结合路网宏观基本图的特性分析了基于迭代学习的交通信号控制策略对路网交通态势的影响.结果表明,当迭代的初始状态在期望初态值的小范围内波动时,系统的跟踪误差仍能收敛到一个界内;通过对交通信号的迭代学习控制,路段的实际占有率能够逐步逼近期望占有率,从而使路网内的车辆密度分布更加均匀,确保交通流在更优的宏观基本图下运行,防止因车辆密度分布不均引起的通行效率下降及交通拥堵的发生.最后,通过仿真实验对所提方法的有效性进行了验证.     

Modeling and simulation of overtaking behavior involving environment

Overtaking is a complex driving behavior for intelligent vehicles. Current research on modeling overtaking behavior pays little attention on the effect of environment. This paper focuses on the modeling and simulation of the overtaking behavior in virtual reality traffic simulation system involving environment information, such as road geometry and wind. First, an intelligent vehicle model is proposed to better understand environment information and traffic situation. Then, overtaking behavior model is introduced in detail, the lane changing feasibility is analyzed and the fuzzy vehicle controllers considering the road and wind effect are researched. Virtual reality traffic simulation system is designed to realize the simulation of overtaking behavior, with realistic road geometry features. Finally, simulation results show the correctness and the effectiveness of our approach.     

基于协作反馈控制算法的车联网行车安全动态强化模型

针对车联网（IoV）环境下,单车的信息采集和处理能力不足以满足时间敏感的行车安全应用需求,需要通过多车协作增强车间信息共享和信道接入能力等问题,提出一种基于协作反馈控制算法的行车安全动态强化模型。首先,提出虚拟车队协作模型,提升交通信息的采集精度,扩大采集范围,建立车间的稳定协作关系,在形成协作虚拟车队的同时降低信道拥塞;然后,实现一个针对消息传输和驾驶控制的联合优化模型,通过异构交通数据的深度融合最大化IoV的安全效用;最后,在对车流量时空变化进行预测的基础上,提出自适应的反馈控制模型实时调整驾驶安全策略。仿真结果表明,所提出的行车安全动态强化模型在各种车流分布模型下,均能够取得良好的性能指标,可以有效支持驾驶辅助控制系统,在保障行车安全的同时降低信道拥塞。     

基于城市区域路网的分散协调控制研究

根据城域多路口交通系统的特点,摒弃统一信号周期的方法,以各单路口为基点,采用分散协调控制策略,综合考虑各相邻路口及两路口间的交通流,实时控制各路口交通信号,并智能的加以协调,使区域内道路的交通通行能力得到提高,降低车辆的延误时间。为提高系统的控制精度和鲁棒性,采用神经网络技术实现模糊控制。仿真结果表明,该方法控制效果良好。