浅谈应急信息处理工作优化方向

应急信息作为突发事件应急处置过程的重要素材,关乎企业领导对现场的了解、掌控和决策。本文基于某能源企业应急管理体系,对应急信息处理的机制、制度、流程和渠道等方面的措施进行探讨,并围绕“快”、“准”、“全”、“连”四个方面,分析应急信息处理过程中的关键点,建立应急信息处理工作优化思路。     

基于综合集成研讨厅的应急虚拟会商系统

应急会商是应急处置活动中的重要环节,针对应急处置过程的复杂性和不确定性,分析了应急会商的功能需求,采用定性与定量相结合的综合集成研讨厅方法,构建了应急虚拟会商系统,提出了相应的实现技术框架和面向服务的体系架构。该系统对于实现信息化时代的高效应急处置具有重要意义。     

网络与信息安全应急通报研究

随着信息安全问题的日渐突出,如何进行应急管理已成为人们关注的重要问题。信息安全应急管理是一个动态的管理,包括预防、灾备、响应和恢复四个阶段,对一个国家来说,单由各信息系统运营单位来进行应急管理是不够的,必须加强顶层设计,自上而下进行应急管理、信息安全应急管理通报机制是应急管理过程中传递信息、积极应对、避免安全事件无限蔓延的有效手段一本文主要针对省级应急管理机构的通报机制进行研究,     

Survey of data management and analysis in disaster situations

The area of disaster management receives increasing attention from multiple disciplines of research. A key role of computer scientists has been in devising ways to manage and analyze the data produced in disaster management situations.In this paper we make an effort to survey and organize the current knowledge in the management and analysis of data in disaster situations, as well as present the challenges and future research directions. Our findings come as a result of a thorough bibliography survey as well as our hands-on experiences from building a Business Continuity Information Network (BCIN) with the collaboration with the Miami-Dade county emergency management office. We organize our findings across the following Computer Science disciplines: data integration and ingestion, information extraction, information retrieval, information filtering, data mining and decision support. We conclude by presenting specific research directions.     

Information filtering using a probabilistic model

We propose an information filtering system based on a probabilistic model. We make an assumption that a document consists of words which occur according to a probability distribution, and regard a document as a sample drawn according to that distribution. In this article, we adopt a multinomial distribution and represent a document as probability which has random values as the words in the document. When an information filtering system selects information, it uses the similarity between the user's interests (a user profile) and a document. Since our proposed system is constructed under the probabilistic model, the similarity is defined using the Kullback Leibler divergence. To create the user profile, we must optimize the Kullback Leibler divergence. Since the Kullback Leibler divergence is a nonlinear function, we use a genetic algorithm to optimize it. We carry out experiments and confirm effectiveness of the proposed method. This work was presented in part at the 10th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February 4–6, 2005     

应急状况下北斗短报文通信功能的应用

北斗卫星导航系统的短报文通信功能在传输容量和传输频率上具有一定的限制。在应急情况下,为了准确高效的进行信息的交互,通过对短报文传输协议的改进,提出了一套应急情况传输机制。将信息按照紧急程度进行划分,采取相应的处理方法,能够在有限的传输空间下,优先发送重要信息,提高传输效率,为应急状况的处理提供信息交互的保障。     

Enhancing Knowledge Management and Decision-Making Capability of China’s Emergency Operations Center Using Big Data

Emerging communication and computing technologies such as social media, Internet of Things and big data provide great opportunities to improve information management systems for emergency operations. This paper studies the issues of information management at China’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC), and proposes a data-driven knowledge management system (KMS) to support decisionmaking, coordination, and collaboration within EOCs and with the public. In the proposed KMS, big data analytics is employed to gather and analyze information from different knowledge domains and track how a crisis evolves in physical world and in cyber space. The proposed system aims at improving situation awareness of public opinions and regulating human behaviors in regards to an emergency. A case study is presented to explain how the proposed system is applied to improve decision-making during emergency.     

A novel approach for generic home emergency management and remote monitoring

This paper presents a novel home emergency management system (HEMS) for managing home emergency situations. The proposed solution is a generic and based on normalized technologies. First, we have identified a set of requirements that a robust HEMS should satisfy (interoperability, security, mobility, etc). Then, we have opted for an extended finite‐state machine to detect and manage emergency situations. We also adopted WebRTC to enable communication in an interoperable manner. For securing our HEMS, we have used HTTPS, password, contextual role–based access control, and we have finally installed all the public servers into a protected area. The result obtained from the test‐bed demonstrates that the proposed HEMS fills all the listed requirements. Furthermore, it gives very interesting results in terms of round‐trip delay time and scalability.     

Healing on the cloud: Secure cloud architecture for medical wireless sensor networks

There has been a host of research works on wireless sensor networks (WSN) for medical applications. However, the major shortcoming of these efforts is a lack of consideration of data management. Indeed, the huge amount of high sensitive data generated and collected by medical sensor networks introduces several challenges that existing architectures cannot solve. These challenges include scalability, availability and security. Furthermore, WSNs for medical applications provide useful and real information about patients’ health state. This information should be available for healthcare providers to facilitate response and to improve the rescue process of a patient during emergency. Hence, emergency management is another challenge for medical wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an innovative architecture for collecting and accessing large amount of data generated by medical sensor networks. Our architecture overcomes all the aforementioned challenges and makes easy information sharing between healthcare professionals in normal and emergency situations. Furthermore, we propose an effective and flexible security mechanism that guarantees confidentiality, integrity as well as fine-grained access control to outsourced medical data. This mechanism relies on Ciphertext Policy Attribute-based Encryption (CP-ABE) to achieve high flexibility and performance. Finally, we carry out extensive simulations that allow showing that our scheme provides an efficient, fine-grained and scalable access control in normal and emergency situations.     

Web环境下数据过滤方法研究

网络技术的发展使得Web环境下的信息系统迅速增加。传统开发模式中,系统数据过滤代码不能复用、处理效率低,并且开发工作量大,影响系统开发效率。本文提出了新的数据过滤方法,把数据过滤程序与系统功能页面分离,将过滤程序文件布置到服务器端。要过滤的数据由数据过滤函数一次性进行数据过滤并反馈数据过滤结果以及提示信息。该数据过滤方法实现了信息系统数据过滤的灵活定制和软件复用,减少了开发人员的重复工作。     

An autonomous ground robot to support firefighters' interventions in indoor emergencies

Intervention teams act in hostile scenarios where reducing mission times and accident risks is critical. In these situations, the availability of accurate information about the environment plays a key role in ensuring the well-being of rescuers and victims. This information required to plan the interventions in indoor emergencies encompasses the location of fires and the presence of dangerous gases. Robotics and remote sensing technologies can help emergency teams to obtain this information in real-time without exposing themselves. Additionally, the accurate simulation of the environments allows the teams to plan their interventions, creating routes to safely access the affected areas and evacuate the victims. This article presents a robotic solution developed to satisfy the demands of intervention teams. More specifically, it describes an autonomous ground robot that can obtain real-time location and environmental data from indoor fires, as well as a simulator that reproduces these emergency scenarios and facilitates mission planning. In this way, emergency teams can know the conditions in the scenario before, during, and after the intervention. Thus, risks are minimized by improving their situational awareness and reducing their exposure times during the mission. The system has been developed and validated in collaboration with the end-users and under realistic harsh environments. During these experiments, the robot was used to detect fire sources and cold smoke and provide environmental information to firefighters. Additionally, the simulator provided alternative routes for accessing and exiting the scene faster and safer by dodging potentially dangerous areas.     

A mathematical model for the diffusion of emergency warning messages during CBRNe emergencies

Understanding the diffusion of warning messages is essential to adequately respond to emergency events and situations. This is especially true in urgent scenarios, that is situations where external events are happening at the same rate or faster than the diffusion process itself. In this paper, an information diffusion model (Bass model) is proposed to study the spread of warning messages during emergencies involving urgent diffusion dynamics, for example a CBRNe event. In the present study, the Bass model is applied to two hazardous materials transportation accidents reported in the literature: the Pittsburgh phosphorus oxychloride release and the precautionary evacuation occurred in Confluence due to toxic chemicals released after a train derailment. Warning data collected from the two accidents and reported in published literature studies were used in this work and fitted with the Bass model. The diffusion of emergency warning messages is modelled as a two‐component system, where the spread of information is characterized by (a) a “broadcast process” that disseminates the emergency warning vertically (in the sense that many people are alerted simultaneously) and (b) a horizontal “contagion process” whereby people first hear of the event and then sequentially tell others (social media, word‐of‐mouth and peer‐to‐peer communication). The Bass model provided an excellent fit of the warning diffusion times related to both accidents suggesting that the very first phase of the warning process is sustained by a “broadcast” information diffusion process. However, after less than 1 hr from the beginning of the warning process the efficacy of its diffusion is dominated by the “contagion” component, that is the effectiveness of a robust social network between individuals. In conclusion, the Bass model proved to be a handy tool to assess epidemics spreading of information from the people who adopted the information. Our results suggest that the general Bass model applied to diffusion of emergency warning has the potential to provide key information in the management of emergencies. This approach can be applied right away by professional communicators, advisors and decision‐makers in case of a CBRNe event.     

Enterprise Resource Planning as the Trojan Horse for New Rules of Operations Management

The control of operations, for example; the flow of materials, the scheduling of production, the planning of capacity – these are central problem in operations management. A substantial body of technique, with attendant technologies, has been developed to facilitate the problem of control of operations. One such technique is Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP). This technique has developed in power and scope in concert with the development of power in computer based technology. From the perspective of the operations management literature, MRP has evolved into MRP II, and now into Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). MRP, and MRP II are systems that are embedded within the operations function, and can be controlled legitimately by the operations function; ERP is fundamentally different. ERP systems in their model implementation are enterprise wide, integrated systems. As an enterprise wide system, ERP has created an opportunity to distance the power to influence operations actions from the location of the function. This change has significant implications for the companies adopting the technology, and more specifically, for the profession of operations management. This paper develops a framework of analysis for this change, presents a set of small cases, and discusses some implications that can be drawn from the analysis. The “three arenas of information use – sense making, knowledge creating, and decision making” (Choo 1998, p.3) must be allowed to energize each other and this can only happen if organization wide information systems, such as ERP, respect and empower situated action, enable ambiguity, and allow the use of multiple interpretive frames as managers interact with the situations of operations management.     

Integrated sensor and management system for urban waste water networks and prevention of critical situations

This work describes the design and implementation of improvements to the monitoring system of an urban waste water network, resulting in more efficient management of the system. To achieve this objective, the latest communications technology has been incorporated into heterogeneous networks and sensor systems. This technology includes mobile systems, which take measurements and transmit images in real time, an intelligent platform for processing and management of variables, and the implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) designed with specific protocols and tools that allow the rapid deployment of the network and allow measurements to be taken in emergency situations. The sensors in this type of installation are extremely important for the management of the system as they allow us to collect information and make decisions with sufficient time to deal effectively with critical situations such as flooding or overloading of the waste water system, or environmental problems such as dumping of possible pollutants, as well as to make the best use of the water cycle. The solution presented here automates large portions of the processes, minimizing the possibility of human error, and increasing the frequency and accuracy of the measurements taken, ensuring a robust communication system covering all the elements involved to provide ubiquity of information, and finally gives an application layer to manage the system and receive alerts.     

基于位函数最优迭代的椒盐噪声滤波算法

为了减少图像中的椒盐噪声对后续图像处理的影响,针对高密度噪声污染图像,提出了基于位函数最优迭代 的椒盐噪声滤波算法。利用位函数的细节保证性能,最大限度地恢复图像的细节信息,使得高密度噪声污染图像也能得到较 好地恢复。实验结果表明,所提出的滤波算法具有较强的自适应性及较好的滤波效果。     

Location-based service using ontology-based semantic queries: A study with a focus on indoor activities in a university context

Much research on three-dimensional (3D) indoor geographic information systems (GIS) to date has been focused on 3D topological modeling in the context of emergency management and response. Besides emergency situations, however, little is known about other human activities and the effective use and retrieval of semantically relevant information about such activities based on route analysis in complex buildings regarding 3D indoor GIS. This study proposes a location-based service (LBS) using ontology-based semantic queries with a focus on the indoor activities in a university context. An ontology model called ‘University activity ontology’ is designed with regard to the indoor activities at a university for sharing, managing and querying data semantically. In particular, reasoning rules are created for semantic queries to retrieve and provide information about places relevant to a destination with keywords given by users. A 3D network-based topological data model is generated by connecting a road network model and indoor topological network model to calculate the shortest path from an outdoor/indoor location to an indoor destination of interest selected by users among suggested choices. For the implementation, a location-based GIS application is developed based on the Android operating system (OS) with interactive two-dimensional (2D) and 3D visualization.     

一种改进的粒子滤波算法及其在说话人跟踪中的应用

针对非线性、非高斯系统状态的在线估计问题,提出一种改进的粒子滤波算法,该算法综合考虑"优选建议分布函数"和"重采样"两种并行改进滤波性能的方法.首先通过Unscented卡尔曼滤波器产生系统的状态估计,并在协方差预测阶段引入衰减记忆因子,消弱滤波器对历史信息的依赖,增强当前量测信息对滤波器的修正作用,从而产生一个优选的建议分布函数,有效抑制了粒子退化现象;接着在重采样阶段引入MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)方法来构造马尔科夫链产生服从目标分布的粒子,使样本更加多样化,有效避免了粒子枯竭问题.最后,通过系统仿真及说话人跟踪实验,证明了该算法的有效性.     

Information sharing and interoperability: the case of major incident management

Public sector inter-organisational information sharing and interoperability is an area of increasing concern and intense investment for practice and an area of increasing scholarship. This paper focuses on one particular set of public sector organisations (emergency services) and illuminates the key technological and organisational issues they face concerning information sharing and interoperability. The particular contexts in which these are studied are ones where decisions are non-trivial and made in high-velocity environments. In these conditions the problems and significance of inter-organisational information sharing and interoperability are accentuated. We analyse data gathered from two studies: the first focused on ‘first responders’ (police, fire and ambulance services) in the United Kingdom. The second, a follow on study, with emergency service managers and interoperability project managers in the United Kingdom and the European Union. Using activity theory as a conceptual framework we describe the informational problems critical emergency responders face in their initial response to, and management of, an incident. We argue that rather than focusing on interoperability as a primarily technological issue it should be managed as an organisational and informational issue. Second, we argue that rather than designing for anomalous situations we should design systems, which will function during both anomalous and routine situations. Third, we argue for focus on harmonisation of policies, procedures and working practices.     

基于ASP的植物生理图片系统的实现

为了满足我院《植物生理》理论教学和实践教学中图片展示的需要,弥补理论教学的不足,并为远程网络教学提供网络资源;从植物生理图片的管理出发,分析了《植物生理》教学的要求,以教学满足教学要求为目的,采用B/S架构,针对植物切片扫描成的图片进行数字化管理的要求,开发出一套适合切片图片管理的系统.系统实现了切片图片的存储、管理、...     

面向虚拟企业联盟的多级信息滤波体系设计与实现

1.引言虚拟企业联盟是一个基于广域网络的动态信息集成系统。它的特点是信息系统构成的动态性和可重构性,需要根据用户的需求和企业的成员情况,高效率、高精度地提供相应信息资料。然而,随着企业联盟的不断扩大,用户需求的不断增加,网上查询需求及相应的信息搜索结果成指数地膨胀。在这种情况下,根据用户的需求,在动态的信息搜索结果中,利用信息滤波器准确地提取用户感兴趣的信息,有效地屏蔽信息“噪声”则变得越来越重要。