面向地图构建的移动机器人局部路径自主规划

移动机器人在未知场景中规划路径以自主完成定位与地图构建是机器人领域的一个重要研究课题.本文阐述了一种利用实时构建的信息熵地图动态生成机器人的局部探索路径,并综合转向约束和避障约束设计了一种基于模糊评价方法的方向选择策略跟踪生成的局部路径并进行环境构图.与现有方法相比,本文方法能够根据环境动态地生成平滑连续的局部探索路径,并能引导机器人进行障碍物躲避和完成自主构图.实验结果表明相较对比方法,本文方法的探索路程最短,观测覆盖度最高,同时整个自主构图过程所需的时间也更短.     

Obstacle avoidance tracking control with antiswing and tracking errors constraint for underactuated automated lifting robots with load hoisting/lowering

The existing automated lifting robot technology focuses merely on motion control and ignores the surrounding environment. In practice, obstacles inevitably exist in the movement path of the automated lifting robot, which affects construction safety. Furthermore, due to the underactuated characteristics of the automated lifting robot, the load can be difficult to control when it swings violently, which undoubtedly poses huge challenges to obstacle avoidance trajectory planning and controller design. In this paper, an obstacle avoidance trajectory and its tracking controller with antiswing and tracking errors constraint are proposed. To ensure accurate load positioning and effective obstacle avoidance, the proposed control method introduces a four-segment polynomial trajectory interpolation curve to construct an obstacle avoidance trajectory based on analyzing the geometric relationship between variables. To improve the transient coupling control performance of the system, combined with the passive analysis of the automated lifting robot system, this method constructs a potential function that limits the tracking error and a coupling signal that enhances the coupling relationship between the system variables. Barbalat's lemma and Lyapunov techniques are used to analyze the stability of the system. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control method can significantly suppress or even eliminate load oscillation, accurately locate the load, avoid obstacles, improve the safety and efficiency of the working automated lifting robot, and have strong robustness to changes in system parameters and the addition of external disturbances.     

基于包容结构的移动机器人混合式控制结构

本文提出以包容式框架结构为基础，将计划作为一种行为，与应激式行为并行处理 的思想．与之对应的是将传感器检测区域分为避障区和规划区，如果在避障区有障碍物，则 由应激避障模块采取相应的避障行为；如果在规划区有障碍物，则由规划模块产生相应的输 出．由于规划模块最终输出子目标，因此使此结构的规划模块具有很好的扩展性．另外，在 处理应激避障行为和直接规划行为时，分别提出新的基于传感器的避障和规划方法，通过机 器人路径规划的仿真证明，这些方法是简洁、有效的．     

A Bezier curve based path planning in a multi-agent robot soccer system without violating the acceleration limits

This paper proposes an efficient, Bezier curve based approach for the path planning of a mobile robot in a multi-agent robot soccer system. The boundary conditions required for defining the Bezier curve are compatible with the estimated initial state of the robot and the ball. The velocity of the robot along the path is varied continuously to its maximum allowable levels by keeping its acceleration within the safe limits. An obstacle avoidance scheme is incorporated for dealing with the stationary and moving obstacles. When the robot is approaching a moving obstacle in the field, it is decelerated and deviated to another Bezier path leading to the estimated target position. The radius of curvature of the path at its end points is determined from the known terminal velocity constraint of the robot.     

A guaranteed obstacle avoidance guidance system

This paper presents a practical solution to the guidance of a unicycle type robot, including path following, obstacle avoidance and the respect of wheeled actuation saturation constraint, without planning procedure. These results are based on an extension of previous results on path following control including actuation saturation constraints. New solution for obstacle avoidance, with guaranteed performance, is proposed.     

基于遗传算法和B 样条曲线的平滑避障路径规划

传统的避障路径规划中常常存在不连续点,提出一种新的平滑避障路径规划的方法—遗传算法和B样条曲线法。首先,先通过碰撞侦测,能够侦测出前进路径中的障碍物,然后通过遗传算法再结合B样条曲线规划出平滑的避障路径。该算法可以避免运动过程因打滑而造成与目标位置的误差,解决机器人在静态环境中全局、局部路径规划和规划路径中存在不连续点的问题。仿真和实验结果证明了算法的有效性。     

Three-Dimensional Path Planning of a Climbing Robot Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming

The City-Climber robot is a novel wall-climbing robot developed at The City College of New York that has the capability to move on floors, climb walls, walk on ceilings and transit between them. In this paper, we first develop the dynamic model of the City-Climber robot when it travel on different surfaces, i.e., floors, walls and ceilings, respectively. Then, we present a path planning method for the City-Climber robot using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) in three-dimensional (3-D) building environments that consist of objects with primitive geometrical shapes. MILP provides an optimization framework that can directly incorporate dynamic constraints with logical constraints such as obstacle avoidance and waypoint selection. In order to use MILP to solve the obstacle avoidance problem, we simplify and decouple the robot dynamic model into a linear system by introducing a restricting admissible controller. The decoupled model and obstacle can be rewritten as a linear program with mixed-integer linear constraints that account for the collision avoidance. A key benefit of this approach is that the path optimization can be readily solved using the AMPL and CPLEX optimization software with a MATLAB interface. Simulation results show that the framework of MILP is well suited for path planning and obstacle avoidance problems for the wall-climbing robot in 3-D environments.     

实现机器人动态路径规划的仿真系统

针对机器人动态路径规划问题,提出了在动态环境中移动机器人的一种路径规划方法,适用于环境中同时存在已知和未知,静止和运动障碍物的复杂情况。采用栅格法建立机器人空间模型,整个系统由全局路径规划和局部避碰规划两部分组成。在全局路径规划中,用快速搜索随机树算法规划出初步全局优化路径,局部避碰规划是在全局优化路径的同时,通过基于滚动窗口的环境探测和碰撞规则,对动态障碍物实施有效的局部避碰策略,从而使机器人安全顺利地到达目的地。仿真实验结果说明该方法具有可行性。     

足球机器人动态路径规划方法研究

针对机器人足球系统的高度实时性、不确定性,提出了一种基于统计预测的路径规划方法,该方法考虑到障碍物的速度大小和方向的不确定性,用数学统计的方法对障碍物的运动进行建模;机器人在运动过程中,根据得到的环境信息在机器视觉范围内建立预测窗口和避障窗口,在预测窗口内,机器人根据障碍物的信息建立障碍物的预测区域,在避障窗口内,机器人根据自身的位置与障碍物的预测区域,分别调用切线法或滚动窗口法进行路径规划;该方法属于局部路径规划方法,机器人在移动过程中需要不断更新环境信息来进行避障.     

五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划

针对目前自动泊车路径规划普遍存在的曲率突变问题,提出了一种五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划方法。五次多项式曲线由约束条件建立的方程组求解得出,并对路径的曲率突变处进行过渡优化。为简化计算,引入“虚圆半径”的概念,以“虚圆半径”作为最小转弯半径,并按照“圆弧-直线-圆弧”平行泊车路径规划的方法进行求解,由此得出优化的平行泊车路径。仿真结果表明,五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划方法能够规划出曲率连续、满足避障约束和车辆运动学约束的优化路径,提高了路径跟踪的效果,保证车辆安全完成泊车。     

大数据支持下考虑障碍避让的机器人路径规划

为了使机器人在未知环境内可以成功规划出躲避障碍物的最短路径,在大数据支持下,设计了一种考虑障碍避让的机器人路径规划方法。首先分析机器人障碍物避让原理,确定机器人能够自由活动的范围。然后通过蚂蚁族群觅食流程对存在障碍物的路径进行模拟,获得基础路径规划结果,随后凭借赌轮盘规则细化,挑选节点通过机器人滚动窗口内映射,从而确定局部规划子目标,规划出对应的最短避障路径。仿真结果证明,相较于传统方法,上述方法能够更为准确地获取最优路径,且效率更高,具有高度适用性和实时性。     

基于双层模糊逻辑的多机器人路径规划与避碰

针对无通信情况下的多机器人系统在未知动态环境下的路径规划问题,设计了基于双层模糊逻辑的多机器人路径规划与动态避碰系统。方向模糊控制器充分考虑了障碍物的距离信息和目标的角度信息,转化为机器人与障碍物的碰撞可能性,从而输出转向角度实现机器人的动态避障;速度模糊控制器将障碍物的距离信息作为输入,将速度因子作为输出,提高了多机器人路径规划与动态避碰系统的效率和鲁棒性。在Pioneer3-DX机器人实体上验证了该系统的可行性。     

融合改进A*算法和Morphin算法的移动机器人动态路径规划

在动态未知环境下对机器人进行路径规划,传统A*算法可能出现碰撞或者路径规划失败问题。为了满足移动机器人全局路径规划最优和实时避障的需求,提出一种改进A*算法与Morphin搜索树算法相结合的动态路径规划方法。首先通过改进A*算法减少路径规划过程中关键节点的选取,在规划出一条全局较优路径的同时对路径平滑处理。然后基于移动机器人传感器采集的局部信息,利用Morphin搜索树算法对全局路径进行动态的局部规划,确保更好的全局路径的基础上,实时避开障碍物行驶到目标点。MATLAB仿真实验结果表明,提出的动态路径规划方法在时间和路径上得到提升,在优化全局路径规划的基础上修正局部路径,实现动态避障提高机器人达到目标点的效率。     

动态未知环境下一种新的机器人路径规划方法

针对机器人动态路径规划问题,提出了一种机器人在复杂动态环境中实时路径规划方法.该方法基于滚动窗口的路径规划和避障策略,通过设定可视点子目标、绕行障碍物和对动态障碍物的分析预测,实现机器人在复杂动态环境下的路径规划.针对障碍物分布情况,合理设计可视点法和绕行算法之间转换,有效地解决了局部路径规划的死循环与极小值问题.该方...     

Velocity potential approach to path planning for avoiding moving obstacles

This paper describes the theory and an experiment of a velocity potential approach to path planning and avoiding moving obstacles for an autonomous mobile robot by use of the Laplace potential. This new navigation function for path planning is feasible for guiding a mobile robot avoiding arbitrarily moving obstacles and reaching the goal in real time. The essential feature of the navigation function comes from the introduction of fluid flow dynamics into the path planning. The experiment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the navigation function for obstacle avoidance in a real world. Two examples of the experiment are presented; first, the avoidance of a moving obstacle in parallel line-bounded space, and second, the avoidance of one moving obstacle and another standing obstacle. The robot can reach the goal after successfully avoiding the obstacles in these cases.     

移动机器人模糊逻辑控制系统避障研究

本文对全区域覆盖的局部路径规划，采用了一种模糊控制算法，利用模糊控制算法自身所具有的鲁棒性和基于生物学上的感知一动作的行为相结合。对于移动机器人的避障系统提出了充分接近障碍的避障策略，并对相关理论和实现方法作了深入的研究。     

Sensor-based path planning for nonholonomic mobile robots subject to dynamic constraints

It is generally not easy to achieve smooth path planning in an unknown environment for nonholonomic mobile robots, which are subject to various robot constraints. In this paper, a hybrid approach is proposed for smooth path planning with global convergence for differential drive nonholonomic robots. We first investigate the use of a polar polynomial curve (PPC) to produce a path changing continuously in curvature and satisfying dynamic constraints. In order to achieve path generation in real-time, a computationally effective method is proposed for collision test of the complex curve. Then, a hybrid path planning approach is presented to guide the robot to move forward along the boundary of an obstacle of arbitrary shape, by generating a proper “Instant Goal” (and a series of deliberate motions through PPC curve based path generation) and planning reactively when needed using a fuzzy controller for wall following. The choice of an Instant Goal is limited to the set of candidates that are practically reachable by the robot and that enable the robot to continue following the obstacle. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by simulation experiments.     

结合光流和人工势场的风管机器人避障方法

风管清扫机器人是一种用来清扫中央空调通风管道内壁的机械手,工作环境恶劣、管道空间障碍复杂。风管清扫机器人的无碰撞运动对于实现其3D非重复接触和高速旋转刷的最优遍历清洗至关重要。以光流密度作为使用避障的光源,结合光流和人工势场法,以光流法进行障碍物检测,人工势场法进行避障规划,提出一种局部路径规划的障碍物检测及避障方法。实验结果表明,斥力势场矢量指向避开障碍物的方向,而且势场主要受障碍物的光流的影响,并由最近的障碍物来确定。通过与平衡策略方法对比,也验证了此方法的有效性。     

基于人工势场与IB-LBM的机器蛇水中2D避障控制算法

为了提高多冗余度、多自由度机器蛇水下环境运动适应能力,提出了基于人工势场与IB-LBM （immersed boundary method-lattice Boltzmann method）相结合的机器蛇水中2D智能避障算法.首先,采用格子Boltzmann方法描述2D水中障碍模型、构造统一形式.然后,运用浸入边界法,结合现有的蛇形曲线运动方程,在计入人工势场法引力和斥力作用的情况下,推导得到机器蛇2D水中避障模型.之后,通过改变障碍影响距离、机器蛇摆动振幅、摆动频率、障碍点斥力增益系数、雷诺数以及目标点引力增益系数等重要参数,研究机器蛇在不同情况下的避障效率和避障安全性.最后,通过多次仿真求取各项参数的最优值.仿真结果表明,在各项参数都最优时,该算法能使机器蛇快速、安全、有效地避开水下复杂环境中的静态障碍而到达目标点.该方法不仅能够充分研究机器蛇在水中的流固耦合特性,获得实时避障效果,而且能够利用已知的环境信息生成最优路径.     

基于场景理解与改进型BUG算法的移动机器人避障

针对现有移动机器人在视觉避障上存在的局限,将深度学习算法和路径规划技术相结合,提出了一种基于深层卷积神经网络和改进Bug算法的机器人避障方法。该方法采用多任务深度卷积神经网络提取道路图像特征,实现图像分类和语义分割任务;其次,基于语义分割结果构建栅格地图,并将图像分类结果与改进的Bug算法相结合,搜索出最优避障路径;同时,为降低冗余计算,设计了特征对比结构来对避免对重复计算的特征信息,保障机器人在实际应用中实时性。通过实验结果表明,所提方法有效的平衡了多视觉任务的精度与效率,并能准确规划出安全的避障路径,辅助机器人完成导航避障。