Fairness-based joint call admission control for heterogeneous wireless networks: an SMDP approach

In heterogeneous wireless networks, both terminal heterogeneity and network heterogeneity give rise to the fairness problem of resource allocation. Due to the capability of exploiting the resources of multiple networks, the behavior of multi-mode terminals will have a great effect on single-mode terminals, and this influence becomes more severe when considering the different demands of different traffic. In this article, we propose a novel joint call admission control （JCAC） scheme to address this problem. The JCAC problem is modeled as a semi-Markov decision process （SMDP） with the aim of maximizing the average network revenue under tile constraints of the fairness among different terminals and traffic classes. Based on the SMDP, we design an algorithm to achieve a good tradeoff between revenue and fairness by dynamically adjusting the threshold of fairness constraints imposed on heterogeneous terminals. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the fairness among heterogeneous terminals and guarantee the priority and fairness among different traffic classes with little loss of network revenue compared with other schemes.     

基于MMPHDF的多机动目标联合检测、跟踪与分类算法

针对场景中存在新目标出现、旧目标消失(即目标数目变化)和密集杂波的复杂情形,利用多模型概率假设密度滤波器(MMPHDF)在多机动目标联合检测与跟踪上的优势,加入类别辅助信息,提出了一种多机动目标联合检测、跟踪与分类算法.该算法的基本思想是在MMPHDF中用属性向量扩展单目标状态向量,用位置和属性的组合测量似然函数代替单目标位置及杂波位置测量似然函数,提高了不同类目标与杂波测量间的鉴别能力,从而改善了目标数目及状态的估计精度;在更新目标状态后,对目标属性信息进行更新,更为精确的目标数目及状态估计又保证了目标分类性能.本文给出了该算法的粒子实现方法.仿真结果验证了上述结论.     

杂波环境中多机动目标自适应跟踪算法

针对多杂波多机动目标环境引起的跟踪误差和实时性问题,提出了一种结合IMMPDA和改进的IMMJPDA的自适应多机动目标跟踪算法,在跟踪过程中根据目标之间的距离来选择IMMPDA和改进的IMMJPDA算法中的一种跟踪方法,其中改进的IMMJPDA算法是根据每个模型产生的关联矩阵取并集产生关联矩阵。自适应多机动目标跟踪算法能在有效地提高跟踪实时性的同时,减小目标机动时位置误差的超调。通过蒙特卡罗仿真表明,算法是有效的。     

Research on tracking of maneuvering multi-target based on bionics for IRST system

This paper mainly studies bearing-only target tracking based on bionics for IRST system. Some solutions for the key problem are presented in order to apply in an actual bearing-only engineering system. They include sensor technology, measurement pretreatment technology, association gate technology, data association technology, state filtering technology, etc. The premise of these new approaches is designing an effective sensor system which can reliably search and track targets in a large range. Then, it is important to improve the confirming efficiency of the real target and limit false track overextension with the dense clutter. Then, tracking processing needs a precise target initialization information and association information between the existing target and isolated measurement. At the same time, the threat level of the bearing-only target needs to be estimated based on limited bearing-only information. Finally, aiming at unrecognized model and complex maneuvering motion for bearing-only target in polar coordinates, an effective approach of state filtering algorithm with appropriate computation cost will be given. The application of the proposed approach in an actual engineering system proves its effectiveness and practicability.     

划分交互式箱粒子概率假设密度滤波法

针对现有的多机动目标追踪问题,将交互式多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)思想与箱粒子概率假设密度滤波器(box probability hypothesis density filter,Box-PHD)相结合,并针对箱粒子在区间密集杂波等复杂环境下箱体偏大,所导致的箱粒子冗余和目标跟踪位置估计不精确等问题,引入箱粒子划分技术,提出一种划分交互式概率假设密度滤波(partitioned interacting multiple model probability hypothesis density filter,PIMM-Box-PHD)算法,来处理椭圆形多机动目标的跟踪问题。该算法首先在预测阶段针对多目标的机动问题引入IMM预测,利用多模型交互方法来解决目标运动时模型失配问题;其次,利用箱划分技术将预测得到的箱粒子划分为大小和权值相同的多个子箱,以提高目标位置估计精度;最后,利用Box-PHD滤波对划分后的小箱粒子集进行区间量测更新。利用实验验证了PIMM-Box-PHD算法在多机动目标跟踪方面的良好性能,以及相较于IMM-Box-PHD算法在目标位置估计方面的优势。     

基于高斯过程的多机动扩展目标跟踪

针对杂波环境下多机动扩展目标跟踪问题, 提出一种基于高斯过程的变结构多模型联合概率数据关联方法.首先, 采用期望模型扩展方法构建自适应模型集, 并对各个扩展目标状态进行初始化.其次, 基于高斯过程建立联合跟踪门以选择有效量测, 形成联合关联矩阵.然后, 拆分联合关联矩阵得到可行关联矩阵并求解关联事件概率.最后, 利用联合概率数据关联滤波器更新各个扩展目标的状态和协方差, 并将更新的状态进行融合, 得到最终的状态估计.仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

一种基于Rényi信息增量的机动目标协同跟踪方法

针对传感器网络中的动态跟踪问题,提出一种基于 R′enyi 信息增量的机动目标协同跟踪方法.首先利用粒子滤波计算每个传感器 R′enyi 信息增量;然后以 R′enyi 信息增量最大为原则选择传感器进行目标跟踪,并在跟踪时通过多模型的交互作用实现对机动目标状态的准确估计.仿真结果表明,在非线性非高斯环境下,所提出的方法与传统方法相比能够有效提高跟踪精度,动态分配传感器资源,实现协同跟踪.     

基于粒子滤波的交互式多模型多机动目标跟踪

针对交互式多模型联合概率数据关联滤波算法(IMM-JPDAF)在非线性情况下跟踪精度低,并不适用于非高斯问题的情况,提出了一种基于粒子滤波的交互式多模型多机动目标跟踪算法;将交互式多模型联合概率数据关联(IMM-JPDA)与粒子滤波相结合,在交互式多模型联合概率数据关联的框架下,各模型采用粒子滤波算法处理非线性非高斯问题,避免了噪声的高斯假设和非线性部分的线性化误差。仿真结果表明,IMM-JPDA-PF算法的跟踪性能明显优于IMM-JPDAF算法,能够对杂波环境中的多机动目标进行有效跟踪。     

用于多个机动目标的混合高斯概率假设密度跟踪器

现有的混合高斯概率假设密度（GM—PHD）跟踪器不仅可以估计时变的多目标状态,还能辨识不同目标并保持其轨迹连续性．但当多个目标发生机动时,其稳定性较差,容易丢失目标．针对这一问题,本文提出一种能跟踪多个机动目标的混合高斯概率假设密度跟踪器算法．算法在GM—PHD滤波的框架上采用修正的输入估计方法将目标的概率假设密度（PHD）表示成混合高斯形式,并利用不同的标记辨识各个高斯分量,然后通过PHD滤波方程迭代这些高斯分量和对应的标记,最终达到跟踪多个机动目标的目的．仿真实验表明,和传统的GM—PHD跟踪器相比．新算法能以更高的稳定性跟踪多个机动目标．     

多模型GM-CBMeMBer滤波器及航迹形成

提出了一种可适用于杂波环境下对多个机动目标进行跟踪并能形成多目标航迹的多模型势平衡多目标多伯努利（Cardinality balanced multi-target multi-Bernoulli,CBMeMBer）滤波器. 随后,在多机动目标时间演化模型和观测模型均为线性高斯的假设条件下利用高斯混合（Gaussian mixture,GM）技术获得了该滤波器解析的递推形式——-多模型 GM-CBMeMBer 滤波器,并简要给出了它在非线性条件下的扩展卡尔曼（Extended Kalman,EK）滤波近似. 仿真实验结果表明所建议的多模型 GM-CBMeMBer 滤波器能有效地对多个机动目标进行跟踪而单模型 GM-CBMeMBer 滤波器则会产生明显的航迹丢失和虚假航迹,并且对于信噪比较低的仿真场景,它的性能优于多模型高斯混合概率假设密度（GM probability hypothesis density,GM-PHD）滤波器,接近于多模型高斯混合势概率假设密度（GM cardinalized PHD,GM-CPHD）滤波器.     

Probability hypothesis density filter based on strong tracking MIE for multiple maneuvering target tracking

Taking into account the difficulties of multiple maneuvering target tracking due to the unknown target number and the uncertain acceleration, a novel multiple maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on the Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter and Modified Input Estimation (MIE) technique is proposed in this paper. First, the unknown acceleration vector is added to the target state to form a new augmented state vector. Then, strong tracking filter multiple fading factors are introduced to the MIE method which can adjust the prediction covariance and the corresponding filter gain at different rates in real time, so that the MIE method can adaptively track high maneuvering targets well. Finally, we combine this adaptive MIE method with the PHD filter, which can effectively track multiple maneuvering targets without much prior information. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a higher tracking precision and a better real-time performance than the conventional maneuvering target tracking algorithms.     

新的分布交互式多模型广义概率数据关联算法

为有效解决密集杂波环境下分布式多传感器多机动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器广义概率数据关联（DIMM-MSGPDA-IDS）算法。该算法首先对各局部节点均应用单传感器的IMM-GPDA算法跟踪多机动目标,并将其各模型的状态估计、协方差估计、模型概率、组合新息及其协方差矩阵等滤波结果送至融合中心;在航迹关联判决结束后,融合中心根据各模型对应似然函数的大小融合不同传感器关于同一目标的模型状态估计及其协方差矩阵,并提出利用三维（3-D）证据进行直接融合的改进D-S算法对来源于同一目标的不同传感器的各模型概率进行有效融合,然后依此概率来更新各目标的状态估计并反馈至各局部节点,使之获得更为精确的状态预测;最后,将该算法与基于D-S证据组合规则的分布交互式多模型多传感器联合概率数据关联（DIMM-MSJPDA-DS）算法进行仿真对比分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地对强机动目标进行跟踪,且其计算量相对较小,是一种有效的分布交互式多模型多传感器多机动目标跟踪算法。     

Joint target tracking and classification with particle filtering and mixture Kalman filtering using kinematic radar information

This paper considers the problem of joint maneuvering target tracking and classification. Based on recently proposed Monte Carlo techniques, a multiple model (MM) particle filter and a mixture Kalman filter (MKF) are designed for two-class identification of air targets: commercial and military aircraft. The classification task is carried out by processing radar measurements only, no class (feature) measurements are used. A speed likelihood function for each class is defined using a prior information about speed constraints. Class-dependent speed likelihoods are calculated through the state estimates of each class-dependent tracker. They are combined with the kinematic measurement likelihoods in order to improve the classification process. The two designed estimators are compared and evaluated over rather complex target scenarios. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed scheme for the incorporation of additional speed information. Both filters illustrate the opportunity of the particle filtering and mixture Kalman filtering to incorporate constraints in a natural way, providing reliable tracking and correct classification. Future observations contain valuable information about the current state of the dynamic systems. In the framework of the MKF, an algorithm for delayed estimation is designed for improving the current modal state estimate. It is used as an additional, more reliable information in resolving complicated classification situations.     

基于交互式CPHD的多传感器多机动目标跟踪

针对多传感器高速多机动目标的跟踪问题,提出一种多传感器交互式贪婪势概率假设密度(MS-IMMGreedy-CPHD)滤波器.该滤波器在预测阶段,通过交互式多模(IMM)算法对势概率假设密度(CPHD)滤波中目标的状态、势分布和运动模型同时进行预测;在滤波的更新阶段,利用贪婪(greedy)量测划分机制选取多传感器量测子集和拟分区,并通过拟分区量测子集对不同模型下CPHD预测的目标状态和势分布以及模型进行交互式更新.仿真结果表明,所提出MS-IMM-Greedy-CPHD滤波能够对高机动多目标进行稳定有效的跟踪,相较于多传感器势概率假设密度(MS-CPHD)滤波,跟踪结果的OSPA误差更小且势估计更加准确.     

基于最优线性无偏估计的交互式多模型机动目标跟踪

为了解决雷达目标跟踪的非线性估计问题,提出了一种基于最优线性无偏估计的交互式多模型(IMM)机动目标跟踪算法.该算法采用最优线性无偏估计(BLUE),把目标的状态在笛卡尔坐标来表示,而把雷达测量误差保留在极坐标下,并结合交互式多模型算法,实现对机动目标的有效跟踪.仿真实验验证了该算法的准确性和有效性.     

无序量测问题研究综述

无序量测（OoSM）是多传感器融合系统亟需解决的不可回避的问题.在总结相关文献基础上,对OoSM进行了分类,从单步延时OoSM滤波、多步延时OoSM滤波、多个OoSM滤波、非线性非高斯条件OoSM粒子滤波算法、杂波/机动目标条件OoSM跟踪算法等方面,按照由简单到复杂的研究路线综述了国外开展的相关研究,并对未来研究方向进行了探讨与展望.     

多回波环境中多机动目标跟踪的新算法*

目标的状态估计与数据关联是机动多目标跟踪中的关键问题.针对杂波环境中多机动目标的跟踪问题,本文首先引入一种自适应滤波算法,并与快速概率数据关联算法结合,提出一种适于实际应用的密集回波环境下机动多目标跟踪的新算法-快速自适应概率数据关联(FAPDA)算法,利用近似概率数据关联(PDA)算法的计算量达到优于联合概率数据关联(JPDA)算法的跟踪效果,并能快速检测到机动.通过与JPDA算法的仿真结果进行对比,表明了该算法的有效性和快速性.     

Soft and evolutionary computation based data association approaches for tracking multiple targets in the presence of ECM

This paper proposes two novel soft and evolutionary computing based hybrid data association techniques to track multiple targets in the presence of electronic countermeasures (ECM), clutter and false alarms. Joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) approach is generally used for tracking multiple targets. Fuzzy clustering means (FCM) technique was proposed earlier as an efficient method for data association, but its cluster centers may fall to local minima. Hence, new hybrid data association approaches based on fuzzy particle swarm optimization (Fuzzy-PSO) and fuzzy genetic algorithm (Fuzzy-GA) clustering techniques have been presented as robust methods to overcome local minima problem. The data association matrix is evaluated for all tracks using validated measurements obtained by phased array radar for four different cases applying four data association methods (JPDA, FCM, Fuzzy-PSO, and Fuzzy-GA). Therefore, two hybrid data association approaches are designed and tested for multi-target tracking using intelligent techniques. Experimental results indicate that Fuzzy-GA data association technique provides improved performance compared to all other methods in terms of position and velocity RMSE values (38.69% and 33.19% average improvement for target-1;31.17% and 9.68% average improvement for target-2) respectively for crossing linear targets case. However, FCM technique gives better performance in terms of execution time (94.88% less average execution time) in comparison with other three techniques(JPDA, Fuzzy-GA, and Fuzzy-PSO) for the case of linear crossing targets. Thus accomplishing efficient and alternative multiple target tracking algorithms based on expert systems. The results have been validated with 100 Monte Carlo runs.     

高脉冲重复频率雷达混合滤波解距离模糊方法

针对高脉冲重复雷达距离模糊问题,提出一种新的混合滤波解距离模糊方法.通过把脉冲间隔数和脉冲间隔变化量作为目标待估计状态,对离散的脉冲间隔数、间隔变化量和连续的目标状态(位置和速度)进行混合滤波,从而将解距离模糊问题转换为对脉冲间隔数的估计问题.初始时刻,由于距离量测模糊,利用多个高脉冲重复频率(HPRF)采用欧氏距离对混合状态进行初始化.在滤波过程中,为了避免门限选择,首先根据脉冲间隔变化量的有限个离散取值,将六维向量的混合滤波模型等效为有限个五维向量的混合滤波模型;然后对量测分别进行混合滤波;最后通过对各模型得到的新息的2范数进行比较获得混合状态估计,从而实现解距离模糊.混合滤波解距离模糊方法为实现高脉冲重复频率雷达实时解距离模糊提供了一种新的研究思路,仿真结果表明,本文提出的混合滤波方法在只有一个脉冲重复频率获得目标量测时较现有多假设方法收敛速度快,并且可以克服多假设方法在脉冲间隔数变化时发生的解模糊错误.     

基于ET-GM-PHD的机动多扩展目标跟踪算法

针对原始扩展目标高斯混合概率假设密度（Extended Target Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density,ET-GM-PHD）滤波算法不能解决机动目标跟踪问题,在高斯混合概率假设密度（Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density,GM-PHD）滤波框架下,引入修正的输入估计算法（Modified Input Estimation,MIE）,可以有效地处理多扩展目标的机动问题。此外,提出的算法虽然可以实现对未知数目的多机动扩展目标进行跟踪,但无法获得各个目标的航迹。针对此问题,进一步引入高斯分量标记方法,有效地将多机动扩展目标的航迹进行准确关联,获取各个目标的航迹。实验结果表明,提出的算法在弱机动扩展目标跟踪中具有较好的跟踪性能,同时能够有效地估计多扩展目标的航迹。