支持QoS的IEEE 802.11的分布协调功能(DCF)算法

IEEE802．11是一种无线局域网标准，它采用CSMA／CA算法，有两种工作模式——DCF和PCF。当无线站点工作于DCF模式时，可以方便地构建自组网络.DCF模式是一种随机的无线信道共享方式，不能保障语音、视频等实时业务。本文按照各种业务的服务需求，在DCF中引入并行优先级队列，使这些队列接入信道的参数DIFS和CW与各种类型应用相对应，从而在MAC层中实现服务区分。     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网的TCP性能分析和改进

在分析IEEE 802.11无线局域网媒体接入控制（MAC）协议和传输控制协议（TCP）性能的基础上,提出了改进的MAC协议：BDCF.IEEE 802.11分布式协调功能（DCF）只支持前向数据传输,即数据帧只能由发送方传送到接收方.BDCF利用IEEE 802.11点协调功能（PCF）提供的数据帧格式,可以实现信息的双向传输,即收发双方相互交换数据帧.因此BDCF更适合传输面向连接的TCP业务.BDCF与IEEE 802.11完全兼容.仿真结果表明：BDCF可以提高网络吞吐量和降低数据帧的时延,理论分析结果基本准确.     

QoS 区分的自适应p-Persistent MAC 算法对信道利用率的动态优化

在无线局域网中提供服务质量(QoS)保证的MAC 算法应该满足业务区分服务的要求和系统性能的整体最优.以往的此类自适应MAC 算法依赖于对不同级别的竞争业务数目进行估计,计算过于复杂.提出一种基于QoS区分的自适应p-persistent MAC 算法,QDA-MAC(QoS differentiation based adaptive MAC scheme).该算法引入了新的参数-坚持因子(persistent factor),其优化值能够实时反映网络负载的变化情况,结合近似优化的自适应方法,每次发送尝试后,该算法不需要估计每类竞争业务的数目,利用坚持因子的优化值实时更新各类优先级业务的发送概率,调整相应的协议参数,系统的性能也能接近最优.仿真结果验证了该算法不仅能够根据竞争业务数目的变化对系统的性能进行整体优化,而且能够提供业务区分服务,在QoS区分的基础上可以为实时业务提供严格的QoS保证,尤其在信道利用率和时延等方面明显优于标准的IEEE 802.11 DCF 和IEEE 802.11e EDCA 机制.     

无线局域网MAC协议研究及实时业务QoS实现

随着无线网络的迅速发展,网络上的业务流量与日俱增,如何保证无线局域网实时业务服务质量的问题也越来越突出。本文介绍了提供QoS保障的IEEE802.11e协议,着重研究了一种基于标准PCF的增强QoS保证的媒体接入机制——动态PCF,讨论了它在802.11WLAN中支持IP话音及一般非实时数据业务的QoS控制流程。     

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Distributed Contention Control (DCC) Mechanism for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks

This paper focuses on the design and performance evaluation of a new mechanism, named Distributed Contention Control (DCC), for the adaptive contention reduction in LAN networks that utilize random access MAC protocols. The proposed mechanism could be executed on the top of a preexistent access protocol, with no additional overhead introduced. Specifically, we consider the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN). The DCC mechanism requires a simple and rough estimate of the contention level, and this can be achieved by estimating any parameter, directly connected with the amount of contention on the shared channel. The main characteristics of the proposed mechanism are represented by its simplicity, integration with the Standard, complete distribution, absence of overheads, and prompt reaction to changes in the network congestion. The protocol automatically adapts to the network congestion by monitoring the channel contention level through the estimation of the contention parameter. In this paper we show that the information needed for the contention estimation is already available to a 802.11 station, with no additional costs. Simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of an IEEE 802.11 WLAN, with and without the DCC mechanism, have been carried out. Results confirmed the effectiveness of the DCC mechanism in improving the performance, stability, and congestion reaction of the IEEE 802.11 access scheme. The DCC mechanism also provides a simple way to implement a distributed priority mechanism.     

Channel time allocation scheme based on feedback information in IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11e standard defines a set of quality of service (QoS) enhancements for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications such as voice and streaming multimedia traffic. In the standard, a new medium access control (MAC) protocol is called the hybrid coordinator function (HCF), and also a channel access scheme to transmit multimedia traffic is called the HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). In the IEEE 802.11e WLANs, to satisfy the stringent real-time constraints of multimedia services it is very important to provide an efficient method of allocating network resources. In this regard, we propose a feedback-assisted dynamic channel time allocation scheme considering the application layer information in order to achieve better performance of multimedia traffic over IEEE 802.11e HCCA under the constrained QoS requirements. Performance of the proposed scheme is investigated by simulation. Our results show that under typical channel error conditions, the proposed scheme is very effective regardless of the variation of station numbers and service intervals. Also, it yields high performances while guaranteeing the delay bound.     

基于无线信道的冲突分解算法仿真研究

目前,无线局域网(WLAN)中的媒体接入控制层(MAC)广泛采用基于IEEE802.11的二进制指数回退算法(BEB)的DCF协议.当WLAN中的节点数目迅速增加时,该协议存在系统吞吐量会急剧降低,网络性能变差的缺点.详细分析了无线局域网中IEEE 802.11MAC层的二进制退避协议,指出原协议在进行冲突处理上的不足,并结合树型分解算法(TSA)和快速分解算法(FCR),提出一种改进的树型冲突分解算法(ITSA).并用MATLAB仿真了CSMA/CA协议和ITSA算法.分析和仿真结果证明,与IEEE 802.11等协议采用的二进制指数退避算法相比,该算法能较大的提高系统吞吐量.     

Saturated throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCA

IEEE 802.11e standard has been published to introduce quality of service (QoS) support to the conventional IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN). Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is used as the fundamental access mechanism for the medium access control (MAC) layer in IEEE 802.11e. In this paper, a novel Markov chain based model with a simple architecture for EDCA performance analysis under the saturated traffic load is proposed. Compared with the existing analytical models of EDCA, the proposed model incorporates more features of EDCA into the analysis. Firstly, we analyze the effect of using different arbitration interframe spaces (AIFSs) on the performance of EDCA. That is, the time interval from the end of the busy channel can be classified into different contention zones based on the different AIFSs used by different sets of stations, and these different sets of stations may have different transmission probabilities in the same contention zone. Secondly, we analyze the possibility that a station’s backoff procedure may be suspended due to transmission from other stations. We consider that the contention zone specific transmission probability caused by the use of different AIFSs can affect the occurrence and the duration of the backoff suspension procedure. Based on the proposed model, saturated throughput of EDCA is analyzed. Simulation study is performed, which demonstrates that the proposed model has better accuracy than those in the literature.     

一种新的基于HCCA的流量调度算法

IEEE802.11e中MAC协议传送方式采用了混合协调功能(HCF),其中混合式协调控制信道访问(HCCA)是基于集中轮询方式接入业务,它提供了参数化的QoS接入,着重讨论变比特率数据流的接入控制,提出了一种新的根据网络的实际流量、动态调整服务间隔和传输机会,来灵活地分配网络资源的算法.仿真结果表明,该算法能有效提高网络的吞吐量和降低丢包率,大大提高系统性能.     

An accurate closed-form formula for the throughput of long-lived TCP connections in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

There is a vast literature on the performance modeling of the 802.11 MAC protocol, but the interplay between the TCP dynamics and the self-regulating behavior of the 802.11 CSMA/CA access method has not been sufficiently investigated. In addition, it has been observed that TCP stations in a WLAN are sporadically active due to the TCP flow control mechanisms. This makes traditional saturated models of the network capacity of 802.11 WLANs not very accurate. We presented a rigorous analytical model to calculate the distribution of the number of active TCP stations in a WLAN with multiple long-lived TCP flows [R. Bruno, M. Conti, E. Gregori, Performance modelling and measurements of TCP transfer throughput in 802.11-based WLAN, in: Proceedings of the IEEE MsWiM 2006, Torremolinos, Malaga, Spain, 2006, pp. 4–11, [1]]. Starting from this analysis, in this paper we derive a simple but accurate closed-form expression of the per-connection TCP throughout as a function of the average duration of collisions, the average backoff period and the TCP packet size. We validate this formula through performance tests carried out on a real WLAN. Then, we use our model to mathematically study the optimal minimum contention window size to maximize the TCP throughput. Our analytical results indicate that the initial window size specified in the 802.11b standard is about two times larger than the optimal one. However, we also show that the TCP throughput performance is not very sensitive to changes of the minimum contention window size, and that the TCP flows significantly underutilize the channel bandwidth also in the optimal MAC operating state.     

A performance analysis of block ACK scheme for IEEE 802.11e networks

The demand for the IEEE 802.11 wireless local-area networks (WLANs) has been drastically increasing along with many emerging applications and services over WLAN. However, the IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) is known to be limited in terms of its throughput performance due to the high MAC overhead, such as interframe spaces (IFS) or per-frame based acknowledgement (ACK) frame transmissions. The IEEE 802.11e MAC introduces the block ACK scheme for improving the system efficiency of the WLAN. Using the block ACK scheme can reduce the ACK transmission overhead by integrating multiple ACKs for a number of data frames into a bitmap that is contained in a block ACK frame, thus increasing the MAC efficiency.In this paper, we mathematically analyze the throughput and delay performance of the IEEE 802.11e block ACK scheme in an erroneous channel environment. Our extensive ns-2 simulation results validate the accuracy of our analytical model and they further demonstrate that the block ACK scheme enhances the MAC throughput performance at the cost of the resequencing delay at the receiving buffer.     

Runtime optimization of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs performance

IEEE 802.11 is the standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs) promoted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Wireless technologies in the LAN environment are becoming increasingly important and the IEEE 802.11 is the most mature technology to date. Previous works have pointed out that the standard protocol can be very inefficient and that an appropriate tuning of its congestion control mechanism (i.e., the backoff algorithm) can drive the IEEE 802.11 protocol close to its optimal behavior. To perform this tuning, a station must have exact knowledge of the network contention level; unfortunately, in a real case, a station cannot have exact knowledge of the network contention level (i.e., number of active stations and length of the message transmitted on the channel), but it, at most, can estimate it. We present and evaluate a distributed mechanism for contention control in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. Our mechanism, named asymptotically optimal backoff (AOB), dynamically adapts the backoff window size to the current network contention level and guarantees that an IEEE 802.11 WLAN asymptotically achieves its optimal channel utilization. The AOB mechanism measures the network contention level by using two simple estimates: the slot utilization and the average size of transmitted frames. These estimates are simple and can be obtained by exploiting information that is already available in the standard protocol. AOB can be used to extend the standard 802.11 access mechanism without requiring any additional hardware. The performance of the IEEE 802.11 protocol, with and without the AOB mechanism, is investigated through simulation. Simulation results indicate that our mechanism is very effective, robust, and has traffic differentiation potentialities.     

基于令牌的无线工业控制网络的信道接入控制

针对无线工业控制网络(WICN)的实时性和可靠性要求,在分析了几种常见的无线局域网的MAC协议(MACA、MA-CAW和IEEE802.11)的不足后,提出了一种基于令牌控制的MAC协议.并且还详细介绍了该协议中的令牌恢复机制、优先级机制和数据帧确认机制,并利用离散事件仿真平台OMNeT 对该协议和CSMA/CA协议进行了仿真对比试验.仿真结果表明,该协议保证了信道接入的公平性,减少了数据传输时延,增强了数据传输的可靠性,适用于无线工业控制网络.     

A survey of energy efficient MAC protocols for IEEE 802.11 WLAN

In recent years, IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) have been widely deployed, and more and more mobile devices have built-in WLAN interfaces. However, WLAN employs the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) medium access control (MAC) protocol, which consumes a significant portion of the energy resources of a mobile device. Hence, minimizing the energy consumption of the WLAN interface in mobile devices has recently attracted considerable interest in both academia and industry. This article provides a survey and an experimental study of the energy consumption issues and energy-efficient technologies of the MAC protocol in IEEE 802.11 WLAN.     

Throughput analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function considering erroneous channel and capture effects

This paper presents a performance study of the distributed coordination function (DCF) of 802.11 networks considering erroneous channel and capture effects under non-saturated traffic conditions employing a basic access method. The aggregate throughput of a practical wireless local area network (WLAN) strongly depends on the channel conditions. In a real radio environment, the received signal power at the access point from a station is subjected to deterministic path loss, shadowing, and fast multipath fading. The binary exponential backoff (BEB) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 DCF severely suffers from more channel idle time under high bit error rate (BER). To alleviate the low performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF, a new mechanism is introduced, which greatly outperforms the existing methods under a high BER. A multidimensional Markov chain model is used to characterize the behavior of DCF in order to account both non-ideal channel conditions and capture effects.     

一种优化WLAN上下行公平性的MAC机制

IEEE802．11DCF主要基于载波检测／碰撞退避多址接人协议和时隙制退避算法。因此,往往在基础架构模式中,AP与用户站在随机竞争信道过程中并无优势,并且DCF应用于多速率WLAN,各站点之间的竞争并不均匀（时间不均）,存在吞吐量异常和严重不公平性问题。通过建立三维Markov链模型,对非饱和状态下802．11 MAC协议上下行带宽公平性进行了分析,由此提出基于下行链路优先的DPMAC协议,其核心思想是：AP享有优先访问信道的权利,并且可以根据下行链路状态动态调整占有信道的时间,各用户站竞争信道仍然采用原有的IXZF访问方式。通过仿真证实DPMAC协议能很好地实现上下行链路公平性,达到满意的效果。     

无线网络中MAC层违规行为的检测和惩罚

802.11无线媒体访问控制(MAC)协议利用分布式争夺解决机制处理无线信道的共享。在这种环境下,那些没有执行MAC协议的节点可以获得不公平的信道带宽。IEEE 802.11要求节点等待一个随机时间间隔之后再竞争访问信道,如果某些节点等待一个较小的时间间隔,那么对其他普通节点来说,这是不公平的。针对这种情况对IEEE 802.11 MAC协议做简单的改进来检测这样的违规行为并对其进行惩罚。     

无线局域网MAC机制对TCP性能的影响分析

通过分析和比较IEEE802.11无线局域网分别采用3种典型MAC机制时的TCP性能,深入研究了MAC机制对无线局域网中TCP性能的影响.仿真结果表明,由MAC机制所决定的信道冲突率、MAC帧丢失率、MAC帧传输时延抖动幅度和频率、网络吞吐量和公平性将直接影响无线局域网中TCP的吞吐量、公平性和稳定性.     

基于竞争终端个数区间的IEEE 802.11性能优化

IEEE 802.11的MAC协议采用基于CSMA/CA的DCF机制,研究发现,上述协议的性能随无线局域网中竞争终端个数的增加而迅速恶化.当竞争终端个数在一定范围内变化时,使用相同的优化协议参数,系统的性能都能接近最优.因此,设计了一个基于状态检测与竞争终端个数区间的自适应性能优化机制,DOOR(dynamicootimization on range).根据相关性能模型的分析,先将竞争终端的个数分为若干区间,并分别计算出各区间的优化协议参数.当系统检测到竞争终端个数发生变化时,根据其所处的区间,对相关的参数进行动态调整,从而有效地改善了协议的整体性能.同时还给出了相关理论模型和计算的详细说明,并尝试给出了划分区间的基本原则与方法.最后,实验仿真结果验证了新的方法能够根据竞争终端个数的变化对系统性能进行整体优化,在吞吐量和延迟等方面明显优于标准的IEEE 802.11协议.     

WLESS-frame: a simulation-based development environment for 802.11 stations

The IEEE 802.11 protocol is one of the most widely accepted standards for wireless local area networks (WLANs). WLESS-frame is a novel development environment for 802.11 stations. It is based on a complete model of the medium access layer (MAC) and of the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) physical layer. The tool is aimed at supporting hardware/software co-design and validation of 802.11 stations, also analyzing the behaviour of a station in a network. The paper describes the implementation of the tool, its applicability and the performance analysis of a network under various workload conditions.