故障树输入模块中图元的绘制和自动排布的实现

概率安全分析(Probabilistic Security Assessment，简称PSA)，是一种以概率论为基础的对于安全的定量分析方法。PSA分析方法之一是故障树分析法。本文实现的内容应用于一种小型PSA分析软件的输入模块，该模块提供图形输入方式，由用户使用软件提供的各种图元绘制故障树，包括对用户输入(键盘和鼠标操作)的响应；故障树中各种图元的绘制和图元信息的编辑(插入，删除，拷贝和粘贴等)；图元的自动排版和布局。作者提出了与故障树绘制和布局相关的重要思想、算法。     

故障树模块化在装甲车辆灭火系统故障诊断中的应用

为了实现装甲装备灭火系统故障的快速诊断,提出了一种故障树模块化分析方法;对灭火系统故障树进行深度优先最左遍历,并记录遍历过程,按照遍历顺序对故障树中的每个事件进行标定,并将灭火系统故障树划分为相互独立的模块,依据划分的模块可以通过故障现象对模块内的故障进行排查及修复;实验结果分析表明,该方法可以快速修复模块故障,恢复系统功能,简化了以往对灭火系统所有子事件遍历查错的繁琐过程。该方法同样可以计算故障模块的失效概率,并可以实现故障模块的整体更换,恢复系统性能;证明了故障树模块化方法在灭火系统故障诊断中具有较高的效率,简化了灭火系统诊断流程,在装甲车辆其他系统故障诊断中具有借鉴作用,符合现代作战对于装备保障的需求。     

基于模糊故障树的ILS接收机的故障诊断

仪表着陆系统是飞机导航系统的重要子系统,其可靠性直接关系到飞机能否安全运行。为了准确描述故障对仪表着陆系统功能的影响程度,文中基于对仪表着陆系统接收机故障概率的分析,将模糊数学和故障树方法相结合,以AIR-BUS 320仪表着陆系统接收机为例,详述了模糊故障树的建模过程,并通过对其进行失效分析,给出了仪表着陆系统接收机的故障诊断算法。仿真结果表明,所建立的模型满足仪表着陆系统对接收机的故障诊断要求,且建模方法具有广泛的适用性。     

核电系统的故障树可靠性定量分析数字仿真

故障树分析是核电站概率安全评价的重要方法,该文在介绍利用蒙特卡罗方法进行故障树定量分析仿真建模原理后,根据故障树所表示的系统模型的特点,绘制了故障树定量分析的程序框图,并根据框图编写了MATLAB程序.通过实例开发运用,证实该方法的有效性和可操作性.同时,我们还发现运用该方法计算可靠性,可以观察到系统中的各底事件对整个系统的影响程度,这对核电设备的设计、维修和改造具有很大的指导意义.     

基于T-S模糊故障树方法的惯性导航系统可靠性评估

针对传统故障树模型在复杂系统可靠性评估中的局限性,引入T-S模糊故障树建模方法对惯性导航系统进行可靠性评估分析.在建立T-S模糊故障树的基础上,以模糊门算法表征事件之间的逻辑关系,确定了基于基本事件模糊概率和故障程度的复杂系统可靠性评估方法,并对事件进行了概率重要度和关键重要度分析.案例分析表明,T-S模糊故障树分析方...     

动态建造故障树的计算机实现

故障树分析是对复杂系统进行可靠性分析的一种有效方法，故障树的建造往往比较繁琐。本文介绍一种基于Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ界面的用计算机实现动态建造故障对的方法。     

一种基于航电系统架构模型的故障树自动建模方法

航电系统作为安全关键系统,利用故障树对其进行安全性分析十分必要。然而,传统的故障树依靠手工构建,主要依赖于分析人员对系统的理解程度;同时由于安全性分析人员与系统设计人员对系统的理解不同而很难保证失效模式与系统架构的一致性。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于航电系统架构模型的故障树自动建模方法:通过向系统设计模型中添加相应的安全性属性,并嵌入高级形式化语言AltaRica中的断言机制描述故障转移过程,由此形成安全性分析模型;基于此模型利用路径追溯的方法完成故障树自动建模。以某飞机驾驶舱显示系统为案例的研究结果表明,所提出的方法能基于航电系统架构模型有效进行故障树自动建模,从而确保了故障树分析结果的完整性。     

一种基于Petri网模型求解故障树最小割集的算法

Petri网作为一种动态的图形化建模工具,可用于表达系统的逻辑关系和描述系统的动态行为,文中利用Petri网的这一特点对故障树进行建模,并在此基础上提出了一种新的求解故障树最小割集的算法,最后以实例说明了这一求解过程.该算法与以往方法相比,提高了执行效率,且可同时得到最小路集,为系统的可靠性分析工作提供了一种新的途径.     

综合故障树分析方法在容错计算机系统中的应用

该文运用二元决策图（Binary Decision Diagram）分析传统的静态故障树，运用Markov链分析新兴的动态故障树，由此形成一种创新性的故障诊断方法：综合故障树（Integrated Fault Tree）分析法。综合故障树分析法运用分而治之的策略处理各种故障，不仅加深了故障诊断、分析的精度，同时也拓展了故障树分析法的运用领域。该文结合实例，运用综合故障树分析法解决容错计算机系统中动态时序特性的建模困难问题；分析结果表明，在容错计算机系统中运用此方法，可以有效地对系统建模和分析系统可靠性。     

容错传感器系统分层组合可靠性建模方法

根据容错传感器系统的结构特点,结合不同可靠性建模方法的优点,提出了基于动态故障树和马尔可夫过程的分层组合可靠性建模方法。针对系统中包含的贮备事件,引入时间算子定性描述事件的时序特性,并推导了顶事件故障概率的定量计算公式。采用马尔可夫过程对传感器故障检测隔离进行动态建模。通过仿真比较所得模型与传统完全故障覆盖模型,分析了元件失效率、误检率等参数对系统可靠性的影响。由结果可得,该建模方法可行且更为精确。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。