国内地理编码数据库系统开发与研究

该文在对国内开发地理编码数据库系统进行需求分析的基础上,提出系统建设目标和主要内容,结合国内地址现状,提出了以遥感影像为基底进行地址数据采集的方法,并全面阐述了开发地理编码数据库系统的技术思想,最后结合北京市地理编码数据库系统实例给出了具体的技术实现方案。     

地理编码系统设计与实现

针对大部分的地理位置信息都采用文本方式进行描述而非地理坐标,提出适合中国地址描述实际情况的地理编码关键技术和实现方法,主要包括地址标准化、地址匹配、地理编码量化等,并在地理信息系统软件中实现了中文和英文地理编码功能,实验证明该方法具有较小的地理编码误差率。     

基于有限状态机和Trie数的分级地址模型

针对地理编码系统中地址正确性校验、地址不规则命名和地址跳跃的问题,提出了运用有限状态机理论建立分级地址的转换模型,同时用Trie树来建立有限状态机中各个地址的转换函数,给出了转换函数的初始化和训练过程。测试数据对模型的验证表明,使用有限状态机和Trie树建立的地址模型,初步解决了地理系统编码中的地址校验、不规则命名和地址跳跃的问题。     

面向全国经济普查需求的专家系统地理编码方法*

分析了国内外地理编码技术的研究和使用现状,结合我国经济普查项目中地理编码的实际需求,借鉴专家系统的相关概念和方法,提出了一种基于专家系统的地理编码方法。该方法充分利用行业系统中已有的中文地址与空间要素间的对应关系,挖掘与之匹配的地址特征。对于需要定位的模糊地址,该方法首先将模糊地址拆分为若干地址要素,再在要素地址特征库中进行匹配,从而实现该模糊地址的空间定位。该方法能有效地提高模糊地址的定位成功率。     

基于分级地名库的中文地理编码的研究

地理编码在城市空间定位和分析领域内具有非常广泛的应用,但由于中文地址没有统一的规范和固定的模式,目前中文地址编码尚无很完善的解决方案。针对这一问题,采用基于分级地名数据库的中文地理编码方法,并详细阐述了实现该方法的关键技术：地名数据库的数据模型、地址串的拆分和地址匹配技术。最后通过实际数据进行验证,实验结果表明,该方案能较好地解决绝大多数地址数据的匹配问题。     

基于近似串匹配的地名数据库建设探析

地址编码数据库在城市信息化建设中具有极其重要的地位．本文从绍兴市地名实际出发,就地址编码数据库的关键技术：地址标准化和地址匹配及数据库设计等方面进行了探讨,并重点介绍了多模式近似串匹配算法在地址匹配阶段的应用．在地址标准化中,讨论了规范化地址内容的表达形式,把标准地址表达为行政区划名、主地址、子地址三部分构成,建立层级地址数据模型和地址输入模型,基于行政区划代码进行地址代码编制;讨论了地址标准化的过程,给出了标准化示例．最后还给出了近似串匹配算法在地址匹配阶段应用的伪代码．     

基于栅格影像的地理编码数据库开发研究

主要分析了国内开发地理编码数据库的需求、目标和包含的内容,以及采集地址数据的方法和特色,并阐述了基于栅格影像开发地理编码数据库的技术思想,最后结合北京市地理编码数据库的应用目标提出了一套完整的技术实现方案。     

基于地名相似度算法与空间场景相似性评价的地址规范化研究

地理编码技术通过将位置信息的文字表述转化为经纬度坐标为地理位置信息相关的科研提供数据支持。在地理编码过程中,地址描述性文字可能存在大量内容不正确、不准确、错别字、同音字等问题,从而导致无法进行准确地址匹配。该文针对以上问题提出了一种地址规范化的方法,通过地名相似度算法将待规范地名与标准地名库记录进行匹配,并结合空间场景相似性对结果进行评价,从而提高地址匹配的准确度。最后通过相关公共卫生数据验证了方法的可行性与准确性。     

基于地理实体特征的地址空间分类方法研究

在分析传统MIS对地址的语义属性结构分类和GIS对地理实体标识的几何属性分析方法特点的基础上,提出了基于地理实体特征的语义地址空间数据分类方法,这些方法的研究为MIS和GIS之间的地址信息共享搭建了关联桥梁,并为面向空间和属性的地址编码及数据模型设计提供了新思路.     

模拟PGIS平台的标准地址数据库的建库方案研究

本文对警用地理信息系统(PGIS)平台、警用地理信息数据库以及标准地址数据库进行了介绍,并结合我校实例对标准地址数据库的建库方案进行了研究,设计了我校的地址编码,最后对我校标准地址数据库建库的具体步骤进行了详细的阐述。     

城市地理编码系统应用与研究

给出了地理编码系统体系结构，剖析了该系统的各组成部分，其中对地理编码数据库和地址匹配两部分进行了重点描述，将自动机理论和动态规划算法应用到地理编码系统中，最后介绍了在实际中的应用情况。     

三颗高分辨率星载SAR的定位模型构建及其定位精度评价

随着TerraSAR-X,Cosmo-SkyMed和Radarsat-2这三颗高分辨率SAR卫星的成功发射,国内越来越多的用户开始通过商业渠道或通过参与SAR数据的应用示范项目免费获取到这三颗卫星的SAR数据。要很好地应用SAR数据必须首先解决其地理编码或几何校正问题,而该问题的核心是解决SAR定位模型的建立和解算方法,在此基础上就可以实现SAR影像的地球椭球校正地理编码(Geocoding of Ellipsoid Correction,GEC)处理,增强地球椭球地理编码(Enhanced Elliposid Correction,EEC)和地形校正地理编码(Geocoding of Terrain Correc-tion,GTC)或正射校正。本文研究并实现了这三颗高分辨率SAR数据的定位模型构建方法,并对GEC效果进行了评价。结果表明本文发展的定位模型构建方法是正确的,为实现这三颗高分辨率卫星SAR数据的EEC和GTC处理奠定了基础。     

地理编码在空间数据仓库ETL中的应用

空间数据仓库可以有效地管理和利用空间信息以便支持空间分析和决策支持．在空间数据的抽取、转换和加载中如何有效地把非空间信息与空间信息融合起来，是空间数据仓库ETL实现的难点．将地理编码技术引入到空间数据仓库ETL中，给出了融合地理编码模块的ETL体系机构．同时为了提高地址匹配能力，将动态规划算法应用到地理编码地址匹配中，并对算法做了改进．给出了完整的应用示例。     

Evaluating a location distortion model to improve reverse geocoding through temporal semantic signatures

Reverse geocoding is a process that maps coordinates to a set of location identifiers such as addresses or toponyms. What makes the reverse geocoding process challenging is the uncertainty of the position being asked and the point features used to represent places. In recent years, due to advances in locating technologies, large amounts of location-based data have been produced in location-based social networks such as the Yelp, Foursquare, and Swarm. These data are a rich source of information about the patterns of people's behaviors in different places. In this paper, with the help of these data, the enhancement of spatial distance-only reverse geocoding has been attempted. The main purpose of this paper is to develop and validate an algorithm for matching categories in the Yelp and Swarm services. In this way, the data from the Yelp were used for generating temporal behavior data and the data from Swarm were used for collecting check-in data. Since the data from Yelp and Swarm services have different categorization structures, integrating these two structures was one of the main challenges of our study. After matching the categories of Yelp and Swarm services, the obtained temporal behavior data for all data sets of Yelp were used in the process of reverse geocoding for Swarm check-in data. In our study, linear, rational and sinusoidal functions were used for distorting the spatial distance with temporal check-in probability in the process of reverse geocoding. In addition, two sets of data include training and test data were used for determining the parameters of the model and validating the results. In this way, it was found that by combining a linear model with temporal behavior data, the results of spatial distance-only reverse geocoding can be improved by 29.96% for the Mean Reciprocal Rank index (a statistical measure for evaluating any process that produces a list of responses, ordered by probability of correctness) and 105.73% for the First Position index (which counts the number of correctly identified POIs). The findings of our study confirmed that the extended set of temporal probabilities of POI categories obtained from Yelp and Swarm gives better results than previous studies. The strengths of our method was demonstrated by validating it against a spatial distance only baseline by the Mean Reciprocal Rank and the First Position indices.     

Assessing the Certainty of Locations Produced by an Address Geocoding System

Addresses are the most common georeferencing resource people use to communicate to others a location within a city. Urban GIS applications that receive data directly from citizens, or from legacy information systems, need to be able to quickly and efficiently obtain a spatial location from addresses. In this paper we understand addresses in a broader perspective, in which not only the conventional elements of postal addresses are considered, but other kinds of direct or indirect references to places, such as building names, postal codes, or telephone area codes, which are also valuable as locators to urban places. This broader view on addresses allows us to work with two perspectives. First, in the ontological definition, modeling, and implementation of an addressing database that is flexible enough to accommodate the variety of concepts and address formats used worldwide, along with direct and indirect references to places. Second, in the definition of an indicator that is able to quantify the degree of certainty that could be reached when a user-given, semi-structured address is geocoded into a spatial position, as a function of the type and completeness of the available addressing data and of the geocoding method that has been employed. This indicator, which we call Geocoding Certainty Indicator (GCI), can be used as a threshold, beyond which the geocoded event should be left out of any statistical analysis, or as a weight that allows spatial analysis methods to reduce the influence of events that have been less reliably located. In order to support geocoding activities and the determination of the GCI, we propose a conceptual schema for addressing databases. The schema is flexible enough to accommodate a variety of addressing systems, at various levels of detail, and in different countries. Our intention is to depart from the usual geocoding strategy employed in commercial GIS products, which is usually limited to the average American or British address format. The schema also extends the notion of postal address to something broader, including popular names for places, building names, reference places, and other concepts. This approach extends Simpson’s and Yu’s Comput. Environ. Urban Syst., 27: 283–307, 2003 work on postal codes to records of any kind, including place names and loosely formatted addresses.     

基于模糊匹配策略的城市中文地址编码系统

在研究空间数据地址编码技术的基础上,根据城市地址数据库特定存储格式,选取适于城市中文地址的切分方案,提出一种基于K叉地址树的模糊匹配策略,将地址数据以K叉树形式进行存储。采用分支定界思想探测并排除无效匹配结点,并应用模糊规则对匹配结果进行评价及筛选,从而提高地址匹配的效率和准确度。应用杭州市1∶10 000矢量地图数据验证了该编码系统的有效性。