An enhanced framework for providing multimedia broadcast/multicast service over heterogeneous networks

Multimedia broadcast multicast service （MBMS） with inherently low requirement for network resources has been proposed as a candidate solution for using such resources in a more efficient manner. On the other hand, the Next Generation Mobile Network （NGMN） combines multiple radio access technologies （RATs） to optimize overall network performance. Handover performance is becoming a vital indicator of the quality experience of mobile user equipment （UE）. In contrast to the conventional vertical handover issue, the problem we are facing is how to seamlessly transmit broadcast/multicast sessions among heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose a new network entity, media independent broadcast multicast service center （MIBM-SC）, to provide seamless handover for broadcast/multicast sessions over heterogeneous networks, by extensions and enhancements of MBMS and media independent information service （MIIS） architectures. Additionally, a network selection scheme and a cell transmission mode selection scheme are proposed for selecting the best target network and best transmission mode. Both schemes are based on a load-aware network capacity estimation algorithm. Simulation results show that the pro- posed approach has the capability to provide MBMS over heterogeneous networks, with improved handover performance in terms of packet loss rate, throughput, handover delay, cell load, bandwidth usage, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR）.     

An Efficient Handoff Decision Algorithm for Vertical Handoff Between WWAN and WLAN

Vertical handoff is one significant challenge for mobility management in heterogeneous wireless networks. Compared with horizontal handoff, vertical handoff involves different wireless network technologies varying widely in terms of bandwidth, delay, coverage area, power consumption, etc. In this paper, we analyze the signal strength model of mobile node and present a new vertical handoff decision algorithm. This algorithm can adapt to the change of mobile node＇s velocity and improve the handoff efficiency significantly. We analyze the algorithm＇s performance and the effect of different parameters on handoff triggering. In addition, we propose three performance evaluation models and verify the algorithm＇s feasibility and effectiveness in simulations.     

Resource allocation algorithm with limited feedback for multicast single frequency networks

The single frequency network (SFN) can provide a multimedia broadcast multicast service over a large coverage area. However, the application of SFN is still restricted by a large amount of feedback. Therefore, we propose a multicast resource allocation scheme based on limited feedback to maximize the total rate while guaranteeing the quality of service (QoS) requirement of real-time services. In this scheme, we design a user feedback control algorithm to effectively reduce feedback load. The algorithm determines to which base stations the users should report channel state information. We then formulate a joint subcarrier and power allocation issue and find that it has high complexity. Hence, we first distribute subcarriers under the assumption of equal power and develop a proportional allocation strategy to achieve a tradeoff between fairness and QoS. Next, an iterative water-filling power allocation is proposed to fully utilize the limited power. To further decrease complexity, a power iterative scheme is introduced. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves system performance while reducing 68% of the feedback overhead. In addition, the power iterative strategy is suitable in practice due to low complexity.     

Adaptive call admission control based on reward-penalty model in wireless/mobile network

A dynamic threshold-based Call Admission Control （CAC） scheme used in wireless/mobile network for multiclass services is proposed. In the scheme, each class＇s CAC thresholds are solved through establishing a reward-penalty model which strives to maximize network＇s revenue. In order to lower Handoff Dropping Probability （HDP）, the scheme joints packet and connection levels Quality of Service constraints, designing a bandwidth degradation algorithm to accept handoff calls by degrading existing calls＇ bandwidth during network congestion. Analyses show that the CAC thresholds change adaptively with the average call arrival rate. The performance comparison shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the Mobile IP Reservation scheme.     

Dynamic retransmission control for reliable mobile multicast

Most existing multicast protocols adopt a static retransmission scheme(unicast or multicast) to retransmit lost packets.In the mobile multicast environment,static multicast retransmission mode may lead to congestion in the receivers‘ wireless interfaces,while static unicast mode may result in great network load.Both static unicast and multicast retransmission modes will cause a performance loss.This paper logically divides the mobile multicast network into fixed and mobile parts,and focuses on the mobile part.Then this paper analyzes the retransmission costs when multicast or unicast mode is chosen.Two main parameters are used to compare their efficiencies:the average air-interface utilization of each receiver and the average network load.Based on the results of analysis,two new algorithms,called NLPA(Network Load Priority Algorithm)and AUPA(Air-interface Utilization Priority Algorithm)are presented.Finally,simulation results conclude that,with proper parameters,both NLPA and AUPA can dynamically alternate between unicast and multicast retransmission modes acording to the conditions of network and receiver,and avoid congestion in receivers‘ wireless interfaces as well as great network load,with a better use of network and terminal resources.     

Seamless handover between unicast and multicast multimedia streams

With the deployment of heterogeneous networks, mobile users are expecting ubiquitous connectivity when using applications. For bandwidth-intensive applications such as Interact Protocol Television （IPTV）, multimedia contents are typical- ly transmitted using a multicast delivery method due to its bandwidth efficiency. However, not all networks support multicasting. Multicasting alone could lead to service disruption when the users move from a multicast-capable network to a non-multicast network. In this paper, we propose a handover scheme called application layer seamless switching （ALSS） to provide smooth real-time multimedia delivery across unicast and multicast networks. ALSS adopts a soft handover to achieve seamless playback during the handover period. A real-time streaming testbed is implemented to investigate the overall handover performance, espe- cially the overlapping period where both network interfaces are receiving audio and video packets. Both the quality of service （QoS） and objective-mapped quality of experience （QoE） metrics are measured. Experimental results show that the overlapping period takes a minimum of 56 and 4 ms for multicast-to-unicast （M2U） and unicast-to-multicast （U2M） handover, respectively. The measured peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） confirms that the frame-by-frame quality of the streamed video during the handover is at least 33 dB, which is categorized as good based on ITU-T recommendations. The estimated mean opinion score （MOS） in terms of video playback smoothness is also at a satisfactory level.     

Broadcast-Based Spatial Queries

Indexing techniques have been developed for wireless data broadcast environments, in order to conserve the scarce power resources of the mobile clients. However, the use of interleaved index segments in a broadcast cycle increases the average access latency for the clients. In this paper, the broadcast-based spatial query processing methods (BBS) are presented for the location-based services. In the BBS, broadcasted data objects are sorted sequentially based on their locations, and the server broadcasts the location dependent data along with an index segment. Then, a sequential prefetching and caching scheme is designed to reduce the query response time. The performance of this scheme is investigated in relation to various environmental variables, such as the distributions of the data objects, the average speed of the clients and the size of the service area.     

Parameter Selection and Performance Analysis of Mobile Terminal Models Based on Unity3D

Mobile platform is now widely seen as a promising multimedia service with a favorable user group and market prospect. To study the influence of mobile terminal models on the quality of scene roaming, a parameter setting platform of mobile terminal models is established to select the parameter selection and performance index on different mobile platforms in this paper. This test platform is established based on model optimality principle, analyzing the performance curve of mobile terminals in different scene models and then deducing the external parameter of model establishment. Simulation results prove that the established test platform is able to analyze the parameter and performance matching list of a mobile terminal model.     

Signcryption with fast online signing and short signcryptext for secure and private mobile communication

Signcryption scheme is one of the useful tools for secure communication where authenticity and confidentiality are simultaneously required.Now,mobile devices are more and more widely used for communication,and thus it is desirable to design a scheme suitable to mobile applications.In this paper,we propose a signcryption scheme which is efficient enough to be implemented on mobile devices.In our scheme,we need only one multiplication in an online phase,and thus a signcryptor can generate a signcryptext very efficiently in the online phase.Moreover,the size of signcryptext is very short compared with exsiting schemes,and thus our scheme is very efficient in terms of communication overhead.The security of our signcryption scheme is proven in the random oracle model.     

基于多播树的HMIPv6快速切换方案

为了缩短移动节点的切换延迟时间,提出基于多播树的分层移动IPv6(HMIPv6)快速切换方案。该方案采用快速切换方式建立移动锚点与移动节点之间的多播隧道,移动节点在同一个区域内始终使用相同的多播地址。仿真结果表明,与现有HMIPv6方案相比,该方案的切换时间更短、丢包率更低、性能更好。     

自适应移动组播算法

在分析用户移动模式的基础上，提出一种基于用户移动模式的自适应移动组播算法。移动主机根据移动模式和当前移动状态自适应地选择双向隧道机制或者远程加入机制完成组播切换。该算法的优点是，当移动速率较小时，以较小的组播树重构代价实现组播数据的优化传输，而移动速率较大时，可以避免频繁的组播切换，减小组播树重构代价。     

基于快速组播切换的分层移动组播体系结构

移动通信在人们的日常生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用,受到了越来越多的重视.人们希望能够在移动的时候获得与静态联网者相同的网络服务,这里最主要的就是要解决移动切换和无线网络带宽受限的问题.由于组播技术不仅能够提供很多新型的网络应用,而且能够高效地实现多点传送,并有效节省网络带宽,因此移动和组播的相互融合对两者的应用和发展都会带来较大的促进.提出了在移动环境中部署IP组播的框架体系,即基于快速组播切换的分层移动组播体系结构(fast multicast handoff based hierarchical mobile multicastarchitecture,简称FHMM).FHMM通过分层移动组播管理将节点在域内的移动对外屏蔽,提高了域间组播转发树主干的稳定性.FHMM还提出了快速组播切换机制,从而减少了切换延迟以及由此引发的分组丢失.另外,当节点移动到不支持组播的子网时,FHMM仍然可以为节点提供组播服务.模拟结果显示,FHMM具有分组丢失率低、组播分组传送效率高以及组播维护开销少等优点,是一种高效的移动组播解决方案.     

一种有效的移动IP自适应主动预测邻居切换机制

现有的移动IP切换机制存在切换时延大,分组易丢失,安全性差等问题。该文从移动IP切换的关键问题移动检测出发,提出并实现了一种有效的自适应主动预测邻居移动IP切换机制,运用主动自适应预测算法,根据网络和移动主机的运动状态动态智能地预测移动主机的切换,实现快速平滑切换。仿真结果表明,该策略与现有机制相比,极大地减少了切换时延和切换次数,保证分组按时到达,提高了系统的切换性能,保证了系统的QoS。      

一种基于移动预测的分层移动组播协议

组播通信有效地节约了网络资源,在无线移动网络环境中引入组播有着非常重要的意义。论文简要分析了现有移动组播协议,提出了一种新的基于移动预测的分层移动组播方案。仿真与分析表明,该协议组播树重构频率低,子网切换延迟小,可减少组播包的丢失,减少协议开销,优化组播包的传输路径。     

移动IP中一种基于双链路的切换协议

移动IP技术中的切换延时是阻碍移动IP技术广泛应用的关键问题。该文提出了一种基于双链路的切换协议，该协议在提前触发等机制的保障下采用链路冗余的方式，实现了移动节点的无缝切换。另外，对该协议在切换性能上的改进进行了分析，并对该协议下切换过程中的通信性能进行了测试。     

改进型基于MPLS的HMIPv6的快速切换

针对现有的多协议标签交换(MPLS)和层次移动IPv6(HMIPv6)融合的方案仍然存在时延大、丢包率高等问题,提出了一种改进的基于MPLS的HMIPv6方案。本方案通过将多播技术应用于移动锚点(MAP),并且在切换完成之前提前完成新链路上标签交换路径(LSP)的建设,实现了移动节点(MN)移交切换时延的最小化,使得在切换过程中大大降低服务中断现象,最大限度地保证新链路建立完成之前数据包不被丢失。最后通过NS-2仿真与比较,结果表明本方案跟现有方案相比能够大大减少移动过程中的丢包率和传输时延,提高移动IP     

基于切换频率的分层可靠移动IP组播研究*

从以切换频率区分移动节点类别的角度,提出了一种新的可靠移动IP组播方案,目的是让不同类别的移动节点都能得到相应的、接近最佳的可靠组播服务.与现有的可靠移动IP组播协议相比,提出了基于移动节点的切换频率对移动节点进行分类的概念;提出了对不同类别的移动节点分别使用相应的可靠移动IP组播协议的思想;根据上述思想改进了RRBMoM协议,得到了新协议--ARRBMoM协议.在此基础上,利用OPNET分别模拟ARRBMoM和RRBMoM协议的运行情况,对其性能进行了分析和比较.仿真结果表明了ARRBMoM协议在多种速度类别的移动节点同时存在时,以及移动节点运动速度较快时,比RRBMoM协议在组播树重构、端到端延时、重传率、丢失率等方面具有更好的性能.     

移动因特网中安全组播通信的密钥管理研究

比较了各种确保安全组播通信的密钥管理算法和方案,针对移动环境下移动频繁、可靠性差的特点,讨论了在RingNet结构下移动因特网的组播密钥管理问题。