计算机犯罪及其立法和理论之回应(二)

二、立法和理论的应有回应 面对计算机犯罪所导致的立法滞后与理论滞后,刑法理论界应当直面挑战,先于立法机关而从理论上探讨反计算机犯罪立法的可行模式与法条设置,并及时修正传统刑法理论,指导刑事司法。 (一)立法的回应 与世界上发达国家相比,中国当前惩治计算机犯罪的刑事立法以及处罚计算机违法行为的行政法规略显滞后,难以适应司法现实。我们认为,总体而言,应当从以下几个方面加以完善。 1.制定专门的反计算机犯罪法 由于计算机犯罪尤其是网络环境中的计算机犯罪与传统犯罪相比较,存在诸多独特之处,因而发达国家在立法上往往倾向于制定、颁行专门的反计算机犯罪法,而不是仅在刑     

网络犯罪刑事管辖权问题研究

与传统犯罪相比,网络犯罪呈现出许多新的特点与形式,并由此引发出一些与传统刑事法律法规和刑法理论研究相冲突的问题。 本文试图以网络犯罪刑事管辖权作为研究的视角,以期对立法与司法有所裨益。     

刑法学视野下的“维基争密”事件

“维基解密”事件较典型的反映了当前网络犯罪的特征和类型。对网络犯罪的处理,既要传承传统的刑法规则和刑法理论,又要适当根据新情况进行立法调整。网络犯罪包括两种类型,一种是以网络信息系统为对象的犯罪,这类犯罪符合全新的犯罪构成要件,应由刑事立法单独规定为新类型犯罪;另一种是以网络信息系统为工具的犯罪,这类犯罪侵害的是传统法益,只是行为方式、社会危害稍有不同。国内当前刑事立法也正是反映了这一分类思想。     

关于计算机犯罪概念界定的探讨

我国计算机犯罪的刑事立法肇始于1997年,开中国计算机犯罪立法的历史先河,也表明我国刑法工作者应对历史挑战的积极态度.本文正是在前辈作者的基础上,承其余绪,将问题的研究引向深入,对我国计算机犯罪立法方式、犯罪构成、罪名界定以及此罪彼罪的界限等问题进行探讨.     

我国电子商务欺诈犯罪的刑事法律界定

关于电子商务欺诈犯罪的刑法定位问题，目前国内有两种观点，一种观点认为电子商务犯罪与一般刑事犯罪存在不同特征(主体特定性、危害严重性、证据缺乏性等)，加上现行刑事立法对电子商务诈骗犯罪的规定存在不足，所以认为应该修改现行立法，增设专门的“电子商务诈骗罪”罪名；另一种观点主张电子商务欺诈犯罪属于以计算机为犯罪工具实施的传统财产型犯罪，并非真正意义上的能够成为一种独立犯罪类型的计算机犯罪。     

跨国网络犯罪国际刑事司法协助的挑战和应对

跨国网络犯罪属于一种新兴的跨国犯罪类别，国际刑事司法协助因为其在打击跨国网络犯罪的过程中发挥的重要作用，越来越受到国际社会的关注和重视。但跨国网络犯罪与国际刑事司法协助固有特性的融合交叠容易诱发行管辖权激烈冲突、电子证据跨境调取困难和引渡受限等潜在法律风险。为了有效防范风险，推动跨国网络犯罪国际刑事发展协助的高效有序进行，应当完善协调管辖权冲突的规则，优化证据跨境调取的路径，完善引渡有关的制度。通过对跨国网络犯罪司法协助的途径以及具体规则的完善从而实现对跨国网络犯罪的治理。     

刑法视角下计算机犯罪概念的辨析

本文首先简要的介绍了几种关于计算机犯罪定义的学说,然后对刑法意义上的＂计算机犯罪概念＂进行了定位,最后论述了计算机犯罪的犯罪构成,为刑法理论和司法实践中准确认定该类犯罪提供了具体依据。     

简论计算机犯罪涉及的若干法律问题

计算机犯罪（Computer crime）作为一种特殊形态的犯罪,从全世界来看,已经有近四十年的历史,然而对其犯罪行为的界定尚缺乏统一而明确的主客观要件。近年来我国法律界对计算机犯罪这种传统犯罪形态以后的新的犯罪活动,从司法理论和立法实践上,进行了研究和探索。我国在1997年10月1日生效的新修订的《中华人民共和国刑法》中,对计算机犯罪的构成要件与量刑有了法律规定。这意味着对计算机犯罪的处罚有了最基本的法律依据,但还有许多问题需进一步研究。本文拟对计算机犯罪涉及的若干法律问题进行探讨。     

我国计算机犯罪的状况分析

1997年10月1日新修订的《中华人民共和国刑法》(以下简称《刑法》)正式实施前,我国对计算机犯罪案件还没有一个统一的司法认定标准,对利用计算机进行的犯罪一般都归入传统犯罪之列,以传统犯罪进行统计,因而对计算机犯罪的状况难以掌握。新修订的《刑法》颁布后,司法机关开始对计算机犯罪进行统计,但所持的标准却不尽一致。有的仅统计《刑法》第285、286条规定的计算机犯罪,即非法侵入计算机信息系统罪和破坏计算机信息系统罪;而有的将《刑法》第287条规定的利用计算机进行的各类犯罪也列入统计范畴;还有的将针     

试论我国刑事和解制度的完善

刑事和解是司法机关监督、协助刑事案件当事人之间进行协商,从而化解矛盾纠纷的一种刑事案件处理方式。我国刑事和解制度虽在刑事立法上得到了确认,但由于理论研究、司法实践的不足,尚不能充分发挥其诉讼价值。本文分析了我国刑事和解制度中存在的问题,并尝试在各项相关机制方面给予建议。     

Assessing Ideational and Evaluative Skills and Creative Styles and Attitudes

This article describes the rationale for the multiphase creative problem solving process, and reports the findings from an empirical investigation conducted to facilitate the problem solving of managers. The ideational skills of the managers were assessed before and after training in a complete process of creative problem solving, along with their ideational attitudes, creative problem solving style (i.e., generator, conceptualizer, optimizer, or implementor), and evaluative skill (i.e., ability to recognize original ideas). The most important findings indicated that the training had a significant impact on the evaluative accuracy of the managers. They were significantly more accurate in their judgments about original ideas after training, both in their identification of original ideas and their recognition of unoriginal ideas. After training, the managers also gave more solutions and more original solutions to problems. Finally, several variables (e.g., the “preference for active divergence” attitude, and the conceptualizer process style) seemed to moderate the impact of training. Training was therefore effective, with specific effects that can be predicted from pre-training individual differences in attitudes and process style.     

Semantics and verification of monitors and systems of monitors and processes

In this paper we present a sound and complete semantics for the monitor concept of C.A.R. Hoare. First a method for specification of monitors, introduced by O.-J. Dahl, is reviewed. This method is based on the relation between the historic sequence of monitor procedure calls and the historic sequence of monitor procedure exits. Based on such specifications and our new monitor semantics we present a method by which it is possible to prove that a concrete monitor is an implementation of an abstract one. In the last part of the paper an axiomatic semantics for systems of concurrent processes and monitors is introduced. The method supports verification by separation of concerns: Properties of the communication to and from each process are proven in isolation by a usual Hoare style axiomatic semantics, while abstract monitors are also specified in isolation by the method reviewed in the first part of the paper. These properties of the components of the system are then used in a new proof rule to conclude properties of the complete system. Stein Gjessing received a Ph.D. (actually a Dr. philos.) from the University of Oslo (Norway) in 1985. Presently he is an Associate Professor at the Institute of informatics, University of Oslo, Norway. Dr. Gjessings research interests are in the area of concurrent and distributed programming, operating systems, formal specification and verification and programming languages.     

Integrating and automating analysis and optimization

The development of an interface coupling program on personal computers for an analysis software system such as ANSYS, SAP, etc. and an optimization software system, MOST, is presented. By controlling and directing the communications the interface coupler integrates the two programs while retaining their versatility and interactive features. The integrated system is used to solve a numerical example of active noise control for a three-dimensional enclosure, in which an energy density level of control points is minimized by adding the sound source to cancel the unwanted noise. The interface coupling program automates with relatively low cost the iterative process for designing an engineering system, remaining flexible in acoustical modelling and efficient in equation solving. Also, the coupling interface is developed in a general-purpose way so that it can be expanded easily to integrate more analysis software packages of different kinds.     

国内外标准法规比对分析系统设计与实现

为发现我国国家标准与国外发达国家标准法规的差距,从根本上提高我国国家标准的总体质量,提升我国产品的质量安全水平,以关键指标(因子)为核心,研究国内外标准法规比对的工作流程,利用面向对象的方法设计,实现了国内外标准法规比对分析系统。该系统适用于所有产品国内外标准法规的比对工作。