考虑低碳消费者行为和专利保护的再制造产品定价决策

考虑人们对再制造产品的偏好及专利保护, 建立基于不同消费者群体支付意愿的需求模型, 研究新产品和再制造品的定价决策. 结果表明: 低碳消费者比例和普通消费者对再制造品的接受程度同时影响定价决策; 无论是否存在专利保护, 低碳消费者比例始终影响再制造商的定价策略, 而原制造商的定价策略只有在普通消费者对再制造品的接受程度较低时, 低碳消费者比例才会影响其定价策略; 在有专利保护时, 再制造商倾向于高价策略.

     

碳交易环境下再制造企业生产及减排投资决策

基于碳限额交易政策,对再制造企业生产和减排投资决策进行研究.在碳交易环境背景下,利用非线性凸优化理论,首先分析不减排投资时再制造企业的最优生产决策,然后研究再制造企业对生产新产品或再制造品减排投资时的情形.通过比较,探讨再制造企业进行减排投资时制造/再制造策略的调整,并分析减排投资对社会福利各因素(包括再制造企业利润、消费者剩余和环境影响)的影响.研究表明:对新产品(再制造品)减排将导致新产品(再制造品)产量的增加和再制造品(新产品)产量的降低;减排投资使再制造企业利润和消费者剩余均增加,但是环境影响(碳排放总量)则取决于单位再制造的碳排放量.最后,通过算例分析验证了以上结论.     

考虑异质需求的再制造系统最优产量与定价研究

考虑消费者对再制造品和新产品基于价格敏感的异质性需求特征,引入再制造品和新产品的需求函数,进而构建一个考虑单一再制造商并以该再制造商利润最大化为目标的最优产量及定价模型,分别求出了各期的再制造品与新产品的最优产量及价格策略。最后通过算例分析表明,随着消费者偏好系数的增加,企业越来越趋向于生产再制造品,再制造品与新产品的价格逐渐接近,企业实施再制造不仅能减少生产成本,同时企业的总利润也得到大幅提升。     

不同担保模式下考虑零售商公平关切的闭环供应链博弈模型

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的闭环供应链,运用Stackelberg动态博弈理论,构建不同担保模式下考虑零售商公平关切的决策博弈模型,探讨产品担保模式及零售商公平关切对闭环供应链定价及担保期决策、经济效益和环境效益的影响,分析不同担保模式的担保效率.研究结果表明:当消费者对新产品和再制造品差异化担保期较为敏感时,制造商或零售商会为再制造品提供长期担保服务;零售商公平关切会降低新产品和再制造品批发价格,其对再制造品销售价格、担保期以及供应链经济环境效益的影响与产品担保模式密切相关;两种担保模式的经济环境效益与担保成本和再制造品相对环境优势相关,当零售商担保的相对成本优势和再制造品相对环境优势显著(微弱)时,零售商(制造商)担保模式是闭环供应链利益相关者的一致选择;零售商担保模式能够减缓零售商公平关切对闭环供应链经济效益及环境效益的负面影响.     

两周期双寡头竞争环境中再制造影响

针对两周期双寡头竞争市场,分别构建单个企业实施再制造和两个企业实施再制造的产量决策模型,探讨再制造对双寡头竞争市场的产品供应、产品价格、企业利润、消费者福利以及环境污染的影响.研究表明:1)当且仅当再制造补贴与再制造成本节约之和满足一定条件时,双寡头才会进入再制造市场.2)再制造可增加企业利润、提高消费者剩余,并在一定条件下降低环境污染;当再制造成本优势明显时,再制造企业会扩大第1周期的新产品供给.3)若只有一个企业具备再制造条件,则再制造能帮助企业提高市场份额,当再制造成本优势明显时,再制造企业可在第1周期实现对新产品的完全垄断,从而改变市场竞争格局.     

再制造商公平关切下闭环供应链生产设计决策与协调

研究制造商关注和不关注再制造商公平关切的闭环供应链生产设计决策与协调. 研究表明: 制造商和闭环供应链利润均与公平关切程度负相关; 制造商关注再制造商公平关切时, 公平关切程度越高, 许可费和模块化水平越低, 再制造商利润越高, 且与不关注相比, 新产品与再制造品销量更高, 环境效益更好; 当不关注再制造商公平关切时, 再制造商利润与公平关切程度负相关. 采用再制造收益共享契约对考虑再制造商公平关切的供应链进行协调.

     

考虑市场细分的闭环供应链生产与定价策略

基于市场细分建立闭环供应链模型,分析了决策变量随外生变量的变化规律,并比较了闭环供应链与不回收再制造情形的决策.结果表明:新制造和再制造产品的批发价随回购价的增加而增加,随回收价的增加而减少,零售价随回收价和回收努力程度的增加而增加;产品总量随消费者偏好系数的增加而增加,随再制造成本、回收努力程度及回收价的增加而减少;闭环供应链的新制造产品批发价和零售价均比不回收再制造时高;消费者偏好系数高于临界值时,回收再制造对于闭环供应链有利.     

风险规避制造商市场入侵策略

针对由风险中性的在位制造商、风险规避的外来制造商和风险中性零售商组成的二级供应链系统,基于Stackelberg博弈理论建立不同市场入侵策略下的决策模型,研究风险规避的外来制造商市场入侵策略选择问题,分析市场入侵和风险规避行为对供应链成员均衡决策的影响.研究发现:当外来制造商通过零售商销售产品时,损害在位制造商的利润,但对零售商有利;当外来制造商通过网络渠道直接向消费者销售产品时,不一定损害在位制造商的利润,存在帕累托改进区域;当外来制造商的风险规避程度较大时,价格战愈发激烈,对自身、在位制造商和零售商都是不利的;外来制造商的市场入侵策略受质量差异程度、风险规避程度、生产成本和直销成本的综合影响;外来制造商选择最优的市场入侵策略时,损害在位制造商的利润,而且供应链系统不能实现帕累托改进.     

考虑市场细分的闭环供应链生产与定价策略

基于市场细分建立闭环供应链模型,分析了决策变量随外生变量的变化规律,并比较了闭环供应链与不回收再制造情形的决策.结果表明!新制造和再制造产品的批发价随回购价的增加而增加,随回收价的增加而减少,零售价随回收价和回收努力程度的增加而增加;产品总量随消费者偏好系数的增加而增加,随再制造成本,回收努力程度及回收价的增加而减少,闭环供应链的新制造产品批发价和零售价均比不回收再制造时高,消费者偏好系数高于临界值时,回收再制造对于闭环供应链有利.

     

再制造系统消费者类型分布对定价策略与战略决策的影响机制研究

EOL产品的回收、再制造及其商业化是发展循环经济、解决资源与环境问题的重要途径。消费者的类型分布影响生产者的定价策略,定价策略又影响再制造品的市场结构与战略决策。论文导入了消费者的类型划分与分布,定量构建了消费者类型划分对生产者定价策略的影响,给出了分界点;评估了定价策略对生产者战略决策的影响机制,确定了阈值分布,绘制了决策路线图。     

Optimal distribution channel strategy for new and remanufactured products

The market for remanufactured products is large and growing rapidly, accelerated by the widespread popularity of internet sales and online auctions. Whereas extant remanufacturing research focuses primarily on such operations management issues in collecting of end-of-life products, remanufacturing technologies, production planning, and inventory control, we consider an operations-marketing interaction issue by identifying the optimal channel structures for marketing new and remanufactured products. Specifically, based on observations from current practice, we consider three channel strategies a dominant manufacturer can adopt: (1) marketing both new and remanufactured products through an independent retailer; (2) marketing the remanufactured products through the independent retailer, while controlling the new product sales by using its own online channel; (3) marketing the remanufactured products through the manufacturer-owned online channel, while selling new products through the independent retailer. Our results show that the manufacturer prefers to differentiate new and remanufactured products by opening a direct online channel, no matter how the system parameters change. However, which type of products (new or remanufactured) the manufacturer should sell through the online channel depends on the cost saving from remanufacturing, the customer’s acceptance of remanufactured products and the online inconvenience cost. Furthermore, this paper shows that, compared with channel strategy I where the manufacturer sells both new and remanufactured products through an independent retailer, this dual channel strategy benefits the end consumers, but might do harm to the retailer and the total supply chain in some situations.     

Acquisition and pricing strategies in hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing systems

There are two typical cases of acquisition and remanufacturing in a closed-loop supply chain: The third party remanufacturer (3PR) and the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) separately acquire and remanufacture used products. The used products have different qualities, and they can be classified for acquisition in reality. In this paper, under the grading acquisition mode, we compare the acquisition strategies of used products and the pricing strategies of new products and remanufactured products in different manufacturing-remanufacturing systems. Then we further study the impact of the timing of remanufacturing on the profit and the environment. From an environmental perspective, the 3PR is willing to acquire and remanufacture used products at the best grade, whereas the OEM may choose more grades. The latter can reduce environmental impact. From an economic perspective, as long as the total cost of acquiring and remanufacturing used products does not exceed the threshold, remanufacturing can bring more profit for the OEM than only selling new products. Moreover, when consumers’ preference for remanufactured products is relatively high, and the total cost of acquisition and remanufacturing does not exceed the threshold, the OEM can engage in remanufacturing business before the new products exit from the market.     

Performance analysis of a hybrid system under quality impact of returns

In this paper we analyze a hybrid system that meets the demand with remanufactured or new products. In the remanufacturing stage there are uncertainties in the quality of remanufactured products, return rates and return times of returned products. These uncertainties affect raw material order quantities, processing times and material recovery rates. In the study returned products are classified by considering quality uncertainties. According to this classification remanufacturing processing times, material recovery rates, remanufacturing costs and disposal costs are determined. In order to analyze the effect of uncertainties in return quality a simulation model is constructed by using the ARENA simulation program. Our analysis denotes that under different cost scenarios quality based classification of returned products brings significant cost savings. The numerical analysis indicates that a cost improvement of more than 8% is achieved when return rates are high.     

A closed loop supply chain under retail price and product quality dependent demand

The importance of remanufacturing of used products, maintaining the same quality as new ones has been widely recognized in practice. In this paper, we address a closed loop supply chain where the manufacturer manufactures a product with a decent quality acceptable to customers, and sells it through a retailer in the market. A third party collects the used products from consumers and sends to the manufacturer. The manufacturer re-manufactures the used product and the quality of remanufactured product is the same as that of the manufactured one. For such a closed loop supply chain, we construct five different scenarios – centralized, decentralized or Nash game and three different Stackelberg games, led by the manufacturer, retailer and third party respectively. We compare the optimal results to find out the best decentralized scenario out of the four mentioned. A numerical example is taken to study the impacts of product quality on demand as well as optimal decisions and investigate sensitivity of some key model-parameters.     

Remanufacturing and pricing decisions with random yield and random demand

Remanufacturing is creating considerable benefit to industry and community, but the uncertainties in both supply and demand sides bring significant difficulty to the production and marketing management of remanufactured products. This paper considers the remanufacturing and pricing decisions when both the remanufacturing yield and the demand for remanufactured products are random. Two typical sequential decision strategies are explored: First-Remanufacturing-Then-Pricing (FRTP) and First-Pricing-Then-Remanufacturing (FPTR). The optimal remanufacturing quantity and selling price of the remanufactured product are developed for each strategy, under negligible salvage value and shortage penalty. We also conduct a numerical study to investigate the scenario where the salvage value and shortage penalty are non-negligible, and explore the parameter sensitivity of the systems. We find that FRTP strategy is more preferable for low remanufacturing cost, market-price sensitivity, and variance of demand randomness, and for high shortage penalty, salvage value, and variance of remanufacturing yield; while FRTP strategy is more preferable for the complementary situation.     

Assessing the benefits of remanufacturing option under one-way substitution and capacity constraint

In this article, we investigate the profitability of remanufacturing option when the manufactured and remanufactured products are segmented to different markets and the production capacity is finite. A single period profit model under substitution is constructed to investigate the system conditions under which remanufacturing is profitable. We present analytical findings and computational results to show profitability of remanufacturing option under substitution policy subject to a capacity constraint of the joint manufacturing/remanufacturing facility.     

A production/remanufacturing inventory model with price and quality dependant return rate

Inventory management of produced, remanufactured/repaired and returned items has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. The available studies in the literature consider a production environment that consists of two shops. The first shop is for production and remanufacturing/repair, while the second shop is for collecting used (returned) items to be remanufactured in the first shop, where demand is satisfied from producing new and from remanufacturing/repairing returned items. Numerical and analytical results from these developed models suggested that a pure (bang–bang) policy of either no waste disposal (total remanufacturing) or no remanufacturing (pure production and total disposal) is the best strategy, while the mixed strategy (a mixture of production and remanufacturing) is the optimum case under certain limited assumptions. In practice, the quality of the returned items and the purchasing price that reflects this quality is what usually governs a collection (or return) policy of used items. Unlike those available models in the literature, this paper suggests that the flow of returned items is variable, and is controlled by two decision variables, which are the purchasing price for returned items corresponding to an acceptance quality level. Deterministic mathematical models are presented for multiple remanufacturing and production cycles.     

考虑政府补贴及环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策

在外包及授权再制造模式下,研究考虑政府补贴及制造商环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策问题.构建4种闭环供应链决策模型,分析政府补贴及环境设计水平对制造商与再制造商竞合关系、闭环供应链绩效以及环境的影响.研究发现,制造商可以通过调节单位再制造外包费或专利许可费实现与再制造商共享政府补贴,因此政府不同补贴策略不会对闭环供应链最优生产决策及绩效产生影响.政府补贴与消费者对再制造产品的认知程度,并不总是有利于提高制造商环境设计水平,但均有助于促进再制造产品销售.制造商总是有动机进行环境设计,而再制造商只有在环境设计能为再制造产品带来更多成本节约时,才有动力接受制造商的环境设计方案.相比于授权再制造,制造商及再制造商均在外包再制造下获得更多的利润.另外,政府补贴与环境设计并不一定总能起到减少产品环境总影响程度的作用.