泛系思维与应用：科学技术,方法论,创新与智能信息处理（Ⅱ）（下）

本文续前期论述泛系思维的框架和方法论、创新运筹与智能信息处理问题,简化强化地介绍了几十种泛系理法及其应用,具体内容包括：泛系思维简式、泛系原则、泛系螺旋、显生原则、系统原则,广义系统、局整关系、分析与综合、整体性、结构与功能、遗憾原则、况分三故、等价原则、竞标律、层标模型、简休５０计、转化原则、泛系数学建模总体转化模式、泛对称普适原则、广义量化、泛积原理、模糊控制、故障诊断的专家系统、数学建模三范     

Nondegeneracy tests for hexahedral cells

The aims of the paper are to consider the nondegeneracy requirement for computational grids and to analyze eight tests used to check the nondegeneracy of hexahedral cells. The paper starts with consideration of nondegeneracy requirement and formulation of definitions and common theorems utilized for estimation of nondegeneracy of grids both structured and unstructured. Then hexahedral cells are introduced and sufficient nondegeneracy conditions (Ushakova, 2000) for them are given. Sufficient nondegeneracy conditions are 27 inequalities for 32 tetrahedral volumes. Besides sufficient nondegeneracy conditions other conditions are applied as nondegeneracy tests in grid generation theory and practice. Considered nondegeneracy tests are the checks for positivity of different values. Tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 check the positivity of 8, 10, 24, 32, 58, 48 tetrahedral volumes, correspondingly. Test 7 verifies the positivity of the volume of a cell. Test 8 checks the positivity of the Jacobian of the mapping used for generation of a cell. The check is performed at the corners of a cell and hex center. Tests 1, 7, 8 are often used in commercial packages. For the most part, nondegeneracy tests are not sufficient nondegeneracy conditions, however they are used for the purpose of constructing nondegenerate grids and, some times, instead of sufficient nondegeneracy conditions. The effectiveness and reliability of such substitutions are investigated in special numerical experiments with random numbers. In the numerical experiment for each test, hexahedral cells are generated randomly. Results of such experiments are the following. Among eight tests, test 2 is considered the best since it verifies the volumes of only 10 tetrahedra for positiveness, guarantees the nondegeneracy in most of cases (68.7% randomly generated hexahedral cells satisfying test 2) and covers a wide class of cells (about 60% of nondegenerate cells). Tests 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 have success in 31.7%, 83.1%, 100%, 100%, 39.5%, 0.2%, 34% of cases and cover 100%, 7.9%, 7.9%, 4.2%, 59.5%, 100%, 100% of nondegenerate cells, correspondingly. Because of high rate of success, tests 3, 4, 5 also can be used for grid generation purpose. All tests are illustrated by the examples of structured grids.     

Empirically assessing factors related to DSS benefits

This paper reports the results of a field study surveying 201 US business managers to test the relationship between decision support systems (DSS) benefits and a list of factors expected to affect them. DSS benefits considered are: decision quality, competitive edge, improved communication, cost reduction, increased productivity, time savings, overall satisfaction, overall cost effectiveness and total benefits. The determinants of DSS benefits fall into four broad categories encompassing attributes of the industry (strategic position and degree of competition), the organization (size of organization, task structuredness, frequency of use, quality of training, organization support and vendor support), the DSS (timeliness of output, completeness of output, accuracy of output, relevance of output, flexibility, range of alternatives and user-friendliness) and of the DSS user (age of user, experience with DSS, experience on job, education level, attitude of user and expectations of user). Correlation coefficients and incremental R square measures (stepwise regression) show that much of the variance (52-84%) in each of the benefits can be explained by the factors included in the study. Based on the results, managerial recommendations on how to proceed to increase DSS benefits are presented.     

基于高阶累积量的数字调制信号识别方法

通信信号调制方式自动识别在信号检测、威胁分析、频谱监测等领域有着重要的地位,是非合作通信关注的关键技术.针对单一累积量调制信号识别有限且识别率低等问题,利用信号的二、四、六阶累积量特征所构造的矢量集,实现了MASK、MPSK、MFSK、MQAM四类信号的类间识别,以及2ASK、4ASK、8ASK,2PSK、4PSK、8PSK,2FSK、4FSK、8FSK,4QAM、16QAM、64QAM的类内识别.在Matlab环境下进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,该方法在信噪比大于5 dB时可以达到90％以上的识别率.     

GIS在环境影响评价中的应用探析

自1979年我国的EIA制度正式建立以来,其评价原理,方法和技术不断发展,但目前EIA中的许多研究领域还不成熟。没有制定出正式的导则和规范,还需要引进其它学科的技术,使其不断完善和提高,首先论述了GIS在EIA中应用的必要性和可能性,然后介绍了GIS在EIA中应用的领域,在对国内外现状进行分析的基础上,又对GIS在EIA中的应用前景做了展望。     

The dark side of the Internet: Attacks,costs and responses

The Internet and Web technologies have originally been developed assuming an ideal world where all users are honorable. However, the dark side has emerged and bedeviled the world. This includes spam, malware, hacking, phishing, denial of service attacks, click fraud, invasion of privacy, defamation, frauds, violation of digital property rights, etc. The responses to the dark side of the Internet have included technologies, legislation, law enforcement, litigation, public awareness efforts, etc. In this paper, we explore and provide taxonomies of the causes and costs of the attacks, and types of responses to the attacks.     

基于激光传感器的稻种轮廓形状测量方法研究

稻种轮廓形状测量是稻种基于形状特征识别的前提条件.以激光传感器采集到的稻种表面点云为基础,提出了一种基于主平面剖视图投影的稻种轮廓形状测量方法.通过主成份分析法校正点云模型的坐标系,利用主平面投影法获取稻种的六视图投影模型,应用Alpha Shape算法提取投影点云模型的边缘轮廓,并计算稻种投影模型的周长、面积、长、宽、长宽比、最大半径、最小半径、半径比、圆形度等9个形状特征参数.选取大华香糯、豫粳6号、新稻10号3大类,每种各200粒稻种作为试验样品,采用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络模型对提取到的形状特征进行训练识别,识别率分别达到96%,94%,98%.结果表明:基于激光传感器的稻种轮廓形状测量方法能够较好地适用到稻种识别中.     

构件化领域框架设计与实现

文中介绍了由东北大学软件中心研究的构件化领域框架系统ＮＥＳＣ。它以构件技术、软件体系结构技术和应用软件开发技术为基础,采用了界面、规则和存储的层次化结构,实现了规则控制、时空关系描述、可视化信息表达、构件静态组合、功能动态组合、分布式构件管理等功能。框架体系结构设计通过应用－技术二维划分、功能提取、局部封闭和全局分层等技术实现,可望达到合理规划设计构件,简化依赖关系,提高运动效率,增强构件通用性以     

面向物联网的区块链共识机制综述

随着数字货币的不断发展,区块链技术引起越来越多人的关注,而对其关键技术共识机制的研究尤为重要。将区块链技术应用在物联网（IoT）中是目前研究的热点问题之一。共识机制是区块链的核心技术之一,其在去中心化程度、交易处理速度、交易确认延迟、安全性以及可扩展性等方面对IoT产生了重要影响。首先对IoT的体系结构特征以及资源受限问题造成的轻量化问题作了阐述,对在IoT中实现区块链所面临的问题作了简要概述,并结合比特币的运行流程对IoT中的区块链需求进行了分析;其次,把共识机制分为证明类、拜占庭类和有向无环图（DAG）类,研究了这些不同类别的共识机制的工作原理,在通信复杂度上分析它们与IoT的适应度,总结它们的优缺点,并对现有的共识机制和IoT结合的架构进行了调研分析;最后,针对IoT面临的中心机构运行成本高、可扩展性差、安全性存在隐患等问题进行了深入研究,分析结果表明,基于DAG技术的埃欧塔（IOTA）和Byteball共识机制在交易数量很多的情况下具有交易处理速度快、可扩展性好、安全性强的优点,是未来IoT领域区块链共识机制的发展方向。     

医学影像疾病诊断的残差神经网络优化算法研究进展

残差神经网络（residual neural network,ResNet）及其优化是深度学习研究的热点之一,在医学图像领域应用广泛,在肿瘤、心脑血管和神经系统疾病等重大疾病的临床诊断、分期、转移、治疗决策和靶区勾画方面取得良好效果。本文对残差神经网络的学习优化进行了总结：阐述了残差神经网络学习算法优化,从激活函数、损失函数、参数优化算法、学习衰减率、归一化和正则化技术等6方面进行总结,其中激活函数的改进方法主要有Sigmoid、tanh、ReLU、PReLU（parameteric ReLU）、随机化ReLU（randomized leaky ReLU,RReLU）、ELU（exponential linear units）、Softplus函数、NoisySoftplus函数以及Maxout共9种;损失函数主要有交叉熵损失、均方损失、欧氏距离损失、对比损失、合页损失、Softmax-Loss、L-Softmax Loss、A-Softmax Loss、L2 Softmax Loss、Cosine Loss、Center Loss和焦点损失共12种;学习率衰减总结了8种,即分段常数衰减、多项式衰减、指数衰减、反时限衰减、自然指数衰减、余弦衰减、线性余弦衰减和噪声线性余弦衰减;归一化算法有批量归一化和提出批量重归一化算法;正则化方法主要有增加输入数据、数据增强、早停法、L1正则化、L2正则化、Dropout和Dropout Connect共7种。综述了残差网络模型在医学图像疾病诊断中的应用研究,梳理了残差神经网络在肺部肿瘤、皮肤疾病、乳腺癌、大脑疾病、糖尿病和血液病等6种疾病诊断中的应用研究;对深度学习在医学图像未来发展进行了总结和展望。     

中国书法的文化性关切

书法通过线、形、墨、空白、纸张的和谐性的展示,表现了书法的力、势、骨、气、韵、趣等美感性,目击道存般的人格心性以及情韵境界的高迈性。书法背后的相关文化元素至少包含技法的哲理性、内容的诗意性、印章的感染性、音乐的律动性、绘画的同源性与冲击力、审美的体验性以及境界的和谐性等。     

基于液浮陀螺的飞行器用的高精度惯性平台设计

设计了平台应用于飞行器轨迹的背景,研究了平台结构特点,从平台系统模型的角度分析了高精度三轴惯性稳定平台的工作原理;基于飞行器轨迹平台的特点,设计了一种新型的陀螺安装方式,利用直接驱动具有高精度、高速度、机械结构简单、可靠等优点,理论分析证明了此种安装方式的可行性和优越性,推导了系统的传递函数,且就偏心距和陀螺仪漂移的影响进行了仿真分析.     

通用社会信息采集系统分析与设计

针对大量社会信息采集的需求和特点，从模块划分、架构设计、组件设计等方面加以论述，同时对数据通信中的可靠性和安全性、数据库差异化建模、数据库绑定、数据库重组、数据库迁徙等信息管理系统问题进行论述，深入探讨一种可通用的信息采集平台的设计，为可通用、已扩展、灵活高效的数据采集系统的设计与构建提供了一般性思路。     

基于一种改进CORDIC算法的MATH处理器设计与优化

在精密的电机数控领域中,对三角函数运算的硬件架构性能指标日渐严格。针对传统CORDIR算法求解三角运算时存在迭代次数多、迭代周期长、输入角度范围小等局限性,提出了对其进行角度预处理、镜像迭代、角度补偿、区间换算以及合并迭代结构等优化,并最终完成高精度计算三角函数的MATH处理器设计。在硬件实现上,本处理器在输入角度及坐标范围得到明显优化,计算速率显著倍增,且精度完全满足设计标准,适配于高精度电机驱动等应用领域。     

对智能多Agent系统的关键技术研究

文章主要对智能多Agent系统涉及的关键技术进行研究,描述了分布式人工智能与Agent的概念,详细阐述了Agent系统的模型、工作过程、特性、分类和结构,讨论了多Agent之间的通信模式、类型、机制和语言,以及Agent协作与协调方式等。     

泛系思维与应用：科学技术,方法论,创新与智能信息处理（Ⅱ）（上）

本文续前论述乏系思维的框架和方法论、创新运筹与智能信息处理问题,简化强化地介绍了几十种泛系理法及其应用,具体内容包括：泛系思维简式、泛系原则、泛系螺旋、显生原则、系统原则、广义系统、局整关系、分析与综合、整体性、结构与功能、遗憾原则、竞分三故、等价原则、竞标律、层标模型、简化５０计、转化原则、泛系数学建模总体转化模式、泛对称普适原则、广义量化、泛积原理、模糊控制、故障诊断的专家系统、数学建模三范畴     

物联网技术在中原油田的应用前景

物联网是信息技术和工业化发展融合的产物,是互联网的延伸和扩展。在计算机技术发展和工业信息化不断推进的背景下,中原油田已经充分认识到信息化改造对提升竞争力的重要性,物联网是建设数字油田、智能油田的关键。物联网能够将物品与互联网相连接,进行信息交换和通信,以实现对物品的智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理。本文首先简要介绍物联网发展现状,其次介绍了物联网关键技术,最后介绍了物联网在中原油田的应用前景。     

On Educational Ergonomics

Abstract

This paper represents an effort to establish an inter-disciplinary field of research toward total educational effectiveness. The traditional educational delivery lacks any systems perspective and precision. The application of ergonomics to education has received only limited attention. A systems analysis has identified 5 components for educational ergonomics: (1) learning ergonomics, (2) instructional ergonomics, (3) orgonomics of educational facilities, (4) ergonomics of educational oqutpment, and (5) the ergonomics of educational environment.

Learning ergonomics explores such areas as educational skills of handwriting, roading, drawing, instrument manipulation, class scheduling and school scheduling, research in examinations, management of learning activities, and grading systems. The instructional ergonomics covers textbook design, teaching devices, instruction techniques, classroom conducts, lecture preparation, and educational T.V. Ergonomics of educational facilities concerns educational furniture, laboratory and library ergonomics, classroom and office design, and equipment allocation. Ergonomics of education equipment investigates needs analysis, C/D design, allocation of equipment, performance analyses, and its safety and construction. Ergonomics of educational environment includes such things as illumination, colour, noise, space utilization, and allocation of equipment. Within each variable, research is reviewed and typical studies are suggested. The value of an integrated discipline of educational ergonomics is also discussed.