Applied research of data sensing and service to ubiquitous intelligent transportation system

High-efficiency transportation systems in urban environments are not only solutions for the growing public travel demands, but are also the premise for enlarging transportation capacity and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas. Such transportation systems should have characteristics such as mobility, convenience and being accident-free. Ubiquitous-intelligent transportation systems (U-ITS) are next generation of intelligent transportation system (ITS). The key issue of U-ITS is providing better and more efficient services by providing vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) interconnection. The emergence of cyber physical systems (CPS), which focus on information awareness technologies, provides technical assurance for the rapid development of U-ITS. This paper introduces the ongoing Beijing U-ITS project, which utilizes mobile sensors. Realization of universal interconnection between real-time information systems and large-scale detectors allows the system to maximize equipment efficiency and improve transportation efficiency through information services.     

Adaptive green traffic signal controlling using vehicular communication

The importance of using adaptive traffic signal control for figuring out the unpredictable traffic congestion in today’s metropolitan life cannot be overemphasized. The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as an integral component of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), is a new potent technology that has recently gained the attention of academics to replace traditional instruments for providing information for adaptive traffic signal controlling systems (TSCSs). Meanwhile, the suggestions of VANET-based TSCS approaches have some weaknesses: (1) imperfect compatibility of signal timing algorithms with the obtained VANET-based data types, and (2) inefficient process of gathering and transmitting vehicle density information from the perspective of network quality of service (QoS). This paper proposes an approach that reduces the aforementioned problems and improves the performance of TSCS by decreasing the vehicle waiting time, and subsequently their pollutant emissions at intersections. To achieve these goals, a combination of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is used. The V2V communication scheme incorporates the procedure of density calculation of vehicles in clusters, and V2I communication is employed to transfer the computed density information and prioritized movements information to the road side traffic controller. The main traffic input for applying traffic assessment in this approach is the queue length of vehicle clusters at the intersections. The proposed approach is compared with one of the popular VANET-based related approaches called MC-DRIVE in addition to the traditional simple adaptive TSCS that uses the Webster method. The evaluation results show the superiority of the proposed approach based on both traffic and network QoS criteria.     

HERO: Online Real-Time Vehicle Tracking

Intelligent transportation systems have become increasingly important for the public transportation in Shanghai. In response, ShanghaiGrid (SG) project aims to provide abundant intelligent transportation services to improve the traffic condition. A challenging service in SG is to accurately locate the positions of moving vehicles in real time. In this paper, we present an innovative scheme, hierarchical exponential region organization (HERO), to tackle this problem. In SG, the location information of individual vehicles is actively logged in local nodes which are distributed throughout the city. For each vehicle, HERO dynamically maintains an advantageous hierarchy on the overlay network of local nodes to conservatively update the location information only in nearby nodes. By bounding the maximum number of hops the query is routed, HERO guarantees to meet the real-time constraint associated with each vehicle. A small-scale prototype system implementation and extensive simulations based on the real road network and trace data of vehicle movements from Shanghai demonstrate the efficacy of HERO.     

Multiple hypothesis tracking for data association in vehicular networks

The introduction of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications in Intelligent Transportation Systems of the future brings new opportunities and new challenges into the automotive scene. Vehicular communications broaden the information spectrum that is available to each vehicle, allowing the enhancement of existing applications and the introduction of new ones. Undoubtedly, the impact of this new technology in transportation safety, efficiency and infotainment is expected to be very important.A significant part of research in vehicular networks (VANETs) is dedicated to networking issues like routing and safety. However, perception systems which until now were based on onboard sensors only, need to incorporate the wirelessly received information in order to extend the situation awareness of the vehicle and the driver. This paper presents an algorithm for associating targets tracked from an onboard radar sensor with the position and motion data received from the VANET. The core of the algorithm is a track oriented multiple hypothesis tracker that is modified for incorporating information included in VANET messages. The algorithm is tested in real scenarios using two experimental vehicles and then compared with two other algorithmic approaches. One is using a simpler single hypothesis algorithm for association of VANET messages and the second is using only the onboard sensors for environment perception. As a result, the advantages of the Multiple Hypothesis Algorithm regarding association performance and the added value of wireless information in the perception system are highlighted.     

基于传感器网络的城市智能运输系统的构建

基于传感器网络构建城市智能运输系统，实现对城区交通的智能控制．设计了智能运输系统专用的传感器节点和相应的硬件结构，并编制了相应的软件，建立了一个城市交通系统的智能控制模型，实现道路交通流实时动态信息的采集、处理和发布，及路段的规模协调控制．使用Matlab软件对控制模型中的交通信息的处理进行了仿真，表明该智能运输系统模型能够投入交通控制的实际应用．与当前普遍采用的基于GPS技术构建的ITS系统相比，本系统具有更高的性价比、灵活性和控制效率．     

Exploiting blockchain for dependable services in zero-trust vehicular networks

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication system is envisioned be cable of providing highly dependable services by integrating with native reliable and trustworthy functionalities. Zero-trust vehicular networks is one of the typical scenarios for 6G dependable services. Under the technical framework of vehicle-and-roadside collaboration, more and more on-board devices and roadside infrastructures will communicate for information exchange. The reliability and security of the vehicle-and-roadside collaboration will directly affect the transportation safety. Considering a zero-trust vehicular environment, to prevent malicious vehicles from uploading false or invalid information, we propose a malicious vehicle identity disclosure approach based on the Shamir secret sharing scheme. Meanwhile, a two-layer consortium blockchain architecture and smart contracts are designed to protect the identity and privacy of benign vehicles as well as the security of their private data. After that, in order to improve the efficiency of vehicle identity disclosure, we present an inspection policy based on zero-sum game theory and a roadside unit incentive mechanism jointly using contract theory and subjective logic model. We verify the performance of the entire zero-trust solution through extensive simulation experiments. On the premise of protecting the vehicle privacy, our solution is demonstrated to significantly improve the reliability and security of 6G vehicular networks.     

导航电子地图增量更新方法研究

随着计算机技术、测绘科技的快速发展,汽车快速融入到人们生活当中,车载导航系统时下已经成为出行必备的工具之一。导航电子地图作为导航系统的重要基础,数据的现势性如何直接影响到导航的准确与否。纵观现在导航数据生产的方法和流程、现有管理导航电子地图的方式以及导航终端的数据更新途径,不难发现,现有导航电子地图数据更新方式仅仅依靠光盘或换卡的方式已经成为数据及时更新的瓶颈。鉴于此,本文从导航数据的增量更新应用需求出发,研究支持更新的导航数据模型、用于生成增量数据的不同版本导航数据变化检测方法,以及导航数据的动态更新方法,并为验证相应算法和流程而设计了实验系统。对于完善导航电子地图的生产、提高导航电子地图数据资源的利用效率、促进导航信息服务与应用、改善城市交通拥堵状况、促进城市智能交通系统健康发展提供理论和技术支持。     

Data-driven shuttle service design for sustainable last mile transportation

Last mile transportation is important in both freight and passenger transport as it accounts for a large portion of the costs and emissions in the transportation industry. In urban transport, the continuously growing travel demands and the rapid development of mass transit systems place a high stress on last mile transportation, which is a vital but underdeveloped part of urban transportation systems. This underdevelopment greatly impedes the further improvement of bus sharing rates and the realisation of sustainable transportation. Therefore, this research proposes a data-driven method to design shuttle services to improve the efficiency and convenience of last mile transportation. Specifically, a unified tool is developed to identify the last mile travel demands from various data sources. Based on these demands, the locations of bus stop are planned through an improved clustering algorithm, and the routing and scheduling of shuttle services are designed using a data-driven method. In addition, a simulation-based cost-benefit analysis is conducted to evaluate the performances of shuttle services in different areas. Finally, a case study using bicycle-sharing data in Shanghai is presented to demonstrate the working process of the proposed method and verify its performance.     

A collaborative multi-agent message transmission mechanism in intelligent transportation system – A smart freeway example

Although drivers obtain road information through radio broadcasting or specific in-car equipment, there is still a wide gap between the synchronization of information and the actual conditions on the road. In the absence of adequate information, drivers often react to conditions with inefficient behaviors that do not contribute to their own driving goals, but increase traffic complication. Therefore, this study applies the features of information exchanged between “Multi-Agents” and mutual communication and collaboration mechanisms to intelligent transportation systems (ITS). If drivers could achieve distributed communication, share their driving information, and submit their own reasoned driving advice to others, many traffic situations will improve effectively. Additionally, the efficiency of the computing processes could have improved through distributed communication. At the same time, this paper proposes an architecture design, including vehicle components, OBU (On-Board Unit) devices and roadside device components (Roadside Unit) with hybrid architecture, which is intended to establish intelligent diversified road services to provide information support and applications.     

An ontology-based semantic service for cooperative urban equipments

The development of SOA (service oriented architecture) applications is a paradigm to consider for the integration of services which usually requires the incorporation of distributed artificial intelligence technologies or multi agent systems (MAS) to achieve their objectives. This is the case of transportation field, where the improvement of urban data networks and embedded systems allow the implementation of complex distributed services based on intelligent transportation systems. One of the challenges of this kind of systems is the discovery of services. Typically, discovery of services lacks of intelligence, or the result of this process returns a lot of nonsense information. However, the field of transportation requires quick and accurate requests and answers to deal with emergencies or incidents in the traffic flow. For this purpose, this paper proposes the development of a specific service called semantic service (an ontology-based semantic communication service) developed in TAO (The ACE ORB) of CORBA (common object request broker architecture). This service is able to provide a communication support for distributed environment in conjunction with a set of base libraries like Redland (RDF language bindings) for interacting with ontologies written in RDF and RDFS format. A parser Raptor (RDF Syntax Library) is used for analyzing sequences of symbols to determine the grammatical structure, and a syntax query language, Rasqal (RDF Query Library) is used to build and execute queries. Both, Raptor and Rasqal were designed to work with the Redland library. The main objective is to manage ontological information and interoperate with implemented services in embedded urban devices. Obtained results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于Android手机的西安市公交查询系统设计与实现

摘 要：随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市公交系统迅速扩大和复杂化,公交查询软件的质量逐渐成为影响公共交通效率的重要因素。出于提高城市公交效率的目的,文章提出了设计并初步实现了基于Android手机的公交查询系统。本系统的创新点在于将人、车、路三者结合起来,通过车况来反映路况信息,能提供实时地图信息,而且更能掌握到实时的公交车信息。如果进一步开发,可能形成一个巨大的交通信息网络,这对于提高公交管理水平具有重要意义,具有一定的推广价值。     

V2V车联网中隐私保护性异构聚合签密方案

随着5G/6G移动通信技术的发展,车联网对于车辆对基础设施、车辆对车辆之间快速交换信息的要求明显提高。然而,在5G/6G网络切片技术中,不同的网络切片采用不同的密码体制,从而会形成异构网络通信。异构车联网可以实现车辆信息的即时共享,但开放的无线通信通道使车辆隐私信息易被泄露,这需要保证共享数据的机密性和完整性。提出一种隐私保护性异构聚合签密方案。该方案使用异构签密技术,在公钥基础设施和基于身份的密码系统（IBC）网络切片环境中可实现不同密码系统注册车辆之间的异构安全通信,同时采用聚合技术,在IBC环境中的车辆将接收到的密文消息进行聚合并对其解密。为确保解密后的密文消息完整,接收车辆对消息进行批量验证,以减少解签密过程所需的时间及传输量。在随机预言模型下,该方案对适应性选择密文攻击具有不可区分性,对适应性选择消息攻击具有存在性与不可伪造性。实验结果表明,相比基于边缘计算的无证书聚合签密方案与车联网高效签密方案,该方案在发送车辆对消息进行签密的阶段中所用时间减少了18.91%~63.12%,在接收车辆对密文进行解签密的阶段中所用时间减少了5.91%~33.66%,具有较高的计算效率。     

Editorial - Special issue on networked system control and connected vehicles: opportunities and challenges

CASE (Connected, Automated, Sharing, and Electrifying) is a global trend in the automotive industry due to the big potential in improving energy efficiency and reducing the air pollution from automobile exhaust. Indeed, the connectivity, connecting the vehicles with the internet, is firstly implemented in the automotive industry in the sense of large scale connection of vehicles. The connected environment has been two decades in the automotive industry which enables us to provide a much comfortable and smart telemetric service. However, the attention has not been focused on the control technology with the connectivity for efficiency and emission improvement. From the view of system control, the connected vehicles are large-scaled, multi-agent or high dimension systems that coupled and interacted but centralized control is not reasonable. How to formulate the optimization or control problem for the connected vehicles and how to solve the problem with system control theory are significant challenging issues. This special issue collected seven papers that addressed these control problems from the view of networked system and optimal control theory. The collection can be divided into three groups. The first group includes three papers that focused on vehicle control with the use of V2V and V2I information. The article by Qiuyi Guo et al., demonstrated the possibility of improving the fuel economy of fuel cell trucks using the traffic light signal. It is shown that with the V2I information, the model predictive control technology can save more than 7.43\% hydrogen consumption in a case study driving cycle. The model predictive control technology is also applied to car-following control on an urban road network by using V2V and V2I information. The paper by A. S. M. Bakibillah et al., investigated this issue and it is shown that the control with V2Vand V2I can improve traffic flow and fuel economy. The paper by Bo Zhang et al., proposed a two-stage optimization approach for speed planning and energy management of hybrid electric vehicles, where the control policy of MPC is fully applied in the two stages of design and a typical scenario of merging is targeted. The second group collected two papers that focused on automated driving. For automated vehicles, control of vehicle dynamics is the main subject, but it is an important elemental subject for driving vehicles under connected environment. Controlling an individual vehicle in the scene of parking is addressed in the paper by Dequan Zen et al. which also demonstrated real test results. The issue of driving-by-wire full is investigated in the paper by Ping Wang et al., where again MPC is exploited for developing the real-time control law. Finally, two articles are collected that discussed active fault tolerant control for connected mobile robots by M. Hussein et al., and powertrain control for electric vehicles with robust control theory by J. Buerger ad J. Anderson, respectively.     

Advances in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs): Challenges and road-map for future development

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies and auto-mobile industry have triggered a significant research interest in the field of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) over the past few years. A vehicular network consists of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications supported by wireless access technologies such as IEEE 802.11p. This innovation in wireless communication has been envisaged to improve road safety and motor traffic efficiency in near future through the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, governments, auto-mobile industries and academia are heavily partnering through several ongoing research projects to establish standards for VANETs. The typical set of VANET application areas, such as vehicle collision warning and traffic information dissemination have made VANET an interesting field of mobile wireless communication. This paper provides an overview on current research state, challenges, potentials of VANETs as well as the ways forward to achieving the long awaited ITS.     

Cloud-assisted analysis for energy efficiency in intelligent video systems

The prevalence of intelligent video systems such as urban video surveillance or Google Glass, is gradually changing our daily life. This type of systems applies online analysis on video streams for the extraction of object information, which will be utilized to provide abundant content-based services. However, the system also brings challenges to the system resource utilization, while providing convenience to users. The online video analysis requires continuous and immediate processing of video streams, which always causes massive investment on the processing hardware and intolerable power consumption. In this paper, we propose to utilize the power of cloud to improve the energy efficiency of intelligent video systems, through video stream consolidation based on the fluctuation characteristic of analysis workloads. Our trace-driven study proves that the pressure on the power consumption can be significantly alleviated, while ensuring the processing ability in practical scenes.     

Smart urban planning using Big Data analytics to contend with the interoperability in Internet of Things

The recent growth and expansion in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) is providing a great business prospective in the direction of the new era of smart urban. The insight of the smart urban is extensively preferred, as it improves the excellence of life of citizens, connecting several regulations, that is, smart transportation, smart parking, smart environment, smart healthcare, and so forth. Continuous intensification of the multifaceted urban set-up is extensively challenged by real-time processing of data and smart decision capabilities. Consequently, in this paper, we propose a smart city architecture which is based on Big Data analytics. The proposed scheme is comprised of three modules: (1) data acquisition and aggregation module collects varied and diverse data interrelated to city services, (2) data computation and processing module performs normalization, filtration, processing and data analysis, and (3) application and decision module formulates decisions and initiates events. The proposed architecture is a generic solution for the smart urban planning and variety of datasets is analyzed to validate this architecture. In addition, we tested reliable datasets on Hadoop server to verify the threshold limit value (TLV) and the investigation demonstrates that the proposed scheme offer valuable imminent into the community development systems to get better the existing smart urban architecture. Moreover, the efficiency of proposed architecture in terms of throughput is also shown.     

基于本体的城市交通的知识分析和推理

以城市交通为研究和应用背景，基于本体模型的知识表示技术，建立城市交通本体。对城市交通领域知识进行规范描述，详细描述了定义类层次及类的属性和关系，以及实例的基本规则，并从领域知识中提取出类内公理和类间公理，建立公理库，用于领域知识的一致性分析和知识推理。解决了语义层次上信息共享和交互的问题，为上海城市交通信息网格的交通信息服务提供语义支撑。     

Data Management in Peer-to-Peer Environment: A Perspective of BestPeer

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have attracted much attention in academic commu-nity and industry circles due to their promising applications in various domains. This paper presents the authors‘ research efforts on introducing complex query capabilities in a P2P environ-ment consisting of numerous peers with large volume of data. An underlying hybrid P2P computing platform, named BestPeer is described first. The connection among peers within BestPeer is self-configurable through maintaining the nearest neighbor of peers, and the agent techniques employed in the system ensure its capability of providing sophisticated services. The designs of three P2P data management systems which are all based on BestPeer are described in detail. They provide support for information retrieval, query processing and Web services respectively. Advantages and limitations are discussed, while ongoing work is presented. Current systems can provide basic functions for keyword-based search, SQL-like query processing, and Web services querying and discovery. Some further topics on providing fully-fledged data management functionalities for P2P distributed computing systems with security guarantee are also discussed.     

Urban mobility in the sharing economy: A spatiotemporal comparison of shared mobility services

The influx of micro-mobility services, such as dockless scooter-share and e-bikes, in many cities are contributing to a substantial change in urban transportation with adoption rates reminiscent of other shared-mobility services, such as ride-hailing, years prior. Touted as a solution to the last mile problem, a multitude of micro-mobility companies have situated themselves in urban centers promising low cost alternative transportation options for short, urban travel. The rapid arrival of these companies, however, has left little time for city officials, transportation planners, and citizens to assess the demand for these services and compare them to existing transportation options. In this work, we investigate two key aspects of these micro-mobility services. First, we identify the spatial and temporal differences between these mobility companies and highlight the nuanced differences in usage patterns. Second, we compare these new services to an existing mode of transportation, namely automobile-based ride-hailing, with regards to differences in travel time within a city. The results of these analyses indicate that while many micro-mobility companies are spatiotemporally similar, there are notable differences in where and when these services are used. Similarly, we find that automobile travel is not always the fastest means of transportation within an urban setting. During periods of heavy traffic congestion, e.g., rush hour, micro-mobility services offer a faster means of travel within the city. The findings presented in this work offer evidence on which to inform urban planning and transportation policy with respect to shared mobility services, free floating vehicles, and alternative urban transportation.