Nonlinear hierarchical control for quad-rotors with rotation matrix

This paper develops a nonlinear hierarchical control for quad-rotors to accomplish trajectory tracking manoeuvres. The rotation matrix is applied to represent the attitude of the quad-rotor. The position and attitude loop controls are designed separately. During the position loop control design, an auxiliary system with saturation control project is developed, which can not only ensure a bounded applied thrust, but also preserve the constrained requirement in the command rotation extraction. As an intermediate step, the minimum rotation principle is employed to extract the command rotation matrix. Then, using the property of the rotation matrix, an applied torque with the corresponding initial condition constraint is designed to complete the attitude tracking. Based on the analysis theory of the hierarchical system, it’s proven that, with the developed applied thrust and torque, the tracking errors of the quad-rotor system are asymptotically stable. Finally, simulations illustrate the theoretical results.     

基于MPU6050和互补滤波的四旋翼飞控系统设计

针对四轴飞行器飞行性能不稳定和惯性测量单元（IMU）易受干扰、存在漂移等问题,利用惯性传感器MPU6050采集实时数据,以经典互补滤波为基础,提出一种可以自适应补偿系数的互补滤波算法,该算法在低通滤波环节加入PI控制器,依据陀螺仪测得的角速度实时调节PI控制器补偿系数。飞行器姿态控制系统采用双闭环PID控制方法,姿态解算的欧拉角作为系统外环,陀螺仪角速度作为系统内环。最后,搭建以NI myRIO为核心控制器的四轴飞行器,通过LabVIEW实现算法和仿真,实验结果表明,自适应互补滤波算法可以准确解算姿态信息,双闭环PID控制超调量小、反应灵敏,控制系统基本满足飞行要求。     

Tracking in scale quad-rotors through adaptive augmentation

This paper illustrates the application of an adaptive flight control architecture to a scale quad-rotor. For autonomous vertical takeoff and landing flight, it is common to separate the control problem into an inner fast loop that controls attitude and an outer slow loop that controls the trajectory tracking. In this paper, we augment a conventional proportional and derivative controller conceived mainly for hovering, with an adaptive element using a real-time tuning single hidden layer neural network in a inner–outer loop combined architecture to account for model inversion error cancelation, issued in the feedback linearization process. The results shown in simulations reveal the superior performance of the augmented controller in tracking maneuvers.     

四旋翼无人机控制系统仿真设计

四旋翼无人机是一种性能优越的垂直起降无人飞行器,能够实现悬停、低速飞行、垂直起降等功能,在军事和民用方面具有重要价值。针对四旋翼无人机的控制系统设计问题,首先分析介绍了四旋翼无人机飞行原理,对其建立动力学模型和运动学模型,然后进行了基于PID控制的控制系统设计,控制系统采用四通道、多闭环的控制结构,包括无人机的姿态控制与轨迹控制。在MATLAB中进行无人机控制系统仿真实现。仿真结果表明,本文所设计的控制系统,能够有效地实现四旋翼无人机的姿态控制、轨迹控制,具有良好的控制精度与响应速度。     

Design and Attitude Control of a Quad-Rotor Tail-Sitter Vertical Takeoff and Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

In this paper, we present the development of a quad-rotor tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is composed of quad rotors and a fixed wing. The developed UAV can hover like a quad-rotor helicopter and can fly long distance like a fixed-wing airplane. The main wing of the developed UAV is taken from a commercially available radio-controlled airplane and other parts such as the body frame are newly developed. A microcomputer, various sensors and a battery are mounted on the UAV for autonomous flight without any support from a ground system. Attitude and altitude control systems are developed for the UAV. In order to verify the designed controller, a three-dimensional flight simulator of a quad-rotor tail-sitter UAV is developed by use of MATLAB/Simulink. This paper also describes attitude control experiments. The results show that the propeller slipstream has a negative influence on attitude control. Solutions for the negative influence of the propeller slipstream are also discussed in this paper.     

基于PID的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制系统

飞行控制系统很大程度上决定了四旋翼飞行器的飞行性能。分析飞行器模型,并在此基础上设计实现一种基于PID(Proportion, Integration, Differentiation)控制方法的飞行器姿态控制系统。整个控制系统包括第1阶段的四元数姿态解算（PI）和第2阶段的油门计算（PID）。通过PI方法融合加速度和角速度传感器的输出,计算出飞行器当前的姿态角;通过PID方法融合当前姿态和目标姿态控制电机油门输出。上位机通过蓝牙获取飞行器数据,结果显示该系统能很好地保持飞行器的稳定姿态。     

四旋翼无人机控制系统设计

目前无人机已广泛应用到各行各业,其中无人机的稳定控制一直是研究的核心。在飞控系统中各参数的选择对无人机的稳定控制有着至关重要的作用。以STM32微控制器为核心,利用MPU9250采集四旋翼无人机的姿态数据,配合卡尔曼滤波算法对传感器所采集的数据进行融合滤波,从而实现精准的姿态测量。根据飞行姿态结合PID控制算法,完成对四旋翼无人机飞行姿态的控制。     

农情监测四旋翼飞行器姿态控制仿真与实现

为解决垦区农作物生长环境监测问题,提出使用搭载高光谱相机的四旋翼飞行器低空航拍的方法.建立了四旋翼飞行器运动学模型和动力学模型.使用旋转矢量插值法解算飞行器的姿态,使用基于卡尔曼滤波器的PID控制算法对飞行器姿态进行控制.对系统进行了Matlab仿真,并通过设计硬件电路和编写软件实现了功能.通过试飞,验证了以上理论与方法的可行性.     

互补滤波算法在四旋翼飞行器姿态解算中的应用

针对四旋翼飞行器飞行过程中的姿态最优估计问题,本着准确、快速的原则,选择了基于陀螺仪、加速度计和电子罗盘的捷联式惯性测量系统.由于这些传感器存在温度漂移和噪声干扰等问题,采用互补滤波算法,通过融合IMU多传感器的数据信号,对测得的姿态数据进行补偿修正,解算出高精度的姿态角.为了验证互补滤波算法的有效性和实用性,通过实际的四旋翼飞行器角度测量系统对互补滤波算法展开研究.结果表明姿态角解算中采用互补滤波算法能够快速、稳定的输出高精度姿态数据,姿态角最大跟踪误差控制在±2°以内,满足四旋翼飞行器飞行控制的要求,成功完成了姿态的最优估计.     

基于Unity物理引擎的多旋翼无人机仿真模型

本文主要基于Unity物理引擎, 以四旋翼无人机作为研究对象, 通过建立无人机运行模式的数学模型, 进行仿真模型研究.一方面, 通过将无人机受力模型直接应用在电机对应位置, 来仿真现实物体的受力状态, 从而免去了对模型的刚体数学建模, 简化了仿真建模过程; 另一方面, 通过分析无人机运动原理, 对无人机进行动力系统和控制系统建模, 其中控制系统采用串级PID控制算法进行姿态控制; 本文最后, 通过飞行实验和测试验证了无人机模型的稳定性、有效性, 满足了四旋翼无人机的仿真要求.     

四旋翼飞行器的自抗扰飞行控制方法

针对四旋翼飞行器参数不确定性和外部干扰敏感的问题,本文提出一种基于自抗扰控制器的控制系统设计方法.在为期望姿态和高度安排过渡过程的基础上,设计了扩张状态观测器对内扰和外扰进行估计并实时补偿,能够很好地克服飞行器的强耦合性、模型不确定性以及风速变化等外部干扰问题.此外本文还设计了非线性状态误差反馈控制律来有效抑制跟踪误差.在仿真平台上对自抗扰控制系统进行稳定控制、姿态跟踪、高度控制、抗扰性及鲁棒性实验,并与串级PID控制系统进行定量对比分析.仿真结果表明,本文所设计的自抗扰控制器不仅能够很好地估计并补偿系统所受内外部干扰,而且对四旋翼飞行器参数的不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性,能够满足飞行器姿态调节快速和高稳定度的控制要求,性能指标明显优于串级PID控制器.     

An Impedance Force Control Approach to a Quad-Rotor System Based on an Acceleration-Based Disturbance Observer

This article presents the contact force control approach for a quad-rotor system to perform tasks of interacting with the environment. The hovering capability of the quad-rotor system allows the force in the altitude direction to be regulated by realizing the impedance function. To obtain the better force control performance, inherent and external disturbances to the quad-rotor system are suppressed by designing the acceleration-based disturbance observer (AbDOB). Force tracking impedance control is applied to regulate the contact force to the environment. Simulation studies of force tracking control for changing a light bulb on the ceiling are performed to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed force control task for a quad-rotor system.     

基于混合滤波的四旋翼无人机抗干扰姿态控制系统设计

针对四旋翼无人机抗干扰姿态控制系统抗干扰能力较差,控制性能较差的问题;文章提出基于混合滤波的四旋翼无人机抗干扰姿态控制系统,优化设计了系统的硬件和软件部分;硬件部分设计主控制器,通过发生器输出的PWM波信号控制电速;设计传感器模块,测量姿态角与加速度等数据,采用双陀螺仪和双加速度计结构,避免共振对测量结果产生影响;设计电机驱动模块,选用X2216型无刷直流电机为运行提供较高的转速和响应速度;设计无线数据传输模块,选用3DR无线数据传输模块实时监测姿态信位置信息数据;构建基于混合滤波的四旋翼无人机抗干扰姿态控制系统,对角速度数据、加速度数据等数进行融合改正,再运用互补滤波器对陀螺仪和加速度计进行信号检测和控制调度,得到精确的实时姿态角;采用姿态控制算法和串级PID控制策略,提高对系统的控制力,保证飞行的平稳;实验结果表明,基于混合滤波的四旋翼无人机抗干扰姿态控制系统抗干扰性强、控制能力高以及响应速度快。     

Adaptive backstepping sliding mode trajectory tracking control for a quad-rotor

A quad-rotor aircraft is an under-actuated,strongly coupled nonlinear system with parameter uncertainty and un-modeled disturbance.In order to make the aircraft track the desired trajectory,a nested double-loops control system is adopted in this paper.A position error proportional-derivative(PD) controller is designed as the outer-loop controller based on the coupling action between rotational and translational movement,and an adaptive backstepping sliding mode control algorithm is used to stabilize the attitude.Finally,both the numerical simulation and prototype experiment are utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.     

基于互补滤波器的四旋翼飞行器姿态解算

针对小型四旋翼飞行器姿态解算这一基本问题,详细分析了姿态解算的过程,提出了其中的难点问题.应用低成本捷联惯性测量单元,设计了一种基于互补滤波器算法的姿态求解器.经过实验验证表明:与目前常用的卡尔曼滤波算法相比,采用互补滤波器算法的求解器能显著降低对处理器速度和精度的要求,有效融合了捷联惯性测量单元的传感器数据,实现了小...     

Predictor-based Position Control of a Quad-rotor with Delays in GPS and Vision Measurements

This paper presents a predictor-based method for the control of quad-rotor with delayed measurements obtained from a GPS or vision system. A predictor design based in Taylor series with integral remainder is presented. The closed-loop scheme is validated by simulations and by real-time experiments on a quad-rotor platform.     

Sliding mode control of singularly perturbed systems and its application in quad-rotors

This paper presents a sliding mode control scheme for tracking control of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems in the presence of model errors and external disturbances. A dual-loop feedback control is developed to provide accurate tracking capability and sufficient robustness to system uncertainties. A sliding mode controller is proposed in the outer-loop feedback design such that the plant states are stabilised for given reference trajectories, while an additional robust controller is designed in the inner loop to increase the adaptability to uncertainties, and reduce the effect of unmodelled high-frequency dynamics on plant dynamics. An appealing feature of the control scheme is the attenuation of chattering. The effectiveness and merits of the new control scheme developed are shown via a verification example of velocity control of a quad-rotor.     

基于STM32的四旋翼飞行器姿态解算的研究

分析了四旋翼飞行器的姿态解算原理,提出了一种基于 STM32的姿态测量系统。系统由 STM32F407微控制器和捷联惯性测量组件(IMU)组成。利用四元数描述姿态进行坐标换算,采用多传感器数据融合方案,通过互补滤波算法进行数据融合,获取精确的姿态角,并完成姿态解算。实验结果表明,采用互补滤波算法有效融合了捷联惯性测量组件的传感器数据,实现了四旋翼飞行器的高精度姿态解算。     

四旋翼飞行器悬停算法设计与实现

以自制四旋翼飞行器为研究对象,对四旋翼飞行器悬停算法进行详细研究。控制中心通过传感器MPU6050获取飞行数据,通过获取的数据计算得到飞行姿态,然后结合气压传感器和摄像头相结合进行悬停算法的设计。程序算法主要包括四元数、PID、卡尔曼滤波和视觉定位等算法,计算得出相应的数据,最后通过控制电子调节系统驱动无刷电机完成其悬停与控制。     

基于改进粒子群算法的四旋翼自抗扰控制器优化设计

针对四旋翼飞行器自抗扰控制器参数较多,人工整定困难且难以得到最优控制效果的问题,提出一种基于改进粒子群算法的四旋翼自抗扰控制器优化方法。在设计了四旋翼飞行器的自抗扰控制器之后,将自抗扰控制器的参数作为粒子群中的粒子进行迭代寻优,同时在传统的粒子群算法基础上,参考遗传算法,对适应值不好的粒子进行交叉保优,以提高粒子的多样性,加快寻优速度。仿真结果表明,对比人工整定参数的控制器,优化后的控制器超调更小,调节时间更快。该方法能够解决四旋翼飞行器自抗扰控制器人工参数整定困难的问题,且优化后的控制器具有更好的控制效果。