非时隙CSMA/CA性能分析与研究

通过对基于IEEE802.15.4的无线传感网络的非时隙CSMA/CA的算法进行分析,建立了适合于大部分无线传感网络实际应用的具有单步转移概率分布的离散马尔可夫链模型。并给出了在该模型下数据包延时、退避次数两个主要的网络性能评价指标的计算公式。最后通过仿真实验分析了CSMA/CA 算法的三个网络参数对系统性能的影响。     

基于非饱和负载的802.15.4网络能耗分析

为了优化802.15.4 MAC协议能耗性能,提出了一种基于退避时提前休眠的时隙CSMA/CA机制,并建立了该协议的Markov链模型。然后使用M/G/1排队系统理论对非饱和网络负载建模,并对协议主要参数进行了数学推导。最后基于该模型对网络节点能耗进行数值分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该模型较好的描述基于非饱和负载的802.15.4 MAC协议,网络节点能耗得到有效改善。     

非饱和状态下时隙CSMA/CA机制改进与性能分析

针对无线传感器网络中有重要信息的高优先级数据包需要尽快传输,且IEEE 802.15.4协议本身不支持任何优先级机制的情况,结合优先级调度策略和差分服务机制,对具有优先级级的时隙CSMA/CA机制进行全面数学建模,包括节点马尔科夫模型和信道马尔科夫模型,据此提出了一种非饱和状态下具有优先级的IEEE 802.15.4时隙CSMA/CA机制性能的分析方法。通过比较分析,改进的机制对提高网络中高优先级数据包的传输性能具有积极作用。     

基于M/G/1/K排队理论的IEEE 802.15.4网络吞吐量分析

针对IEEE 802.15.4时隙载波侦听多址接入与碰撞避免（CSMA/CA）算法,利用二维Markov链分析方法提出了一个网络分析模型。该模型特别考虑了IEEE 802.15.4协议的休眠模式以及退避窗口先于退避阶数(NB)达到最大值的情况。在此基础上,结合M/G/1/K排队理论推导得到了吞吐量的表达式,进而分析了网络在非饱和状态下数据包到达率对吞吐量的影响,利用模拟平台NS2进行了仿真。实验结果显示理论分析结果与仿真结果可以较好地拟合,并能准确描述网络吞吐量的变化,验证了分析模型的有效性。     

无线传感器网络中一种自适应的退避算法

802.15.4协议中CSMA/CA信道接入方式为了避免再次碰撞使用BEB退避算法,在重负载的情况下网络性能较差。提出一种自适应的退避算法,它用报文的冲突概率来预测节点附近信道的争用状况,在不同的网络状况下,竞争窗口的取值采用相应的退避策略,动态地控制节点的退避范围,以达到改善网络性能的目的。分析与仿真结果表明,新的算法与传统的退避算法BEB算法相比,在网络负载重的情况下,有效地降低了数据包的冲突概率,减少了时延,提高了网络的吞吐量,同时对信道的公平性也有所改善。     

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC协议退避机制的改进

考虑节点移动且数据传输率不断变化对网络性能的影响,针对IEEE802.15.4提出了一种网络负荷概率判断和指数加权滑动平均(PJNL_EWMA) 的退避策略,在每次载波监听多路访问/冲突避免（CSMA/CA）算法开始时采用网络负荷概率判断思想判定当前网络状况,然后通过指数加权滑动平均方法动态地调整退避指数。通过NS2的仿真结果表明：与IEEE802.15.4标准协议算法及MBS+EWMA算法相比,PJNL_EWMA算法不仅提高了网络吞吐量,同时还减小了数据包的丢包率和碰撞概率,提高了网络性能。     

随机接入移动无线传感器网络快速组网媒体访问控制

基于非时隙CSMA/CA随机接入机制的IEEE802.15.4MAC协议组网耗时过长,不能满足自组网实时通信应用需求。针对这一问题,分析了MAC组网流程中各步骤所耗时间,提出一种新的快速组网策略,采用预分配信道,将关联过程从间接传输简化为直接传输,改进CSMA/CA冲突避免机制以减少冲突。仿真实验和现场测试结果均表明,与IEEE 802.15.4协议相比,提出的快速组网策略使得信道冲突降低,组网时间更快,更符合实时通信需求。     

基于模糊逻辑的多速率WLAN自适应MAC协议

针对DCF应用在多速率无线局域网中存在吞吐量异常和严重不公平性问题，提出了一个基于信道状态和节点速率的模糊自适应退避算法——RCFAB算法。仿真结果表明，RCFAB能够适应多速率WLAN，并有效地改善系统的吞吐量和接入公平性。     

IEEE802.15.4无线传感器网络仿真与性能评估

IEEE802.15.4标准是为满足低速率、低能耗、低成本需求而制定的无线个人区域网（LR_WPAN）规范。通过用网络仿真软件NS2对基于IEEE802.15.4的无线传感器网络的主要性能指标进行分析,较为详实地论述了IEEE802.15.4MAC层基于时槽的CSMA/CA机制,最后给出仿真环境及其结果,并进行度量分析和阐述各指标间的依赖关系。     

Access delay in LonTalk MAC protocol

The study deals with the analysis of latency introduced by the media access control algorithm of LonTalk protocol registered as ANSI/CEA-709.1 standard and used in LonWorks control networking technology. The LonTalk protocol provides multicast communication which is a distinctive feature among control network protocols. The predictive p-persistent CSMA protocol built in the MAC sublayer uses the memoryless backoff, additive increase/additive decrease contention window adjustments, provides collision avoidance and optional collision detection.The behavior of the LonTalk MAC protocol, unlike of the other CSMA schemes, is forced not only by the traffic rate but also by the structure of the workload transmitted through the channel. Therefore, the predictive p-persistent CSMA performance depends on the load scenario defined as the specification of the input traffic generated to the network. In the study, a unified method of load scenario definition integrating various addressing and message service types, is used. The contribution of the paper is the adaptation of the analytical approach based on Markov chains to the evaluation of mean access delay of LonTalk protocol for any load scenario.     

基于IEEE802．15．4a的无线测控网络协议

为满足工业现场测控任务对网络通信实时性的要求,提出一种基于IEEE80215．4a的无线测控网络协议,其中的令牌控制子层采用令牌机制管理各站点对无线信道的访问,克服了CSMA／CA机制无序竞争的缺陷,保证数据传输的时间确定性,介绍协议栈模型、逻辑令牌环动态建立过程以及令牌故障的自恢复机制,并在硬件平台NanoNET上加以实现。实验结果表明,该协议能够在强电磁干扰环境中稳定运行,具备实时特性。     

IEEE 802.11性能评估和改进

IEEE802．11基本的媒体接入控制(MAC)协议是DCF，DCF基于CSMA／CA方案,采用二进制指数回退算法避免冲突．采用Bianchi等提出的模型对DCF的性能进行了理论分析和仿真研究,提出了DCF性能的改进方案TDCF，计算结果和仿真表明，TDCF性能优于DCF．     

IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function: Enhancement and analysis

IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) is proposed to support asynchronous and time bounded delivery of radio packets. Distributed Coordination b-kmction (DCF), which uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) and binary slotted exponen-tial backoff, is the basis of the 802.11 MAC. This paper proposes a throughput enhancement for DCF by adjusting the Contention Window (CW) setting scheme. Moreover, an analytical model based on Markov chain is introduced to compute the enhanced throughput. The accuracy of the model and the enhancement of the proposed scheme are verified by elaborate simulations.     

基于ABE算法的2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4网络模拟研究

针对IEEE 802.15.4网络的MAC层采用基于时隙的CSMA/CA标准算法可能引发数据封包碰撞和网络拥塞的问题,参考ABE算法对标准算法进行了改进,并采用NS-2网络模拟软件对基于时隙的CSMA/CA标准算法与ABE算法对2.4 GHz频段上的IEEE802.15.4星型网络性能进行了模拟实验。结果表明,基于ABE算法的2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4网络在网络吞吐量、数据封包成功传输率、网络公平性、LQI类型封包遗失数量等方面的性能都得到了有效提升。     

低速无线个域网隐蔽站问题研究

低速无线个域网标准IEEE802.15.4协议MAC层的主要目标是有效地减少能量的消耗,而并没有考虑如何有效地减少隐蔽站问题的产生.在无线多跳网络中解决隐蔽站问题主要方法有RTS/CTS和调节载波侦听范围等办法,但是均不适用于低速无线个域网.在对基于IEEE802.15.4的时隙CSMA/CA退避算法和隐蔽站问题产生的原理进行深入分析的基础上,得出了在节点均匀分布的情况下退避指数的最小值macminBE相对于发帧成功率的表达式,提出了通过调节macminBE,来减少由于隐蔽站问题引发的帧冲突的方法.并通过NS2仿真实验验证了方法的可行性.克服了现有方法的不足,较大地提高了网络的性能.     

IEEE802.15.6无线体域网CSMA/CA接入机制建模与性能分析

无线体域网是由附着在人体表的可穿戴传感器或植入人体内的生物传感器组成的无线网络.IEEE 802.15工作组于2012年正式发布了用于无线体域网的IEEE 802.15.6通信标准.该标准面向窄带通信主要采用支持QoS区分服务的时隙CSMA/CA接入机制.为深入理解该机制的内在特性,利用Markov链对饱和状态下的退避过程进行建模,并在此基础上分析了各个优先级的吞吐量、成功收包率和延迟等性能.仿真结果验证了模型分析的准确性.分析和仿真结果表明,该标准为不同优先级提供了区分服务,但在饱和状态下最高优先级会抢占大部分信道资源,造成其他优先级的资源短缺.     

6LoWPAN网络节点信道接入延时性能研究

为了优化6LoWPAN网络MAC协议性能,提出了一种基于饱和负载的时隙CSMA/CA机制的Markov链模型,并对协议主要网络参数进行了数学推导。基于该模型对节点平均接入延时及网络的信道接入概率等参数进行数值计算,重点分析了协议参数对网络延时性能的影响。数学分析表明,该模型较好地描述了基于饱和负载的IEEE 802.15.4 MAC协议的信道竞争接入机制,而合理的协议参数设置能够有效地改善网络节点平均信道接入延时性能。     

A survey of energy efficient MAC protocols for IEEE 802.11 WLAN

In recent years, IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) have been widely deployed, and more and more mobile devices have built-in WLAN interfaces. However, WLAN employs the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) medium access control (MAC) protocol, which consumes a significant portion of the energy resources of a mobile device. Hence, minimizing the energy consumption of the WLAN interface in mobile devices has recently attracted considerable interest in both academia and industry. This article provides a survey and an experimental study of the energy consumption issues and energy-efficient technologies of the MAC protocol in IEEE 802.11 WLAN.     

Performance evaluation of a new backoff method for IEEE 802.11

Since DCF is the main protocol of accessing other mobile stations in ad hoc networks such as IEEE 802.11 WLANs, a self-controlling method for each station is necessary, called the backoff algorithm. An exponential backoff method has been used in WLANs and significant efforts have been made to analyze its throughput and other important properties such as delay and jitter. In this article, we propose a new backoff algorithm and model it with a discrete-time Markov chain; measuring its saturation throughput under several conditions and several set of parameters which are to be adjusted according to the network condition, with the aim of approaching maximum throughput when stations are saturated.     

An anti-collision algorithm for localization of multiple chirp-spread-spectrum nodes

This paper develops an anti-collision algorithm for localization of multiple chirp-spread-spectrum (CSS) tag nodes. The CSS is a physical layer defined in IEEE 802.15.4a, and can be used for ranging between two CSS nodes. This ranging operation involves measuring the time-of-flight of the chirp-modulated signal. If anchor CSS nodes are installed at the known positions, a tag CSS node can calculate its coordinate based on the distances between these nodes. When there are multiple tag nodes, however, the tag nodes can fail to calculate their locations because their ranging signals collide with each other. Although the CSMA/CA is adopted for the medium access control protocol of IEEE 802.15.4a, it is not suitable for localization because a tag node must measure at least three successive distances for two-dimensional localization. The proposed algorithm uses a back-off time to prevent collisions, and all tag nodes compete to acquire the authority to use a channel. The proposed algorithm uses two special packets to synchronize the tag nodes for localization. For a theoretical evaluation of the proposed algorithm, the probability of the channel occupation of each tag node is analyzed. Through experiments, the performance of the anti-collision algorithm is verified.