多气体的SVM数据融合定性识别方法

针对基于神经网络的多气体定性识别方法中存在的过学习和泛化能力差的问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)与多传感器数据融合的多气体定性识别方法。该方法采用结构化风险最小化准则的多类分类支持向量机对由多个气体传感器、温度和湿度传感器组成的传感阵列的数据进行融合,克服了传统方法的缺陷,消除了环境温度与湿度等因素的影响,实现了100%的定性识别率,实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

融合多源信息的地表气温插值研究

为了提高地表气温的插值精度,提出了融合多源信息的地表气温插值方法,该方法以地表气温和辅助信息之间显著相关为前提条件,利用多元地统计（拟协同克里金、基于局部变化均值的简单克里金、带外部漂移的克里金）来实现多源信息的融合。对中国720多个气象站2008年8月的月平均地表气温进行了空间插值实验,实验结果表明,综合考虑两种辅助信息的SKlm和KED插值方法最优,其原因在于：1）地表气温和海拔及地表温度显著相关,海拔反映地表气温的总体趋势,而地表温度更侧重反映它的局部趋势,综合考虑它们能更准确地预测地表气温。2）SKlm和KED均是基于非二阶平稳的插值方法,而地表气温的空间分布往往呈非平稳性,因此它们要优于其他方法。     

传感器网络中的分布式滚动时域状态估计

利用分布式滚动时域方法对无线传感器网络的状态估计问题进行研究,给出了基于量化测量值的滚动时域估计算法。在无线传感器网络的环境下处理分布式状态估计问题时,减少通信的成本是非常重要的一个环节,需要将观测值量化后再传送。以往的滚动时域估计方法无法处理量化观测值的状态估计问题,而本文的方法考虑了最严格的观测值量化情况即传感器只发送一个比特至融合中心的状态估计问题。与其它传感器网络中的状态估计方法相比,该方法减少了每一步的计算量。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

High-resolution satellite image fusion using regression kriging

Image fusion is an important component of digital image processing and quantitative image analysis. Image fusion is the technique of integrating and merging information from different remote sensors to achieve refined or improved data. A number of fusion algorithms have been developed in the past two decades, and most of these methods are efficient for applications especially for same-sensor and single-date images. However, colour distortion is a common problem for multi-sensor or multi-date image fusion. In this study, a new image fusion method of regression kriging is presented. Regression kriging takes consideration of correlation between response variable (i.e., the image to be fused) and predictor variables (i.e., the image with finer spatial resolutions), spatial autocorrelation among pixels in the predictor images, and the unbiased estimation with minimized variance. Regression kriging is applied to fuse multi-temporal (e.g., Ikonos, QuickBird, and OrbView-3) images. The significant properties of image fusion using regression kriging are spectral preservation and relatively simple procedures. The qualitative assessments indicate that there is no apparent colour distortion in the fused images that coincides with the quantitative checks, which show that the fused images are highly correlated with the initial data and the per-pixel differences are too small to be considered as significant errors. Besides a basic comparison of image fusion between a wavelet based approach and regression kriging, general comparisons with other published fusion algorithms indicate that regression kriging is comparable with other sophisticated techniques for multi-sensor and multi-date image fusion.     

无线传感器网络疑误数据节点自动诊断方法

为了提高无线传感器网络疑误数据检测能力,提出基于轮换调度的无线传感器网络疑误数据节点自动诊断方法。通过采用分块区域特征匹配的方法,得到无线传感器网络疑误数据传输的梯度模型,采用资源优化分配方案,进行数据传输信道的均衡调度,得到节点部署分布模型。通过传感信息跟踪采样方法,得到采样信息分布,建立无线传感器网络疑误数据信息特征分析,通过分组特征检测方法进行无线传感器网络疑误数据的信息融合和空间融合调度,提取无线传感器网络疑误数据的关联规则特征集,通过统计信息分析和融合调度的方法,进行无线传感器网络疑误数据的聚类挖掘,采用预算估计算法,得到疑误数据节点定位优化,结合自主学习算法,实现无线传感器网络疑误数据节点的优化定位和诊断检测。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行无线传感器网络疑误数据节点检测的自适应性较好,特征辨识能力较强。     

Integrating remote sensing and spatial statistics to model herbaceous biomass distribution in a tropical savanna

Modelling herbaceous biomass is critical for an improved understanding of wildlife feeding patterns and distribution as well as for the development of early warning systems for fire management. Most savannas in South Africa are characterized by complex stand structure and abundant vegetation species. This has prohibited accurate estimation of biomass in such environments. We investigated the possibility of improving biomass predictions in tropical savannas using cokriging. Individual bands and ratios computed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery were correlated with field measurements of biomass covering the Kruger National Park, South Africa. The band that yielded the highest correlation with biomass was then used for further analysis using cokriging. Three variogram models were developed: one for the herbaceous biomass, one for the best MODIS band and a cross variogram between all pairs of variables involved in the estimation. The variogram models were then used in cokriging to predict biomass distribution over the whole study area. Results indicate that a combination of remotely sensed data with field biomass measurements through cokriging improves the estimation accuracy compared to ordinary kriging and stepwise linear regression. Given the high temporal resolution of the freely available MODIS imagery, the result is critical for the improved monitoring and management of wildlife habitats.     

A sequential indicator simulation program for categorical variables with point and block data: BlockSIS

Stochastic simulation of facies or geologic units is important before the assignment of continuous rock properties. Sequential indicator simulation (SIS) remains a reasonable approach when there are no clear genetic shapes that could be put into object-based modeling. Constraining SIS to soft secondary data coming from geological interpretation or geophysical measurements is important. There are a number of techniques including indicator kriging (IK) with a local mean, collocated cokriging, Bayesian updating, permanence of ratios, block kriging and block cokriging. BlockSIS implements all of these and more (nine all together). The images may also be cleaned using maximum a -posteriori selection.     

Whole field validation of numerical and experimental results

The kriging estimator and its associated covariance model are introduced as a means of describing the verisimilitude of spatial datasets describing flow-fields in their entirety, and further as a means of interpreting and blending said datasets. In this manner a means of comparing uncertain nodal data from numerical models and experimental flow-field anemometry is developed. For spatial datasets, this activity has heretofore been considered to be a simple extension of established methodologies in validation and verification, which have been developed with the validation of scalar data – lift, drag, point velocity components or pressure, in mind. It is demonstrated that a more complex and complete comparison arises when the entire fields of data are correlated via spatial covariance functions, instead. These spatial covariance functions then inform the subsequent estimation, smoothing and blending of velocity fields; known as cokriging. In this paper, the theoretical model underlying kriging estimation is elucidated, and the techniques are demonstrated with reference to Laser Doppler anemometry and Finite Volume modelling of a subsonic flow of air around an experimental model. It is proposed that by developing spatial correlations between datasets, a more rigorous and flexible model for spatial comparison and validation of flow-fields emerges.     

Min-max optimal data encoding and fusion in sensor networks

The paper considers a sensor network whose sensors observe a common quantity and are affected by arbitrary additive bounded noises with a known upper bound. During the experiment, any sensor can communicate only a finite and given number of bits of information to the decision center. The contributions of the particular sensors, the rules of data encoding, decoding, and fusion, as well as the estimation scheme should be designed to achieve the best overall performance in estimation of the observed quantity by the decision center. An optimal algorithm is obtained that minimizes the maximal feasible error. It is shown that it considerably outperforms the algorithm proposed in recent papers in the area and examined only in the idealized case of noiseless sensors.     

Multi-rate distributed fusion estimation for sensor networks with packet losses

This paper presents a distributed fusion estimation method for estimating states of a dynamical process observed by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with random packet losses. It is assumed that the dynamical process is not changing too rapidly, and a multi-rate scheme by which the sensors estimate states at a faster time scale and exchange information with neighbors at a slower time scale is proposed to reduce communication costs. The estimation is performed by taking into account the random packet losses in two stages. At the first stage, every sensor in the WSN collects measurements from its neighbors to generate a local estimate, then local estimates in the neighbors are further collected at the second stage to form a fused estimate to improve estimation performance and reduce disagreements among local estimates at different sensors. Local optimal linear estimators are designed by using the orthogonal projection principle, and the fusion estimators are designed by using a fusion rule weighted by matrices in the linear minimum variance sense. Simulations of a target tracking system are given to show that the time scale of information exchange among sensors can be slower while still maintaining satisfactory estimation performance by using the developed estimation method.     

基于贝叶斯数据融合的轨道车辆pt100温度检测系统设计

Pt100温度传感器是轨道车辆温度数据实时监测的常用传感器,其性能的好坏影响着人们对轨道车辆运行状态的判断.为了准确判断出存在故障的传感器,检测系统应包含精准的信号采集系统和有效的数据融合处理方法.首先对轨道车辆Pt100温度传感器信号采集系统的放大电路、A/D转换电路等进行设计,采集系统采用分段非线性多项式拟合算法,得到不同温度区间上的标度变换表达式;将一种基于贝叶斯估计算法的多传感器测量数据融合方法应用于采集信号的处理,判断轨道车辆Pt100温度传感器是否存在故障.研究结果表明,采用上述过程测量温度精准,融合误差小,能够有效筛选出发生故障的传感器.     

An incremental algorithm for clustering spatial data streams: exploring temporal locality

Clustering sensor data discovers useful information hidden in sensor networks. In sensor networks, a sensor has two types of attributes: a geographic attribute (i.e, its spatial location) and non-geographic attributes (e.g., sensed readings). Sensor data are periodically collected and viewed as spatial data streams, where a spatial data stream consists of a sequence of data points exhibiting attributes in both the geographic and non-geographic domains. Previous studies have developed a dual clustering problem for spatial data by considering similarity-connected relationships in both geographic and non-geographic domains. However, the clustering processes in stream environments are time-sensitive because of frequently updated sensor data. For sensor data, the readings from one sensor are similar for a period, and the readings refer to temporal locality features. Using the temporal locality features of the sensor data, this study proposes an incremental clustering (IC) algorithm to discover clusters efficiently. The IC algorithm comprises two phases: cluster prediction and cluster refinement. The first phase estimates the probability of two sensors belonging to a cluster from the previous clustering results. According to the estimation, a coarse clustering result is derived. The cluster refinement phase then refines the coarse result. This study evaluates the performance of the IC algorithm using synthetic and real datasets. Experimental results show that the IC algorithm outperforms exiting approaches confirming the scalability of the IC algorithm. In addition, the effect of temporal locality features on the IC algorithm is analyzed and thoroughly examined in the experiments.     

传感器网络中数据驱动的睡眠调度机制

在能量受限的传感器网络中,尽量延长网络寿命同时保证服务质量(如感知覆盖和数据完整)是关键的研究问题.节点睡眠调度能有效延长网络寿命.研究数据驱动的睡眠调度机制,利用感知数据的时空相关性识别冗余节点.核心思想是用非参数回归方法为节点建立预测模型,求解最大支配数的节点支配集,调度多个支配集轮流工作.睡眠节点的数据可以由支配集节点恢复.分别给出集中式、半分布式和分布式3个睡眠调度方法.据知,这是第1个将统计回归模型用于睡眠调度并扩展到大规模网络的研究.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地减少活跃节点个数,节省能耗从而延长网络寿命,同时在用户指定误差范围内保证数据的完整性.     

Interactive 3D visualization for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks open up a new realm of ubiquitous computing applications based on distributed large-scale data collection by embedded sensor nodes that are wirelessly connected and seamlessly integrated within the environment. 3D visualization of sensory data is a challenging issue, however, due to the large number of sensors used in typical deployments, continuous data streams, and constantly varying network topology. This paper describes a practical approach for interactive 3D visualization of wireless sensor network data. A regular 3D grid is reconstructed using scattered sensor data points and used to generate view-dependent 2D slices that are consequently rendered with commodity graphics hardware leading to smooth visualization over space and time. Furthermore, the use of efficient space partitioning data structures and the independent processing of sensor data points facilitates interactive rendering for large number of sensors while accommodating constantly changing network topology. The practical value of the proposed method is demonstrated and results obtained for visualizing time-varying temperature distributions in an urban area are presented.     

Cokriging with airborne MSS imagery

The coregionalization of radiation sensed by an airborne multispectral scanner (MSS) and both the green leaf area index (GLAI) of barley and the biomass of pasture has been investigated and modeled. In both crops there was fairly strong spatial interdependence with the radiation, even though the simple correlation was weak. The auto and cross variograms showed dependence extending to some 15 m. These functions were used with the data to estimate GLAI and biomass by cokriging, and to calculate the estimation variances. The results showed that whereas simple regression would have provided worthless estimates, cokriging with the MSS data both increased the precision of the estimates above that attainable by auto kriging, and allowed the planning of a new survey with substantially less sampling effort. The study also revealed considerable redundancy in the MSS data.     

基于TinyOS2.x的温湿度传感器的底层驱动与应用

简要介绍了TinyOS操作系统基本架构和nesC语言组件编程方法,并剖析了SHTxx温湿度传感器的物理特性、温湿度计算原理、硬件电路设计;详细介绍了在TinyOS2.x操作系统下,SHTxx型温湿度传感器底层组件驱动程序的设计过程,并在集成有CC2530的硬件平台上验证了此驱动的可行性以及温湿度传感器的数据采集的系统方法。     

Distributed Kalman filtering via node selection in heterogeneous sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a strategy for distributed Kalman filtering over sensor networks, based on node selection, rather than on sensor fusion. The presented approach is particularly suitable when sensors with limited sensing capability are considered. In this case, strategies based on sensor fusion may exhibit poor results, as several unreliable measurements may be included in the fusion process. On the other hand, our approach implements a distributed strategy able to select only the node with the most accurate estimate and to propagate it through the whole network in finite time. The algorithm is based on the definition of a metric of the estimate accuracy, and on the application of an agreement protocol based on max-consensus. We prove the convergence, in finite time, of all the local estimates to the most accurate one at each discrete iteration, as well as the equivalence with a centralised Kalman filter with multiple measurements, evolving according to a state-dependent switching dynamics. An application of the algorithm to the problem of distributed target tracking over a network of heterogeneous range-bearing sensors is shown. Simulation results and a comparison with two distributed Kalman filtering strategies based on sensor fusion confirm the suitability of the approach.     

气体传感器阵列温度漂移抑制的研究

半导体气体传感器存在漂移问题,温度变化对漂移的影响尤为明显.在气体传感器阵列中,可以加入温度、湿度等传感器,监测其工作环境.实验系统采用恒温箱设定一组温度,制备气体样本20例(两种浓度样本各10例),采集传感器对样本的响应;通过人工神经网络来识别样本;当有误判发生时,在原网络中引入温度传感器的响应值,消除了误判,在一定程度上抑制了漂移,改善了网络性能,验证了该温度漂移抑制方法的可行性.     

Optimized data rate allocation for dynamic sensor fusion over resource constrained communication networks

This article presents a new method to solve a dynamic sensor fusion problem. We consider a large number of remote sensors which measure a common Gauss–Markov process. Each sensor encodes and transmits its measurement to a data fusion center through a resource restricted communication network. The communication cost incurred by a given sensor is quantified as the expected bitrate from the sensor to the fusion center. We propose an approach that attempts to minimize a weighted sum of these communication costs subject to a constraint on the state estimation error at the fusion center. We formulate the problem as a difference-of-convex program and apply the convex-concave procedure (CCP) to obtain a heuristic solution. We consider a 1D heat transfer model and a model for 2D target tracking by a drone swarm for numerical studies. Through these simulations, we observe that our proposed approach has a tendency to assign zero data rate to unnecessary sensors indicating that our approach is sparsity-promoting, and an effective sensor selection heuristic.     

Collaborative target tracking in WSNs using the combination of maximum likelihood estimation and Kalman filtering

Target tracking using wireless sensor networks requires efficient collaboration among sensors to tradeoff between energy consumption and tracking accuracy. This paper presents a collaborative target tracking approach in wireless sensor networks using the combination of maximum likelihood estimation and the Kalman filter. The cluster leader converts the received nonlinear distance measurements into linear observation model and approximates the covariance of the converted measurement noise using maximum likelihood estimation, then applies Kalman filter to recursively update the target state estimate using the converted measurements. Finally, a measure based on the Fisher information matrix of maximum likelihood estimation is used by the leader to select the most informative sensors as a new tracking cluster for further tracking. The advantages of the proposed collaborative tracking approach are demonstrated via simulation results.