ETM影像融合的评价分析

针对Landsat-7 ETM影像，对采用HIS变换、Brovey变换、相关系数加权法、SFIM变换、ISVR变换5种方法实现的ETM全色波段与ETM多光谱波段融合结果进行分析，并以均值、标准差、信息熵、平均梯度及相对偏差作为评价指标，通过试验对融合影像进行综合定量评价。结果表明，HIS变换光谱失真最大；Brovey变换在光谱保真和保持空间分辨率方面都不理想；相关系数加权法的融合结果严重地依赖权系数的取值；基于SFIM变换的融合方法，能最大限度地保留光谱特征，但空间分辨率提高不明显；而基于ISVR变换的融合方法，光谱失真小，空间分辨率高，其最大优势是考虑了多光谱影像与全色影像间的波段关系，可作为ETM影像融合的最佳方法。
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像素级多源遥感影像信息融合的客观分析与质量评价

为了评价融合影像质量和各种融合方法的优缺点,理论上必须具备一套客观的、全面的评价指标.采用高空间分辨率影像和低空间分辨率多光谱影像融合的主要目标是获取高分辨率多光谱影像,因此对融合影像进行客观分析与质量评价,需要客观与主观的定量评价标准相结合进行综合评价.即对融合影像质量在主观定性的目视评价基础上,进行客观定量评价.为此本文提出了熵、平均梯度和相关系数等评价融合影像质量和融合方法性能的指标,并结合实际对二套空间分辨率不同的影像数据进行了分析试验.     

基于CBERS-02B和SPOT-5全色波段的图像融合纹理信息评价研究

CBERS-02B是我国第一代传输型陆地资源遥感卫星,搭载的传感器可以获得2.36 m分辨率的全色波段数据。通过遥感影像融合技术,将CBERS-02B全色数据和SPOT-5全色数据与SPOT-5多光谱数据10 m分辨率的图像进行了多方法的融合处理,通过对融合后图像的空间纹理信息进行比较和评价,获得了纹理信息的特征参数值。通过目视评价和定量分析,认为用CBERS-02B全色数据融合的影像在空间纹理上比SOPT-5融合的影像有优势。因此,CBERS-02B的全色波段是一种较高质量的高分辨率数据,应用前景广阔。     

CBERS-02B卫星CCD数据质量评价与植被分类应用潜力

针对CBERS-02BCCD影像,结合图像客观质量评价方法、目视解译、自动解译等方法,以广西三娘湾一带为研究区,对影像的植被识别能力进行了综合评价。与TM数据的对比分析表明,CCD1、2、3波段辐射精度稍偏低,第4波段表现出较好的性能,19．5m的空间分辨率比TM能更好地显示出地物的几何纹理特征。RGB假彩色合成图像的地物目视解译效果较好。通过非监督分类、监督分类和决策树分类等常规方法对地物分类及对典型植被识别效果表明,CBERS-02BCCD遥感影像能较好地区分出红树林、桉树林、松树林和灌丛／农田等典型植被类型。     

一种多光谱遥感影像与航拍影像融合算法

无人机航拍影像空间分辨率高,纹理信息丰富,但其光谱信息匮乏,不利于遥感信息解译。为此提出一种基于脉冲耦合神经网络模型的融合算法,通过计算非规则区域的统计特性,将无人机航拍影像的亚米级高空间分辨率信息注入到遥感卫星多光谱影像中,以获取具有亚米级空间分辨率和高的光谱分辨率的遥感融合影像。通过定性和定量的对比实验,表明该算法优于经典的遥感影像融合方法,同时验证了其在减小光谱扭曲和空间纹理细节保持等方面的有效性。     

面向土地覆盖分类的MODIS影像融合研究

MODIS影像的多波段及其1、2波段的250 m中等分辨率为大区域中空间分辨率的土地覆盖制图提供了可能。为了有效利用MODIS影像的空间和光谱信息,使用SFIM、HPF和PCA变换等遥感影像融合方法,分别采用MODIS影像的波段1(b1)和波段2(b2)对3~7(b3~b7)波段进行融合,并就融合影像的光谱保真度和分类精度对6种不同融合结果进行评价。结果表明不同的融合结果得到的分类精度均有不同程度的提高;3种融合方法中使用b2的融合效果均优于b1;SFIM变换在光谱失真较小的情况下能够较大程度地提高分类精度。因此使用b2的SFIM变换可以用于提高MODIS土地覆盖图的空间分辨率和精度。     

基于亮度平滑滤波调节(SFIM)的SPOT5影像融合

遥感影像融合不仅要求提高原多光谱影像的空间分辨率,更重要的是保留影像的光谱信息,减少失真。为分析SFIM算法融合SPOT-5影像的光谱保真效果,首先采用IHS、小波和SFIM算法对SPOT-5的全色影像和多光谱影像进行融合,生成新的高分辨率多光谱影像。然后采用均值、相关系数、熵、标准差、梯度五个指标对SFIM不同滤波窗口的融合结果评价;最后采用以上定量评价指标对不同方法的融合结果进行分析评价。结果表明:和传统的IHS、小波融合方法相比,SFIM融合不仅提高了影像的空间分辨率和清晰度,而且较好地保持了原多光谱影像的光谱特征。     

一种基于局域统计特征的影像融合方法

通过将较低空间分辨率的多光谱影像和较高空间分辨率的全色波段影像融合产生兼具多光谱和高空间分辨率特征影像是提高资源环境监测精度的重要途径之一。本文提出了一种计算简单、光谱保真性好的影像融合算法。该方法根据影像局域统计特征,建立融合方程,以表征全色影像空间结构和多光谱影像光谱信息的统计量为约束,求解融合系数,实现影像融合。试验结果表明该方法光谱保真性好、适应性强,具有一定的应用潜力。     

基于改进Brovey变换的ALI影像融合算法研究

针对传统Brovey变换（Brovey Transform,BT）融合存在的光谱信息丢失及光谱扭曲等问题,引入自适应加权平均对其进行改进,并以EO-1 ALI多光谱影像为例,提出一种新的基于改进BT的多光谱影像融合算法。并分别选用信息熵、平均梯度、相关系数、均方根误差等参数对影像融合效果进行综合评价与对比分析,从而验证该算法的有效性和优越性。结果显示：采用改进后的BT融合算法的多光谱融合影像具有较好的光谱信息和空间分辨率,其视觉效果和空间纹理特征都有显著改善,并且较好地延续了源影像的色彩信息,亮度相对适中;能减少融合过程中光谱信息的损失和畸变,在保持光谱信息和清晰度方面与传统BT融合算法相比具有明显优势。     

遥感图像融合定量评价方法及实验研究

近年来融合技术不断创新,方法多种多样,但是对融合结果缺乏统一的定量评价方法。在分析与总结当前常用的遥感图像融合结果定量评价方法的基础上,给出了亮度信息、空间细节信息和光谱信息等定量评价参数,并且通过程序实现了定量评价。以IHS和PCA两种融合方法对QuickBird图像多光谱波段和全色波段融合作为实验,进行定量评价分析,结果表明所提出的定量评价参数能够较准确地反映图像融合情况,比定性评价有效、全面,可为选择恰当的融合方法提供依据。     

形态学滤波和改进PCNN的NSST域多光谱与全色图像融合

目的 全色图像的空间细节信息增强和多光谱图像的光谱信息保持通常是相互矛盾的,如何能够在这对矛盾中实现最佳融合效果一直以来都是遥感图像融合领域的研究热点与难点。为了有效结合光谱信息与空间细节信息,进一步改善多光谱与全色图像的融合质量,提出一种形态学滤波和改进脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）的非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）域多光谱与全色图像融合方法。方法 该方法首先分别对多光谱和全色图像进行非下采样剪切波变换;对二者的低频分量采用形态学滤波和高通调制框架（HPM）进行融合,将全色图像低频子带的细节信息注入到多光谱图像低频子带中得到融合后的低频子带;对二者的高频分量则采用改进脉冲耦合神经网络的方法进行融合,进一步增强融合图像中的空间细节信息;最后通过NSST逆变换得到融合图像。结果 仿真实验表明,本文方法得到的融合图像细节信息清晰且光谱保真度高,视觉效果上优势明显,且各项评价指标与其他方法相比整体上较优。相比于5种方法中3组融合结果各指标平均值中的最优值,清晰度和空间频率分别比NSCT-PCNN方法提高0.5%和1.0%,光谱扭曲度比NSST-PCNN方法降低4.2%,相关系数比NSST-PCNN方法提高1.4%,信息熵仅比NSST-PCNN方法低0.08%。相关系数和光谱扭曲度两项指标的评价结果表明本文方法相比于其他5种方法能够更好地保持光谱信息,清晰度和空间频率两项指标的评价结果则展示了本文方法具有优于其他对比方法的空间细节注入能力,信息熵指标虽不是最优值,但与最优值非常接近。结论 分析视觉效果及各项客观评价指标可以看出,本文方法在提高融合图像空间分辨率的同时,很好地保持了光谱信息。综合来看,本文方法在主观与客观方面均具有优于亮度色调饱和度（IHS）法、主成分分析（PCA）法、基于非负矩阵分解（CNMF）、基于非下采样轮廓波变换和脉冲耦合神经网络（NSCT-PCNN）以及基于非下采样剪切波变换和脉冲耦合神经网络（NSST-PCNN）5种经典及现有流行方法的融合效果。     

Block-regression based fusion of optical and SAR imagery for feature enhancement

This paper focuses on the establishment of a pixel-level fusion framework for optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to combine these two types of remotely sensed imagery for feature enhancement. We have proposed a new fusion technique, namely block-based synthetic variable ratio (Block-SVR), which is a technique based on multiple linear regression of block regions to fuse optical and SAR imagery. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the method, the fusion results of a higher resolution airborne SAR image and a lower resolution multispectral image are presented. According to the fusion results, the fused images have enhanced certain features, namely the spatial and textural content and features that are invisible in multispectral images, while preserving colour characteristics. The spectral, spatial and textural effects of the presented algorithm were also evaluated mainly by visual and quantitative methods, and compared to those of intensity-hue-saturation (IHS), principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet-based methods. During the implementation of the block-regression based technique there are at least two advantages. One is that the block-regression based technique drastically decreases the amount of computation, whereas regression of the whole scene image is almost impossible. The other, most important, advantage is that adjustment of regressed block size can result in different emphasis between preservation of spectral characteristics and enhancement of spatial and textural content. The larger the regression block, the more the spatial and textural details are enhanced. In contrast, the smaller the regression block, the more the spectral features are preserved. The assessments indicate that the block-regression based method is more flexible than others, because it can achieve a satisfactory trade-off between preservation of spectral characteristics and enhancement of spatial and textural content by selection of optimal block size with respect to visual interpretation and mapping. This paper also proposes a scheme for the fusion of SPOT5 panchromatic, XS images with airborne SAR images using the block-regression based technique.     

Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation: A spectral preserve image fusion technique for improving spatial details

Image fusion techniques are widely used to integrate a lower spatial resolution multispectral image with a higher spatial resolution panchromatic image, such as Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral band and SPOT Panchromatic images. However, the existing techniques either cannot avoid distorting the image spectral properties or involve complicated and time-consuming frequency decomposition and re-construction processing. A simple spectral preserve fusion technique: the Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation (SFIM) has thus been developed based on a simplified solar radiation and land surface reflection model. By using a ratio between a higher resolution image and its low pass filtered (with a smoothing filter) image, spatial details can be modulated to a co-registered lower resolution multispectral image without altering its spectral properties and contrast. The technique can be applied to improve spatial resolution for either colour composites or individual bands. The fidelity to spectral property and the spatial textural quality of SFIM are convincingly demonstrated by an image fusion experiment using TM and SPOT Panchromatic images of south-east Spain. The visual evaluation and statistical analysis compared with HSI and Brovey transform techniques confirmed that SFIM is a superior fusion technique for improving spatial detail of multispectral images with their spectral properties reliably preserved.     

Multi-sensor data fusion using NIHS transform and decomposition algorithms

Multi-spectral image fusion is to enhance the details present in multi-spectral bands with the spatial information available in the panchromatic image. Fused images have the effect of spectral distortions and lack of structural similarity. To overcome these limitations, three methods are proposed using intensity, hue, saturation (IHS) and nonlinear IHS (NIHS) transform along with the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and 2D-Empirical Mode Decomposition (2D-EMD or IEMD). An intensity plane is calculated from the NIHS transform. The modes are constructed using DMD by considering the variations between the intensity plane computed using NIHS transforms of a low resolution multi-spectral image and a panchromatic image. Similarly, 2D-EMD is also used for image fusion. Modes are subjected to weighted fusion rule to get an intensity plane with spatial and edge information. Finally, the calculated intensity plane is concatenated along with the hue and saturation plane of low-resolution multi-spectral image and transformed into RGB color space. Thus, the fused images have high spatial and edge information on spectral bands. The experiments and its quality assessment assure that proposed methods perform better than the existing methods.     

A novel adaptive fast IHS transform fusion method driven by regional spectral characteristics for Gaofen-2 imagery

ABSTRACT

With the increasing diversity of applications based on the Gaofen-2 satellite imagery, broadly applicable methods to generate high quality fused images is a significant problem to investigate. To obtain an image with high spatial and spectral resolutions from given panchromatic (Pan) images and multispectral (MS) images, most existing fusion algorithms adopt a unified strategy for the whole image. However, regions have distinct characteristics that impact the spatial and spectral resolution processing, on account of their varying regional features. In this article, to satisfy the diverse needs of different regions, a novel fast IHS (Intensity-Hue-Saturation) transform fusion method driven by regional spectral characteristics is proposed to fuse Gaofen-2 imagery. First, by the fast IHS transform framework, the original intensity component is obtained from the upsampled MS imagery. Then, numerous independent regions of upsampled MS imagery are generated by a novel superpixel merging strategy, and the spectral characteristics of these regions are utilized for generating a fusion factor. Next, to acquire a new fused intensity component, the fusion factor is applied to guide the injection of details in the fusion procedure. This fusion factor adapts the method to meet the spatial and spectral resolution needs for each region. Finally, the difference between the new fused intensity component and the original one is regarded as the detail that needs to be injected; these are added equally to the different bands of the upsampled MS imagery to yield the final fused multispectral image. In comparison with other classical algorithms, the visual and statistical analysis reveal that our proposed method can provide better results in improving spatial detail and preserving spectral information.     

两种高保真遥感影像融合方法比较

遥感影像融合有着广泛的应用前景。定量遥感不仅要求影像融合提高空间分辨率，更重要的是保持影像光谱信息，减少失真。为了使人们对不同遥感影像融合方法优缺点有一概略了解，首先详细介绍了两种新的高保真融合算法(基于亮度调节的平滑滤波和Gram-Schmidt变换)的原理和方法；然后以城区IKONOS影像为数据源，通过目视判别、定量统计参数和图形法3种方法对两种融合算法进行了比较，并与传统的融合算法IHS变换和PC变换进行了对比。结果表明，4种融合算法的空间效果是相似的，但从对光谱信息的保真来看，PC变换和IHS变换都较差，基于亮度调节的平滑滤波保真效果最好，Gram-Schmidt变换次之，但Gram-Schmidt变换保真效果已比PC变换和IHS变换有了较大的提高。     

Comparison of different pan-sharpening methods for spectral characteristic preservation: multi-temporal CARTOSAT-1 and IRS-P6 LISS-IV imagery

A host of remote-sensing and mapping applications require both high spatial and high spectral resolutions. Availability of high spatial and spectral details at different resolutions from a suite of satellite sensors has necessitated the development of effective image fusion techniques that can effectively combine the information available from different sensors and take advantage of their varied capabilities. A common problem observed in the case of multi-sensor multi-temporal data fusion is spectral distortion of the fused images. Performance of a technique also varies with variation in scene characteristics. In this article, two sets of multi-temporal CARTOSAT-1 and Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS-P6) Linear Imaging and Self Scanning sensor (LISS-IV) image sub-scenes, with different urban landscape characteristics, are fused with an aim to evaluate the performance of five image fusion algorithms – high-pass filtering (HPF), Gram–Schmidt (GS), Ehlers, PANSHARP and colour-normalized Brovey (CN-Brovey). The resultant fused data sets are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to spectral fidelity. Spatial enhancement is assessed visually. The difference in the performance of techniques with variation in scene characteristics is also examined. For both scenes, GS, HPF and PANSHARP fusion techniques produced comparable results with high spectral quality and spatial enhancement. For these three methods, the variation in performance over different scenes was not very significant. The Ehlers method resulted in spatially degraded images with a more or less constant negative offset in data values in all bands of one scene and in the first two bands in the other. The CN-Brovey method produced excellent spatial enhancement but highly distorted radiometry for both sub-scenes.     

基于多进制小波的多源遥感影像融合

首先介绍了遥感影像融合的一般理论和方法，然后在讨论多进制小波理论和影像特征的基础上，提出了一种基于特征的多进制小波变换的影像融合算法，该算法根据待融合影像分辨率之比来确定采用几进制小波，将待融合的高分辨率影像进行多进制小波变换，然后把高分辨影像经小波变换后获得的低频成分和低分辨率影像依据一定的关系进行相互转换，以形成新的高分辨影像的低频成分，经过多进制小波逆变换获得到融合后的影像，最大限度地利用了待融合影像的信息，防止了影像信息的丢失，通过对具体影像的清晰度和空间分辨率，融合后的影像最大限度地保留了待融合影像的光谱信息，同时提高了待融合影像的清晰度和空间分辨率，给出了SPOT全色影像与SPOT多光谱影像，SPOT全色影像与TM影像的融合结果，并与其他方法进行了比较，从而证明了本方法的优越性和自适应能力。     

Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition for the fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images

Currently available image fusion techniques applied to the merging of fine resolution panchromatic and multispectral images are still not able to minimize colour distortion and maximize spatial detail. In this study, a new fusion method, based on Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD), is proposed. Unlike other multiresolution analysis tools, such as the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), which normally examines only horizontal, vertical and diagonal orthonormal details at each decomposed scale, the BEMD produces a fully two‐ dimensional decomposition of the panchromatic and multispectral images, based purely on spatial relationships between the extrema of the image. These are decomposed into a certain level of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) and residual images with the same number of columns and rows as the original image. In consequence, by injecting all the IMF images from the panchromatic image into the residue of the corresponding multispectral image, the fusion image may be reconstructed. The fusion results are evaluated and compared with other popular methods in terms of both the visual examination and the quantitative assessment of the merged images. Preliminary results show that BEMD is optimal and provides a delicate balance between spectral information preservation and enhancement of spatial detail.     

基于非子采样Contourlet变换的遥感图像融合算法

针对人类视觉特性, 以及全色高分辨图像和多光谱遥感自身的特点, 提出一种非下采样 Contourlet (NSCT) 域的图像融合新策略. NSCT 具有好的多分辨、移不变和多方向等特性, 能对图像中的边缘和围线信息给出渐近最优表示. 为了更好地保持空间分辨率和颜色分量, 引入基于 LHS 变换的亮度成分叠加策略. 实验结果表明: 本文提出的融合方法在提高空间分辨率的同时较好地保持了光谱信息. 与传统的 PCA 方法、基于 IHS 的融合方法、基于小波加权的融合方法, 以及同样采用本文的融合策略、分别基于小波变换和基于 Contourlet 变换的融合策略相比较, 本文方法在视觉效果和客观衡量指标两方面都有所改善.