武夷山热带降雨测量卫星降水产品降尺度研究

热带降雨测量卫星(tropical rainfall measuring missionsatellite,TRMM)虽可测得大范围降水,但其空间分辨率较低,不能满足各种模型研究。以武夷山及周边地区为研究区,基于TRMM降水数据融合多源数据,对TRMM进行降尺度,从而得到高分辨率的降水产品。对2001—2010年的TRMM3B43月降水产品进行降尺度处理,将其空间分辨率由0.25°×0.25°(约28km×28km)提高到1km×1km,并利用验证站点对降尺度结果进行精度检验。结果表明,多源数据融合的降尺度方法在中国武夷山及周边地区具有较好的适用性。降尺度结果与验证站点降水量的相关系数R均在0.9以上,平均相对误差(MRE)及均方根误差(RMSE)较降尺度前都有所减小。与气象站点实测数据相比,降尺度结果能较好地模拟降水的时空分布及局地特征,且能够反映地形降水的差异性分布。     

武夷山热带降雨测量卫星降水产品降尺度研究

热带降雨测量卫星(tropical rainfall measuring missionsatellite,TRMM)虽可测得大范围降水,但其空间分辨率较低,不能满足各种模型研究。以武夷山及周边地区为研究区,基于TRMM降水数据融合多源数据,对TRMM进行降尺度,从而得到高分辨率的降水产品。对2001—2010年的TRMM3B43月降水产品进行降尺度处理,将其空间分辨率由0.25°×0.25°（约28 km×28 km）提高到1 km×1 km,并利用验证站点对降尺度结果进行精度检验。结果表明,多源数据融合的降尺度方法在中国武夷山及周边地区具有较好的适用性。降尺度结果与验证站点降水量的相关系数R均在0.9以上,平均相对误差（MRE）及均方根误差（RMSE）较降尺度前都有所减小。与气象站点实测数据相比,降尺度结果能较好地模拟降水的时空分布及局地特征,且能够反映地形降水的差异性分布。     

基于Triple-Collocation方法的微波遥感土壤水分产品不确定性分析及数据融合

微波遥感可以获取大范围的地表土壤水分信息,以及由此得到全球尺度的土壤水分产品。但由于传感器观测配置和反演方法等诸多因素的影响,使得不同的土壤水分产品在精度和可靠性方面存在差异。基于Triple-Collocation（TC）方法,在青藏高原那曲地区的0.25°×0.25°和1.0°×1.0°两个空间尺度上对AMSR2、SMAP和SMOS 3种土壤水分遥感产品进行不确定性分析,开展基于随机误差的数据融合算法研究。研究结果表明:不同遥感产品间的随机误差在空间分布上存在显著的不一致性,使得应用传统的算术平均方法进行数据融合不具有普适性。基于此不确定性,对3种产品配赋相应的权重进行融合,相比于3种土壤水分原始数据集,融合产品不仅具有更丰富的数据量,也会对数据精度有所改善。当遥感产品间的随机误差接近时,等权重和优化权重的融合结果非常接近;当遥感产品间的随机误差差异较大时,基于不确定性的数据融合方法相比等权重方法可以明显的提高融合数据的精度。     

基于Triple-Collocation方法的微波遥感土壤水分产品不确定性分析及数据融合

微波遥感可以获取大范围的地表土壤水分信息，以及由此得到全球尺度的土壤水分产品。但由于传感器观测配置和反演方法等诸多因素的影响，使得不同的土壤水分产品在精度和可靠性方面存在差异。基于Triple-Collocation（TC）方法，在青藏高原那曲地区的0.25°×0.25°和1.0°×1.0°两个空间尺度上对AMSR2、SMAP和SMOS 3种土壤水分遥感产品进行不确定性分析，开展基于随机误差的数据融合算法研究。研究结果表明:不同遥感产品间的随机误差在空间分布上存在显著的不一致性，使得应用传统的算术平均方法进行数据融合不具有普适性。基于此不确定性，对3种产品配赋相应的权重进行融合，相比于3种土壤水分原始数据集，融合产品不仅具有更丰富的数据量，也会对数据精度有所改善。当遥感产品间的随机误差接近时，等权重和优化权重的融合结果非常接近；当遥感产品间的随机误差差异较大时，基于不确定性的数据融合方法相比等权重方法可以明显的提高融合数据的精度。     

基于Triple-Collocation方法的微波遥感土壤水分产品不确定性分析及数据融合

微波遥感可以获取大范围的地表土壤水分信息,以及由此得到全球尺度的土壤水分产品。但由于传感器观测配置和反演方法等诸多因素的影响,使得不同的土壤水分产品在精度和可靠性方面存在差异。基于Triple-Collocation(TC)方法,在青藏高原那曲地区的0.25°×0.25°和1.0°×1.0°两个空间尺度上对AMSR2、SMAP和SMOS 3种土壤水分遥感产品进行不确定性分析,开展基于随机误差的数据融合算法研究。研究结果表明:不同遥感产品间的随机误差在空间分布上存在显著的不一致性,使得应用传统的算术平均方法进行数据融合不具有普适性。基于此不确定性,对3种产品配赋相应的权重进行融合,相比于3种土壤水分原始数据集,融合产品不仅具有更丰富的数据量,也会对数据精度有所改善。当遥感产品间的随机误差接近时,等权重和优化权重的融合结果非常接近;当遥感产品间的随机误差差异较大时,基于不确定性的数据融合方法相比等权重方法可以明显的提高融合数据的精度。     

利用随机森林和地理加权回归的黄河源GIMMS3gNDVI降尺度方法

针对现有AVHRR、SPOTVGT、MODIS产品难以构建长时序、高时空分辨率NDVI数据集的问题,提出了利用随机森林和地理加权回归模型对GIMMS_3g NDVI进行降尺度的方法。基于“关系尺度不变”假设,从不同空间分辨率和数据源角度将其空间分辨率从8 km提高至250 m,并利用MODIS数据进行精度评价。结果表明：降尺度数据的空间分辨率有较大提升,能真实反映源区内NDVI空间分布特征;降尺度数据与MODIS数据具有较好的一致性,除500 m分辨率下的RF降尺度外,其他降尺度结果的绝对误差≤0.1的比例达到70%;东南部高植被覆盖区的降尺度效果要优于西北部;RF模型在体现局部细节纹理特征方面更具优势;解释变量的不同组合会影响降尺度的精度;降尺度模型尺度的改变对RF模型降尺度结果影响较大。     

基于TsHARP模型和STITFM算法的地表温度影像融合研究

基于MODIS地表温度产品和Landsat ETM+影像,提出采用将TsHARP(Thermal sHARPening)模型和STITFM(Spatio-Temporal Integrated Temperature Fusion Model)算法相结合的方法CTsSTITFM进行地表温度数据的融合。先利用TsHARP方法对相邻t_1和t_2时刻的1km MODIS地表温度数据降尺度为250m空间分辨率地表温度,再将降尺度结果输入STITFM模型进行影像融合,最终生成t_2时刻30m空间分辨率的地表温度数据。结果表明:该方法比与单独采用STITFM算法的模拟结果精度有所提高,在默认参数设置下,融合影像的地表温度与Landsat ETM+数据反演地表温度值相比,均方根误差(RMSE)小于1.33K。通过对CTsSTITFM融合方法的参数中窗口大小的调节发现,随窗口不断增大,在所选区域融合效果表现出一定的规律性,合理的窗口大小设置有助于提升融合效果。     

SMOS与SMAP过境时段表层土壤水分的稳定性研究

SMOS和SMAP都是为获取全球土壤水分信息而设计的专题卫星,均搭载了L波段辐射计。进行二者的横向对比是构建具有一致性的全球土壤水分数据集的关键基础。虽然SMAP、SMOS名义上的过境时刻是固定的,但二者的实际过境时刻随时间和空间发生变化,它们与地面实测数据三者之间难以匹配形成时序上严格统一的样本对,从而给土壤水分反演结果的精度评定带来困难。针对这一问题,以美国大陆地区为研究区,首先对2016~2017年SMOS、SMAP土壤水分数据的时间戳进行统计,判定二者过境的交叠时段;进而利用高观测频率、大空间尺度的实测数据,研究表层土壤水分在此时段内的自然变化特征。结果显示,按照全部、无降水、有降水3种条件,在样本量分别为98.14%、99.51%和88.49%的绝大多数情况下,表层土壤水分的变化量为0.007 m3/m3、0.007 m3/m3和0.012 m3/m3, 远小于SMOS、SMAP的目标精度（0.04 m3/m3）。初步证实： ①SMOS与SMAP的土壤水分反演结果（L2数据）可进行直接比对;②过境时刻差异对验证误差的影响可不计。     

基于机器学习算法的AMSR-2地表温度降尺度研究

MODIS日尺度的地表温度受到天气影响,有效像元信息严重缺失, 这对数据稀缺区域尤为重要。以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究区,探索了采用AMSR-2 的垂直极化亮度温度与植被指数对地表温度空间降尺度的方法,并用此方法填补了2018年MODIS的缺失像元。①通过十折交叉验证,对4种机器学习算法（Cubist、DBN、SVM、RF）、10个波段组合、2个空间尺度（5 km、10 km）下的训练模型进行了分析,表明RF算法精度明显高于其他3种算法,C09波段组合的验证精度高于其他波段组合。②构建了2个鲁棒性的随机森林算法地表温度降尺度模型（5 km|RF|09、10 km|RF|09）,将AMSR-2亮度温度降尺度到１km分辨率,表明5 km|RF|09模型反演结果更为合理,MODIS与站点验证的R²分别为0.971、0.930,RMSE分别为3.38 K、4.71 K,MAE分别为2.51 K、3.84 K。③降尺度结果填补MODIS地表温度缺失像元,将其应用到古尔班通古特沙漠长时间序列的陆表温度分析,可为数据稀缺区域数据获取提供科学参考。     

基于MODIS和AMSR-E遥感数据的土壤水分降尺度研究

微波传感器获得的土壤水分产品空间分辨率一般都很粗,而流域尺度上的研究需要中高分辨率的土壤水分数据。用MODIS逐日地表温度产品MOD11A1和逐日地表反射率产品MOD09GA构建温度-植被指数特征空间,并计算得到TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index)指数,它与土壤水分呈负相关关系,能够反映土壤水分的空间分布模式,但并不是真实的土壤水分值。在AMSR-E像元尺度上求得TVDI与土壤水分的负相关系数,进而对VUA AMSR-E土壤水分产品进行降尺度计算得到0.01°分辨率的真实土壤水分值。经NAFE06(The National Airborne Field Experiment 2006)试验地面采样数据验证,降尺度后的土壤水分均方根误差平均值为6.1%。     

Downscaling of passive microwave soil moisture retrievals based on spectral analysis

The retrieval of soil moisture from passive microwave remote-sensing data is presently one of the most effective methods for monitoring soil moisture. However, the spatial resolution of passive microwave soil moisture products is generally low; thus, existing soil moisture products should be downscaled in order to obtain more accurate soil moisture data. In this study, we explore the theoretical feasibility of applying the spectral downscaling method to the soil moisture in order to generate high spatial resolution soil moisture based on both Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Fengyun-3B (FY3B) data. We analyse the spectral characteristics of soil moisture images covering the east-central of the Tibetan Plateau which have different spatial resolutions. The spectral analysis reveals that the spectral downscaling method is reliable in theory for downscaling soil moisture. So, we developed one spectral downscaling method for deriving the high spatial resolution (1 km) soil moister data from the FY3B data (25 km). Our results were compared with the ground truth measurements from 15 selected experimental days in 16 different sites. The average coefficient of determination (R²) of the spectral downscaling increased nearly doubled than that of the original FY3B soil moisture product. The spectral downscaled soil moister data were successfully applied to examine the water exchange between the land and atmosphere in the study regions. The spectral downscaling approach could be an efficient and effective method to improve the spatial resolution of current microwave soil moisture images.     

Land Surface Temperature Data Fusion of Landsat ETM and MODISby Combining TsHARP and STITFM Model

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter that describes energy balance of substance and energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere,and LST has widely used in the fields of urban heat island effect,soil moisture and surface radiative flux.Currently,no satellite sensor can deliver thermal infrared data at both high temporal resolution and spatial resolution,which strongly limits the wide application of thermal infrared data.Based on the MODIS land surface temperature product and Landsat ETM+image,a temporal and spatial fusion method is proposed by combining the TsHARP (Thermal sHARPening) model with the STITFM (Spatio\|Temporal Integrated Temperature Fusion Model) algorithm,defined as CTsSTITFM model in this study.The TsHARP method is used to downscale the 1 km MODIS land surface temperature image to LST data at spatial resolution of 250 m.Then the accuracy is verified by the retrieval LST from Landsat ETM+ image at the same time.Land surface temperature image at 30 m spatial scale is predicted by fusing Landsat ETM+ and downscaling MODIS data using STITFM model.The fusion LST image is validated by the estimated LST from Landsat ETM+ data for the same predicted.The results show that the proposed method has a better precision comparing to the STITFM algorithm.Under the default parameter setting,the predicted LST values using CTsSTITFM fusion method have a root mean square error (RMSE) less than 1.33 K.By adjusting the window size of CTsSTITFM fusion method,the fusion results in the selected areas show some regularity with the increasing of the window.In general,a reasonable window size set may slightly improve the effects of LST fusion.The CTsSTITFM fusion method can solve the problem of mixed pixels caused by coarse\|scale MODIS surface temperature images to some degree.     

基于SPOT-VGT可见光/短波红外波段数据对AMSR-E土壤湿度的降尺度研究

基于SPOT-VGT数据,由短波红外、红和蓝波段反射率计算了表征地表土壤湿度的可见光—短波红外干旱指数(VSDI),通过对1km空间分辨率的VSDI影像进行空间升尺度处理,采用多种函数建立了25km空间分辨率AMSR-E土壤湿度数据与VSDI指数的关系,发现二者关系最符合S型曲线模型,拟合残差在空间上呈现随机分布的特征。基于S曲线函数关系下的1km预测土壤湿度和残差值,对AMSR-E土壤湿度进行降尺度模拟,得到1km空间分辨率的土壤湿度。将原始AMSR-E土壤湿度和实测数据对降尺度结果分别比较验证后,表明基于该方法获得的土壤湿度模拟精度较高。     

Geostatistical downscaling of AMSR2 precipitation with COMS infrared observations

This article presents a geostatistical approach for downscaling precipitation products from passive microwave satellites with geostationary Meteorological Satellite observations. More precisely, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) precipitation (daily level 3 product) with 0.25° spatial resolution and the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) infrared (IR) data with 5 km spatial resolution were used for the downscaling experiment over the Korean peninsula. Brightness temperature data observed at COMS IR 1 and water vapour channels were incorporated for downscaling via area-to-point residual Kriging with non-linear regression. The evaluation results with densely sampled Automatic Weather Station data revealed that incorporating the COMS IR observations with the AMSR2 precipitation showed similar error statistics to those of the AMSR2 precipitation because of the limitations of IR observations themselves and the inherent errors of the AMSR2 precipitation product over land. However, the area-based evaluation using information entropy indicated that incorporating the COMS observations resulted in more detailed spatial variation in the final product than direct downscaling of the AMSR2 precipitation. In addition, local precipitation patterns could be captured when there were regions with missing precipitation values in the AMSR2 product. Consequently, the downscaling result is useful for understanding the local precipitation patterns with an accuracy similar to that provided by microwave satellite observations. It is also suggested that the spatial variability in the downscaling result and errors in input low-resolution data should be considered when downscaling coarse resolution data using fine resolution auxiliary variables.     

Downscaling real-time vegetation dynamics by fusing multi-temporal MODIS and Landsat NDVI in topographically complex terrain

Canopy phenology is an important factor driving seasonal patterns of water and carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Recent developments of real-time global satellite products (e.g., MODIS) provide the potential to assimilate dynamic canopy measurements with spatially distributed process-based ecohydrological models. However, global satellite products usually are provided with relatively coarse spatial resolutions, averaging out important spatial heterogeneity of both terrain and vegetation. Therefore, bias can result from lumped representation of ecological and hydrological processes especially in topographically complex terrain. Successful downscaling of canopy phenology to high spatial resolution would be indispensable for catchment-scale distributed ecohydrological modeling, aiming at understanding complex patterns of water, carbon and nutrient cycling in mountainous watersheds. Two downscaling approaches are developed in this study to overcome this issue by fusing multi-temporal MODIS and Landsat TM data in conjunction with topographic information to estimate high spatio-temporal resolution biophysical parameters over complex terrain. MODIS FPAR (fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation) is used to provide medium spatial resolution phenology, while the variability of vegetation within a MODIS pixel is characterized by Landsat NDVI. The algorithms depend on the scale-invariant linear relationship between FPAR and NDVI, which is verified in this study. Downscaled vegetation dynamics are successfully validated both temporally and spatially with ground-based continuous FPAR and leaf area index measurements. Topographic correction during the downscaling process has a limited effect on downscaled FPAR products except for the period around the winter solstice in the study area.     

A comparison study on empirical microwave soil moisture downscaling methods based on the integration of microwave-optical/IR data on the Tibetan Plateau

Soil moisture plays a vital role in land surface energy and the water cycle. Microwave remote sensing is widely used because of the physically based relationship between the land surface emission observed and soil moisture. However, the application of retrieved soil moisture data is restricted by its coarse spatial resolution. To overcome this weakness, downscaling methods should be developed to disaggregate coarse resolution microwave soil moisture data to fine resolution. The traditional method is the microwave-optical/IR synergistic approach, in which land surface temperature, vegetation index, and surface albedo are key parameters. Five purely empirical methods based on the triangle feature are selected in this study. To evaluate their performance on downscaling microwave soil moisture, these methods are applied to the Zoige Plateau in China using the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) soil moisture product and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) optical/IR products. The coarse-resolution AMSR-E LPRM soil moisture data are disaggregated into the high resolution of the MODIS product, and the surface soil moisture measurements of the Maqu soil moisture observation network located in the plateau are used to validate the downscaling results. Results show that (1) the relationship models used in these methods can generally capture the variation in soil moisture, with R² around 0.6, but have a relatively high uncertainty under conditions of high soil moisture; (2) the methods can provide high-resolution soil moisture distribution, but the downscaled soil moisture presents a low level correlation with field measurements at different spatial and temporal scales. This comparative study provides insight into the performance of popular purely empirical downscaling methods on enhancing the spatial resolution of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau. Although synergistic methods can improve the spatial resolution of AMSR-E soil moisture data, additional studies are needed to exclude the uncertainty from AMSR-E soil moisture estimation, the low sensitivity of the relationship model under high soil moisture, and the spatial representativeness difference between coarse pixels and point measurement.     

A tool for downscaling weather data from large-grid reanalysis products to finer spatial scales for distributed hydrological applications

A downscaling tool was developed to provide sub-daily high spatial resolution surfaces of weather variables for distributed hydrologic modeling from NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications reanalysis products. The tool uses spatial interpolation and physically based relationships between the weather variables and elevation to provide inputs at the scale of a gridded hydrologic model, typically smaller (∼100 m) than the scale of weather reanalysis data (∼20–200 km). Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) measures greater than 0.70 were obtained for direct tests of downscaled daily temperature and monthly precipitation at 173 SNOTEL sites. In an integrated test driving the Utah Energy Balance (UEB) snowmelt model, 80% of these sites gave NSE > 0.6 for snow water equivalent. These findings motivate use of this tool in data sparse regions where ground based observations are not available and downscaled global reanalysis products may be the only option for model inputs.     

Error Characteristics of Microwave Soil Moisture Products based on Triple Collocation and Its Spatial-temporal Pattern

Soil moisture is an important state variable connecting the land surface-atmosphere system, and its information can be efficiently acquired by the new technique of microwave remote sensing. Accurate interpretation of the microwave soil moisture products qualities and in-depth understanding of their temporal and spatial distributions are important prerequisites for their successful application in earth science through data assimilation. In this study, three microwave soil moisture products, FengYun-3C(FY-3C), Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Advanced Scatterometer(ASCAT), were evaluated over China based on the triple collocation (TC) method. The abilities of three products to obtain temporal and spatial variations of soil moisture were illustrated by Hovm?ller diagram. The results show that: (1) SMAP generally outperforms ASCAT and FY-3C, with highest TC-based signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) under different land use types. The TC-based SNRs are 1.668dB, -0.316dB and -2.182dB for SMAP, ASCAT and FY-3C respectively; and their correlation coefficients with ground observations are 0.514, 0.501 and 0.209, respectively. (2) The accuracies of FY-3C and ASCAT in Northwest China are overall higher than those in the southern China. All three products can capture the latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of soil moisture, whereas their seasonal fluctuations are higher than those of in-situ measurements. Among three products, FY-3C shows highest spatial gradient and strongest seasonal fluctuations. (3) FY-3C product performance is more susceptible to vegetation coverage than ASCAT and SMAP, but it outperforms ASCAT in barren areas. The results of our study could provide useful insights for assimilating microwave soil moisture products into land surface models to improve hydrological prediction.     

基于Triple Collocation方法的微波土壤水分产品不确定性分析与时空变化规律研究

土壤水分是连接地—气系统的重要状态变量,微波遥感为准确获取大面积土壤水分信息提供新的技术手段。准确解读微波土壤水分产品质量、深入了解其误差的时空分布特征是通过数据同化等方法将其融入陆面模型,从而成功应用于地球科学领域的重要先决条件。基于Triple Collocation(TC)方法检验了风云三号C星(FY-3C)、土壤水分主被动卫星(SMAP)及高级微波散射计(ASCAT)这3种常用微波土壤水分产品在中国陆域的质量,并通过Hovm?ller图评估了3套产品捕捉土壤水分时空变化的能力。结果显示:①TC方法得到的分析结论与地面实测资料的验证结果一致,整体上SMAP优于ASCAT和FY-3C,不同土地利用类型下SMAP信噪比均最高,三者的TC信噪比分别为1.668 dB、-0.316 dB和-2.182 dB,同时三者与实测值的相关系数分别为0.514、0.501和0.209;②FY-3C和ASCAT产品的精度在中国西北地区整体优于南部地区,3种产品均能较好地刻画土壤水分随纬度和经度变化的情况,3种产品展现的季节波动整体高于实测,其中FY-3C的季节波动在3种产品中最为剧烈;③FY-3C的质量比ASCAT和SMAP更易受到植被影响,但在裸土区FY-3C优于ASCAT。本研究基于TC分析提供了全国范围内3种主流微波土壤水分产品的误差和信噪比的空间分布,并通过Hovm?ller图评估了其描述土壤水分时空变化的能力。研究结论可为微波土壤水分产品的同化研究提供一定参考。