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1.
In this polemical essay the authors ask whether computerisation has become the neurosis of our age. By comparing the application
of IT methodologies with ritual behaviour within human social institutions, they propose that the so-called rationality of
management science, with its tidy benchmarking, auditing, categorisation and performance measurements etc., is actually a
pseudo-science. They show that from the position of Nietzschean epistemology, this rationality is merely a false claim to
the instrumental efficacy of data modelling, that is indistinguishable from the rain-dancing of primitive tribes. 相似文献
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3.
Nizami Cummins 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2002,6(5-6):362-370
This paper investigates how many users of commercial interactive systems are not properly agents within the interactive narrative,
largely due to the dynamics of branding in cyberspace. Parallels are drawn between the dynamic personalization of e-CRM engines
and context aware computing systems. Several seminal games are discussed as examples of systems in which very different relationships
exist between users and the system. Arguments are made for designing e-commerce interactive systems that install into games,
inside the game narrative.
Correspondence to: Ms N. Cummins, Preject Brand Communications Consultancy, Unit P, Carlton Works Studios, Asylum Road, London SE15 2SB, UK.
Email: nizami@preject.com 相似文献
4.
From Non-Functional Requirements to Design through Patterns 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
5.
Karamjit S. Gill 《AI & Society》2002,16(3):252-277
Knowledge networking in the cross-cultural setting here focuses on promoting a culture of shared communication, values and
knowledge, seeking cooperation through valorisation of diversity. The process is seen here in terms of creating new alliances
of creators, users, mediators and facilitators of knowledge. At the global level, knowledge networking is seen as a symbiotic
relationship between local and global knowledge resources. This focus is informed by the human-centred vision of the information
society, which seeks a symbiotic relationship between technology and society. It explores the nature of the knowledge in transition,
raising issues of technology and knowledge transfer in the local–global context. The notions of human–machine symbiosis and
of diversity and coherence provide a handle to explore the role of technology for sustainable development. The centrality
of knowledge in stimulating knowledge networking for cross-cultural collaboration is illustrated through an exemplar of an
EU–India Cross-Cultural Innovation Network project, a collaboration between European and Indian universities and institutes. 相似文献
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7.
Massimo Mecella Barbara Pernici 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》2001,10(1):2-15
Component-based approaches are becoming more and more popular to support Internet-based application development. Different
component modeling approaches, however, can be adopted, obtaining different abstraction levels (either conceptual or operational).
In this paper we present a component-based architecture for the design of e-applications, and discuss the concept of wrapper
components as building blocks for the development of e-services, where these services are based on legacy systems. We discuss
their characteristics and their applicability in Internet-based application development.
Received: 30 October 2000 / Accepted: 9 January 2001 Published online: 28 June 2001 相似文献
8.
Ajay D. Kshemkalyani 《Distributed Computing》1998,11(4):169-189
Summary. In a distributed system, high-level actions can be modeled by nonatomic events. This paper proposes causality relations between
distributed nonatomic events and provides efficient testing conditions for the relations. The relations provide a fine-grained
granularity to specify causality relations between distributed nonatomic events. The set of relations between nonatomic events
is complete in first-order predicate logic, using only the causality relation between atomic events. For a pair of distributed
nonatomic events X and Y, the evaluation of any of the causality relations requires integer comparisons, where and , respectively, are the number of nodes on which the two nonatomic events X and Y occur. In this paper, we show that this polynomial complexity of evaluation can by simplified to a linear complexity using
properties of partial orders. Specifically, we show that most relations can be evaluated in integer comparisons, some in integer comparisons, and the others in integer comparisons. During the derivation of the efficient testing conditions, we also define special system execution prefixes
associated with distributed nonatomic events and examine their knowledge-theoretic significance.
Received: July 1997 / Accepted: May 1998 相似文献
9.
Linguistic Problems with Requirements and Knowledge Elicitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David C. Sutton 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):114-124
Human and conversational aspects of requirements and knowledge identification are employed to show that requirements ‘engineering’
is not the same as civil engineering or scientific problem solving. Not only can requirements not be made fully explicit at
the start of a project, they cannot be made fully explicit at all. A need is identified to enhance computer-based information
systems (CBIS) development methods to accommodate: plurality of incommensurable perspectives, languages and agendas; dynamic
representations of system features that can be experienced rather than abstracted and forced into an abstract paper-based
representation; recognition that CBIS development is in general a continuous process where users changing their minds is a
natural and necessary indication or organisational vitality.
It is suggested that prototyping and rapid application development go some way to addressing these requirements but that
they require further development in the light of the theoretical light thrown on the nature of the problem. 相似文献
10.
H. Courteney 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2000,2(3):142-153
Cognitive engineering has developed enormously over the last fifteen years. Yet, despite many excellent research projects
and publications, its full potential has not been embraced into mainstream system design. This paper will examine the reasons
for this failure and argue that the problem is not simply inertia or lack of education. There are strong organisational influences
that cause resistance to this particular approach. The discipline itself has characteristics that make it fragile in the modern
corporate structure. In addition, the cognitive engineers themselves are not blameless in the equation. They appear to have
done exactly what they criticise the engineering community for doing: they have packaged their product in a manner that is
not ‘user friendly’ to its target population, not structured to suit its application, and not output in the format required.
Suggestions will be made to rectify the situation: a list of actions is proposed for practising cognitive engineers to make
their product more likely to enjoy widespread uptake. 相似文献
11.
A major contributor to the failure of information technology-based systems is the problem of understanding user or customer
requirements in the initial analysis and requirements identification stage of development. This paper identifies and describes
an approach to help overcome some of these problems, particularly the mismatch or understanding gap between the customer and
the developer. The approach is intended to be used at the early stages of requirement determination and introduces techniques
from operational research into the process. In particular set theory and Venn diagrams are used as a way of graphically representing
the relationships and gaps in understanding that may exist. The benefit obtained from the use of the technique is partly in
the graphical representations themselves but mainly in the dialogue and negotiation that result from the construction of the
diagrams. The technique has been developed in a research study of retail organisations’ use of information technology in the
UK and an example case study from the sector is used to illustrate and discuss the technique. 相似文献
12.
The idea behind sonification is that synthetic non-verbal sounds can represent numerical data and provide support for information
processing activities of many different kinds. This article describes some of the ways that sonification has been used in
assistive technologies, remote collaboration, engineering analyses, scientific visualisations, emergency services and aircraft
cockpits. Approaches for designing sonifications are surveyed, and issues raised by the existing approaches and applications
are outlined. Relations are drawn to other areas of knowledge where similar issues have also arisen, such as human-computer
interaction, scientific visualisation, and computer music. At the end is a list of resources that will help you delve further
into the topic. 相似文献
13.
ScholOnto: an ontology-based digital library server for research documents and discourse 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Simon Buckingham Shum Enrico Motta John Domingue 《International Journal on Digital Libraries》2000,3(3):237-248
The internet is rapidly becoming the first place for researchers to publish documents, but at present they receive little
support in searching, tracking, analysing or debating concepts in a literature from scholarly perspectives. This paper describes
the design rationale and implementation of ScholOnto, an ontology-based digital library server to support scholarly interpretation and discourse. It enables researchers to describe
and debate via a semantic network the contributions a document makes, and its relationship to the literature. The paper discusses
the computational services that an ontology-based server supports, alternative user interfaces to support interaction with
a large semantic network, usability issues associated with knowledge formalisation, new work practices that could emerge,
and related work.
Published online: 22 September 2000 相似文献
14.
A. Schulte 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2002,4(3):146-159
This paper describes an approach to cognitive and cooperative operator assistance in the field of tactical flight mission
management. A framework for a generic functional concept is derived from general considerations of human performance and cognitive
engineering. A system built according to these human-centred design principles will be able to keep up with the change of
situation parameters, in order to provide situational adapted operator assistance. Such a cognitive assistant system represents an approach to ensure the highest degree possible of situation awareness of the flight deck crew as well as a
satisfactory workload level. This generic approach to mission management and crew assistance for military aircraft has been
realised in different application domains such as military transport and air-to-ground attack. The Crew Assistant Military Aircraft is a functional prototype for the air transport application. Even applications in the domain of uninhabited aerial vehicles
(UAV) are in reach. This paper mainly covers one state-of-the-art research and development activity in the domain of combat
aircraft: the TMM – Tactical Mission Management System is an experimental solution for the air-to-ground attack role. The TMM has been implemented as a functional prototype in
the mission avionics experimental cockpit (MAXC), a development flight simulator at ESG and evaluated with German Air Force
pilots as subjects in simulator trials. Therefore, the TMM has been compared with a reference cockpit avionics configuration
in terms of task performance, workload, situation awareness and operator acceptance. After giving an overview of the system
concepts this paper reports on the experimental design and results of the simulator trial campaign. 相似文献
15.
Claus B. Madsen 《Machine Vision and Applications》1997,9(5-6):291-303
The paper presents an analysis of the stability of pose estimation. Stability is defined as sensitivity of the pose parameters
towards noise in image features used for estimating pose. The specific emphasis of the analysis is on determining {how the
stability varies with viewpoint} relative to an object and to understand the relationships between object geometry, viewpoint,
and pose stability. Two pose estimation techniques are investigated. One uses a numerical scheme for finding pose parameters;
the other is based on closed form solutions. Both are “pose from trihedral vertices” techniques, which provide the rotation
part of object pose based on orientations of three edge segments. The analysis is based on generalized sensitivity analysis
propagating the uncertainty in edge segment orientations to the resulting effect on the pose parameters. It is shown that
there is a precomputable, generic relationship between viewpoint and pose stability, and that there is a drastic difference
in stability over the range of viewpoints. This viewpoint variation is shared by the two investigated techniques. Additionally,
the paper offers an explicit way to determine the most robust viewpoints directly for any given vertex model. Experiments
on real images show that the results of the work can be used to compute the variance in pose parameters for any given pose.
For the predicted {instable} viewpoints the variance in pose parameters is on the order of 20 (degrees squared), whereas the
variance for robust viewpoints is on the order of 0.05 (degrees squared), i.e., two orders of magnitude difference. 相似文献
16.
Francesco Garibaldo 《AI & Society》2002,16(4):305-331
This article, first of all, supports the idea that the undeniable process of ICT-based technological convergence implies
the social, cultural and business unification of the world of media and culture. The poor performance of the megamerger is
a clear indicator of the unstable ground of the convergence hypothesis. Secondly, it argues in favour of cooperation between
different expertise, skills and cultures to make multimedia products or to supply multimedia services, instead of creating
from scratch a brand new class of hybrid skills and professions. Thirdly, a variety of new possible and realistically achievable
professional profiles in cultural industries and institutions are illustrated. Eventually a set of public policies, in the
light of a new role for cities and regions, is developed.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Francesco Garibaldo, Fondazione ‘Istituto Per il Lavoro (IPL)’, via Marconi 8, 40122 Bologna, Italy. Email: f.garibaldo@ipielle.emr.it 相似文献
17.
Domenico Ferrari 《Multimedia Systems》1998,6(3):179-185
The research done by the Tenet Group in multimedia networking has reached a point where it may be useful to reflect on the
significance of its results for the current debate on how integrated-services internetworks should be designed. Such reflections
constitute the main subject of this paper. The principles of the work and the conclusions reached so far by the Tenet researchers
are discussed in the light of the conflict between the two major technologies being proposed to build future information infrastructures:
namely, the Internet and the ATM technologies. The Tenet approach suggests one feasible way for resolving the conflict to
the advantage of all the users of those infrastructures. This paper discusses various fundamental aspects of integrated-services
network design: the choice of the service model, the type of charging policy to be adopted, and the selection of a suitable
architecture. 相似文献
18.
Domenico Ferrari 《Multimedia Systems》1996,4(6):299-304
Protocols for multimedia communication are needed to integrate into a single network services intended to satisfy the different
requirements of multiple types of traffic. An essential prerequisite for designing these protocols is that the services to
be offered by the network must be selected and specified in detail. We present the service models proposed, or being developed,
by the Internet community, by the ATM community, and by the Tenet Group. We compare their common characteristics, which reveal
the characteristics of the first integrated services networks are likely to offer. The services referred to in this paper
are those at the network and transport layers, which support the services to be offered to the system's end users. 相似文献
19.
Integrated document caching and prefetching in storage hierarchies based on Markov-chain predictions
Achim Kraiss Gerhard Weikum 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》1998,7(3):141-162
Large multimedia document archives may hold a major fraction of their data in tertiary storage libraries for cost reasons.
This paper develops an integrated approach to the vertical data migration between the tertiary, secondary, and primary storage
in that it reconciles speculative prefetching, to mask the high latency of the tertiary storage, with the replacement policy
of the document caches at the secondary and primary storage level, and also considers the interaction of these policies with
the tertiary and secondary storage request scheduling.
The integrated migration policy is based on a continuous-time Markov chain model for predicting the expected number of accesses
to a document within a specified time horizon. Prefetching is initiated only if that expectation is higher than those of the
documents that need to be dropped from secondary storage to free up the necessary space. In addition, the possible resource
contention at the tertiary and secondary storage is taken into account by dynamically assessing the response-time benefit
of prefetching a document versus the penalty that it would incur on the response time of the pending document requests.
The parameters of the continuous-time Markov chain model, the probabilities of co-accessing certain documents and the interaction
times between successive accesses, are dynamically estimated and adjusted to evolving workload patterns by keeping online
statistics. The integrated policy for vertical data migration has been implemented in a prototype system. The system makes
profitable use of the Markov chain model also for the scheduling of volume exchanges in the tertiary storage library. Detailed
simulation experiments with Web-server-like synthetic workloads indicate significant gains in terms of client response time.
The experiments also show that the overhead of the statistical bookkeeping and the computations for the access predictions
is affordable.
Received January 1, 1998 / Accepted May 27, 1998 相似文献
20.
Through an investigation of how the performance of people who have normal visual capabilities is affected by unimodal, bimodal,
and trimodal feedback, this research establishes a foundation for presenting effective feedback to enhance the performance
of individuals who have visual impairments. Interfaces that employ multiple feedback modalities, such as auditory, haptic,
and visual, can enhance user performance for individuals with barriers limiting one or more channels of perception, such as
a visual impairment. Results obtained demonstrate the effects of different feedback combinations on mental workload, accuracy,
and performance time. Future, similar studies focused on participants with visual impairments will be grounded in this work.
Published online: 6 November 2002 相似文献