基于认知无线电技术的动态频谱分配方案研究

随着物联网的发展,人们能够更加方便快捷地利用智能终端,随时随地接入到无线网络中进行业务数据传输.然而,激增的移动用户数量和业务的带宽需求,使得无线频谱资源日益稀缺,现有固定式频谱分配方案面临巨大挑战.面向物联网发展,如何满足用户的高移动性和呈爆炸式增长的业务传输需求成为物联网研究的重点.认知无线电技术,一方面允许用户终端自适应感知所处环境的频谱资源空闲信息,为用户营造一个无缝的接入环境,保证用户的高移动性;另一方面通过动态频谱分配有效地解决了频谱资源稀缺和现有授权频谱资源利用率低的问题,为用户的海量数据传输提供保证.作者基于认知无线电技术,提出了一个用户终端和网络端共同参与决策的两级动态频谱分配框架结构,并提出了两级动态频谱分配方案.该方案设计包含:空闲频谱资源排序选择算法和集中式的联合优化匹配算法.通过用户终端和网络端的协同工作,文中所提出的两级动态频谱分配方案能够有效满足用户的高移动性和业务传输服务质量需求,实现空闲频谱资源利用率和频谱间切换概率的联合优化,为移动用户的海量数据传输提供保证.仿真实验结果表明,与传统图匹配方法相比较,该方案能够平均提高全网服务质量有效吞吐量70%,平均降低频谱间切换概率56%.     

认知无线Mesh网络中基于概率的贪婪频谱决策技术研究

认知无线电网络传统的频谱决策方法中次用户根据不同的判据选择信道,会引起信道竞争和拥塞。针对认知无线Mesh网络中基于概率的频谱决策方法,提出一种贪婪信道选择算法,当发生频谱切换时,其结合改进的抢占优先(相似文献   

Analytical modeling for spectrum handoff decision in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an emerging technology used to significantly improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization. Although some spectrum bands in the primary user’s licensed spectrum are intensively used, most of the spectrum bands remain underutilized. The introduction of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum access lets the secondary (unlicensed) users, supported by cognitive radios; opportunistically utilize the unused spectrum bands. However, if a primary user returns to a band occupied by a secondary user, the occupied spectrum band is vacated immediately by handing off the secondary user’s call to another idle spectrum band. Multiple spectrum handoffs can severely degrade quality of service (QoS) for the interrupted users. To avoid multiple handoffs, when a licensed primary user appears at the engaged licensed band utilized by a secondary user, an effective spectrum handoff procedure should be initiated to maintain a required level of QoS for secondary users. In other words, it enables the channel clearing while searching for target vacant channel(s) for completing unfinished transmission. This paper proposes prioritized proactive spectrum handoff decision schemes to reduce the handoff delay and the total service time. The proposed schemes have been modeled using a preemptive resume priority (PRP) M/G/1 queue to give a high priority to interrupted users to resume their transmission ahead of any other uninterrupted secondary user. The performance of proposed handoff schemes has been evaluated and compared against the existing spectrum handoff schemes. Experimental results show that the schemes developed here outperform the existing schemes in terms of average handoff delay and total service time under various traffic arrival rates as well as service rates.     

Service Adaptability in Multimedia Wireless Networks

Next-generation wireless communication systems aim at supporting wireless multimedia services with different quality-of-service (QoS) and bandwidth requirements. Therefore, effective management of the limited radio resources is important to enhance the network performance. In this paper, we propose a QoS adaptive multimedia service framework for controlling the traffic in multimedia wireless networks (MWN) that enhances the current methods used in cellular environments. The proposed framework is designed to take advantage of the adaptive bandwidth allocation (ABA) algorithm with new calls in order to enhance the system utilization and blocking probability of new calls. The performance of our framework is compared to existing framework in the literature. Simulation results show that our QoS adaptive multimedia service framework outperforms the existing framework in terms of new call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and bandwidth utilization.      

适合于移动多媒体网络的呼叫接纳控制算法

移动多媒体网络应该能够同时支持传统的数据业务和实时交互式多媒体业务,并能够为用户提供QoS保证.在无线移动网中提供QoS保证,呼叫接纳控制扮演着重要的角色.通过对呼叫接纳算法中资源预留方案进行了分析总结,提出了一种适合于移动多媒体网络的自适应呼叫接纳控制算法.     

A cross-layer protocol of spectrum mobility and handover in cognitive LTE networks

Cognitive radio technique is the next step toward efficient wireless bandwidth utilization. While some of the spectrum bands (unlicensed band) have been increasingly used, most of the other spectrum resources (licensed band) are underutilized. This drives the challenges of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum access concepts, which allows unlicensed users (or called secondary users, SUs) equipped with cognitive radios to opportunistically access the spectrum not used by licensed users (or called primary users, PUs). Most existing results mainly focus on designing the lower-layer cognitive radio problems. In the literature, this is the first result to investigate the higher-layer solution for cognitive radio networks. In this paper, we present a cross-layer protocol of spectrum mobility (layer-2) and handover (layer-3) in cognitive LTE networks. With the consideration of the Poisson distribution model of spectrum resources, a cross-layer handoff protocol with the minimum expected transmission time is developed in cognitive LTE networks. Performance analysis of the proposed handoff protocol is investigated. Finally, simulation results illustrates the proposed handoff protocol significantly reduces the expected transmission time and the spectrum mobility ratio.     

A fair resource allocation protocol for multimedia wireless networks

Wireless networks are expected to support real-time interactive multimedia traffic and must be able, therefore, to provide their users with quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. Although the QoS provisioning problem arises in wireline networks as well, mobility of hosts and scarcity of bandwidth makes QoS provisioning a challenging task in wireless networks. It has been noticed that multimedia applications can tolerate and gracefully adapt to transient fluctuations in the QoS that they receive from the network. The additional flexibility afforded by the ability of multimedia applications to tolerate and adapt to transient changes in QoS can be exploited by protocol designers to significantly improve the overall performance of wireless systems. This paper presents a fair resource allocation protocol for multimedia wireless networks that uses a combination of bandwidth reservation and bandwidth borrowing to provide network users with QoS in terms of guaranteed bandwidth, call blocking, and call dropping probabilities. Our view of fairness was inspired by the well-known max-min fairness allocation protocol for wireline networks. Simulation results are presented that compare our protocol to similar schemes.     

Emerging cognitive radio technology: Principles, challenges and opportunities

Due to the increasing demand for new wireless services and applications as well as the increasing number of wireless users, the available spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce. As a result, the federal communications commission (FCC) has been investigating new ways to manage the radio frequency resources. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is an innovative radio design philosophy which aims to increase spectrum utilization by exploiting unused and under-utilized spectrum in dynamically changing environments. The basic idea is to let unlicensed users use licensed frequencies, provided they can guarantee minimum interference perceived by the primary licensed users. However, allowing opportunistic use of the wireless spectrum creates new problems such as peaceful coexistence with other wireless technologies as well as understanding the influence of interference that each of these networks can create. In this article, we discuss the key CR operations and principles, and then discuss some of the main challenges and research opportunities that exist in CR-based emerging wireless networks.     

A multi-layer experimental study of multimedia and QoS communication in wireless mesh networks

A significant issue in Mesh networks is to support multimedia transmissions while providing Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to mobile users. For real-time multimedia streaming, unstable throughput or insufficient bandwidth will incur unexpected delay or jitter, and it remains difficult to provide comprehensive service guarantees for a wireless mesh environment. In this paper, we target the problem of providing multimedia QoS in wireless mesh networks. We design and implement a campus test-bed for supporting multimedia traffic in mobile wireless mesh networks, and investigate in detail some possible improvements on a number of layers to enable multimedia transmission over wireless networks with QoS support. We first study a number of improvements of some existing routing protocols to support multimedia transmissions. Some new admission control and rate control mechanisms are studied and their performance gains are verified in our experiments. In our new cross-layer adaptive rate control (CLARC) mechanism, we adaptively change the video encoder’s output bit rate based on the available network bandwidth to improve the quality of the received video. We also design a mobile gateway protocol to connect the MANET to Internet and a wireless LAN management protocol to automatically manage WLAN to provide some QoS.     

Dynamic spectrum access and network selection in heterogeneous cognitive wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer architectural framework for network and channel selection in a heterogeneous cognitive wireless network (HCWN). Existing research on heterogeneous wireless networks primarily focuses on network selection among available networks, while research on cognitive networks mainly focus on improvising efficient sensing and spectrum sharing algorithms. In this paper, we introduce a novel probabilistic model for channel classification based on its adjacent channels’ occupancy within the spectrum of an operating network. Further, we utilize a Analytic Hierarchical Process for categorizing user applications, followed by prioritizing them based on performance metrics. Finally, a modified Hungarian algorithm is implemented for channel and network selection among secondary users. The effectiveness of our approach is evaluated for different scenarios of HCWN. Simulation results show that our approach provides a 60% and 64% improvement in blocking probability over greedy and first-come-first-serve (FCFS) algorithms, respectively. Additionally, our proposed algorithm results in 22% enhancement in spectrum utilization and 50% increase in throughput over greedy and FCFS schemes.     

Dynamic radio resource allocation for 3G and beyond mobile wireless networks

Next generation of wireless cellular networks aim at supporting a diverse range of multimedia services to mobile users with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Resource allocation and call admission control (CAC) are key management functions in future 3G and 4G cellular networks, in order to provide multimedia applications to mobile users with QoS guarantees and efficient resource utilization. There are two main strategies for radio resource allocations in cellular wireless networks known as complete partitioning (CP) and complete sharing (CS). In this paper, theses strategies are extended for operation in 3G and beyond network. First, two CS-based call admission controls, referred to herein as queuing priority call admission control (QP-CAC) and hybrid priority call admission control (HP-CAC), and one CP-based call admission control referred to as complete partitioning call admission control (CP-CAC) are presented. Then, this study proposes a novel dynamic procedure, referred to as the dynamic prioritized uplink call admission control (DP-CAC) designed to overcome the shortcomings of CS and CP-based CACs. Results indicate the superiority of DP-CAC as it is able to achieve a better balance between system utilization, revenue, and quality of service provisioning. CS-based algorithms achieve the best system utilization and revenue at the expense of serious unfairness for the traffic classes with diverse QoS requirements. DP-CAC manages to attain equal system utilization and revenue to CS-based algorithms without the drawbacks in terms of fairness and service differentiation.     

Advanced seamless vertical handoff architecture for WiMAX and WiFi heterogeneous networks with QoS guarantees

The development of wireless networks brings people great convenience. More state-of-the-art communication protocols of wireless networks are getting mature. People attach more importance to the connections between heterogeneous wireless networks as well as the transparency of transmission quality guarantees. In this paper, WiFi wireless networks and WiMAX mobile communication system are selected as our research subjects. VHTC (Vertical Handoff Translation Center Architecture) is proposed to improve the transmission QoS guarantees. Thus, the quality of transmission cannot be reduced enormously even by the effect of vertical handoff between heterogeneous wireless networks. This paper includes new approaches and architecture among Packet Translation, QoS Mapping, Bandwidth Borrowing Management and Vertical Handoff Protocol with a view to achieve the goal, that is, an advanced seamless heterogeneous wireless networks. Also, through the modification of WiFi module of TKN and WiMAX module of NIST, these two heterogeneous wireless networks can be connected and embedded in NS2 (Network Simulator version 2) simulation system. Afterwards, the methods, proposed in this paper, can be implemented in such simulation system. Finally, lots of satisfactory simulation results about throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss rate were given to show the brilliant performance of vertical handoff implemented by VHTC.     

无线ATM通信网的越区切换控制

论文研究无线ATM通信网的越区切换控制问题,提出不同的业务类型应采用不同的切换控制方法,从而使多媒体业务的服务质量(QoS)在越区切换时仍然可以得到保证。文中着重讨论了由于无线ATM通信的特点所引起的路由重建、QoS的保证与协商,信元次序的保证等关键问题,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

基于MaUMiH的无线传感器网络频谱分配方案

针对无线传感器网络频谱资源有限问题,以最大化频谱利用和最小化频谱切换（MaUMiH）为目标,构造了最大化系统整体性能的目标函数,在此基础上,提出一种基于MaUMiH频谱分配算法。仿真结果表明提出的算法在考虑优先级的同时能够公平地分配频谱资源。     

无线多媒体网络中一种基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法

提出了一种无线多媒体网络中基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法.它区分了实时和非实时业务,在网络带宽资源不足时可通过降低非实时业务带宽确保实时业务呼叫连接的可靠性;还可根据当前网络状况调整预留带宽大小,使小区实时业务切换呼叫掉线率低于设定的门限值.大量仿真结果显示该算法具有低实时业务切换呼叫掉线率和与固定预留方案相当的带宽利用率,而只以略高的新呼叫阻塞率为代价,适合各种不同概率发生时实际应用的情况.     

Optimization for adaptive bandwidth reservation in wireless multimedia networks

In future wireless multimedia networks, user mobility management for seamless connection regarding realtime multimedia applications is one of the most important problems. In this paper we propose an opportunity-cost concept-based approach for adaptive bandwidth reservation with admission control for handover calls utilizing network traffic information. Excessive reservation guarantees low blocking probability of handover calls at the cost of high blocking probability of new calls. According to our survey, however, it may degrade bandwidth utilization while no prioritization for handover admissions degrades quality of service (QoS) for ongoing calls. We consider both QoS assurance and bandwidth utilization in order to optimize the amount of bandwidth to reserve for handover admissions. We believe that our scheme could be utilized as a guideline for cost-effective radio resource allocation in mobile multimedia networks.     

一种无线异构网络的自适应垂直切换算法

针对移动节点在异构网络间切换性能不理想的问题,提出了一种自适应主动预测的垂直切换算法。采用一种面向当前应用程序的代价函数对可接入网络进行评估与选择;根据稳定周期、移动节点的运动速度及所处位置来自动调整切换执行时间,使移动节点能自适应地进行切换判决。仿真结果表明,该算法可以有效地减少切换延迟、分组丢失及切换次数,提高系统的切换性能,改善业务的QoS。     

多媒体CDMA蜂窝网络中联合退避缓存及速率自适应的呼叫接纳控制策略

资源管理和呼叫接纳控制作为未来蜂窝网络的核心管理模块,能为移动用户提供具有QoS保证的多媒体应用并实现无线资源的有效利用.针对多业务CDMA蜂窝网络,结合非理想功率控制下的容量定义,提出退避缓存与自适应速率调控相结合的呼叫接纳控制策略.其中退避缓策略采用请求呼叫主动退避的思想,有效降低阻塞率;自适应速率调控策略则采用业务用户双重分级的思想,确保用户公平性的同时实现平稳的QoS.仿真结果表明,该策略可以自适应地保证各类业务的QoS要求,提高业务间的公平性和系统资源的利用率.     

QoS中的路由问题

一、引言 QoS中的路由问题可以形式地表述成在一个带权的简单无向图G(V,E,W)中寻找适合条件的一条路径或一棵树。其中,V是节点集,代表路由器或交换机;E是边集,代表节点之间的线路;W是赋给边的权值集,与传统的网络不同,这里的权往往是多元偶,代     

QoS-aware distributed spectrum sharing for heterogeneous wireless cognitive networks

Ubiquitous wireless networking calls for efficient dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) among heterogeneous users with diverse transmission types and bandwidth demands. To meet user-specific quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, the power and spectrum allocated to each user should lie inside a bounded region in order to be meaningful for the intended application. Most existing DSA methods aim at enhancing the total system utility. As such, spectrum wastage may arise when the system-wise optimal allocation falls outside individual users’ desired regions for QoS provisioning. The goal of this paper is to develop QoS-aware distributed DSA schemes using game-theoretic approach. We derive DSA solutions that respect QoS and avoid naively boosting or sacrificing some users’ utilities to maximize the network spectrum utilization. Specifically, we propose two game-based DSA algorithms: one resorts to proper scaling of the transmission power according to each user’s useful utility range, and the other embeds the QoS factor into the utility function used during gaming. To evaluate DSA schemes from a practical QoS perspective, we introduce two new metrics, namely “system useful utility” and “fraction of QoS-satisfied users”. Simulations confirm that the proposed DSA techniques outperform existing QoS-blind game models in terms of the spectrum sharing efficiency in heterogeneous networks. Convergence analysis of the proposed QoS-aware DSA algorithms is also provided.