一种基于动作语义的UML1.X-2.0模型转换方法

虽然UML2.0标准被OMG组织采纳已久,但由于UML1.X标准在工业界的广泛使用,仍然存在大量的实用模型和应用软件,它们在UML2.0标准之下已不能准确描述系统.UML2.0建模工具并不支持从UML1.X模型到UML2.0模型的转换.从顶层元模型的角度比较了这两个版本的不同,采用声明式和命令式混合的模型框架,给出了一种基于动作语义的UML模型转换方法,并用ASL描述交互元模型的转换实例,验证了方法的可行性.该方法将减少用户的重复劳动,实现软件的模型重用,也适用于其他元模型或模型层次上的转换.     

Reusable model transformations

Model transformations written for an input metamodel may often apply to other metamodels that share similar concepts. For example, a transformation written to refactor Java models can be applicable to refactoring UML class diagrams as both languages share concepts such as classes, methods, attributes, and inheritance. Deriving motivation from this example, we present an approach to make model transformations reusable such that they function correctly across several similar metamodels. Our approach relies on these principal steps: (1) We analyze a transformation to obtain an effective subset of used concepts. We prune the input metamodel of the transformation to obtain an effective input metamodel containing the effective subset. The effective input metamodel represents the true input domain of transformation. (2) We adapt a target input metamodel by weaving it with aspects such as properties derived from the effective input metamodel. This adaptation makes the target metamodel a subtype of the effective input metamodel. The subtype property ensures that the transformation can process models conforming to the target input metamodel without any change in the transformation itself. We validate our approach by adapting well known refactoring transformations (Encapsulate Field, Move Method, and Pull Up Method) written for an in-house domain-specific modeling language (DSML) to three different industry standard metamodels (Java, MOF, and UML).     

A transformation contract to generate aspects from access control policies

Access control is an important security issue. It has been addressed since the late 1960s in the early time-sharing computer systems. Many access control models have been proposed since than but of particular interest is Ferraiolo and Khun’s role-based access control model (RBAC). It is a simple and yet general model which has been deeply studied and applied both in industry and in academia. A variety of industrial standards have been proposed based on this model. Generating code for an access control policy is an interesting challenge. Understanding access control as a non-functional concern that cross-cuts the functional part of a system raises difficulties quite suitable for a solution based on aspect-oriented programming. In this paper, we address the problems of specification and validation of code generation for access control policies targeting an aspect-based infra-structure. We propose an MDA approach. The code generator is a transformation from SecureUML, an RBAC-based modeling language, to the language Aspects for Access Control (AAC), an aspect-oriented modeling language proposed in this paper. Metamodels are used to represent the languages and to specify the transformation. A metamodel is used to represent the abstract syntax of a language and the constraints that a given instance model of the metamodel must fulfill. We also use a metamodel to specify the code generator. This transformation metamodel, together with all the constraints, that is, from both languages and those constraints regarding the merge of the two languages, we call a transformation contract. It merges and conservatively extends the source and target metamodels of the model transformation it represents. In the context of code-generation for access control policies, the transformation contract specifies the relationships between the abstract syntaxes of SecureUML and AAC and constrains the two languages. The validation of the code generator also uses the transformation contract. For a given access control policy and aspect, represented as instances of the appropriate metamodels, with aspects produced by the code generator, the constraints of the transformation contract must hold. We have prototyped a transformer from SecureUML to aspects on top of ITP/OCL, an OCL interpreter that automatically validates the generated aspect code by applying the constraints of the transformation contract.     

From UML/SPT models to schedulability analysis: approach and a prototype implementation using ATL

Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is a software development approach promoted by the OMG. MDA is based on two key concepts, models and model transformations. Several kinds of models are generally used throughout the development process to specify a software system and to support its analysis and validation. UML and its extensions, such as the UML profile for real-time systems (UML/SPT), are commonly used to define the structure and the behavior of software systems while other models, such as performance models or schedulability models, are more suitable for performance or schedulability analysis, respectively. In this paper we discuss a model transformation enabling the derivation of schedulability analysis models from UML/SPT models. As a proof of concepts, we present a prototype implementation of this model transformation using ATL. We provide a definition of the source and target metamodels using the metamodel specification language KM3 and we specify the transformation in an ATL module. We discuss the merits and limitations of our approach and of its implementation.     

Using UML Action Semantics for model execution and transformation

The Unified Modelling Language (UML) lacks precise and formal foundations and semantics for several modeling constructs, such as transition guards or method bodies. These semantic discrepancies and loopholes prevent executability, making early testing and validation out of reach of UML tools. Furthermore, the semantic gap from high-level UML concepts to low-level programming constructs found in traditional object-oriented language prevents the development of efficient code generators.The recent Action Semantics (AS) proposal tackles these problems by extending the UML with yet another formalism for describing behavior, but with a strong emphasis on dynamic semantics. This formalism provides both, a metamodel integrated into the UML metamodel, and a model of execution for these statements. As a future OMG standard, the AS eases the move to tool interoperability, and allows for executable modeling and simulation.We explore in this paper a specificity of the AS: its applicability to the UML metamodel, itself a UML model. We show how this approach paves the way for powerful metaprogramming for model transformation. Furthermore, the overhead for designers is minimal, as mappings from usual object-oriented languages to the AS will be standardized.     

Model refactoring using MoTMoT

Reverse and roundtrip engineering have become important research topics in model driven engineering. In this paper, we report on the use of model-to-model transformer (MoTMoT), a tool for model transformation (Schippers et al. in Satellite of the second international conference on graph transformation, vol 127, issue 3, pp 5–16, 2004), for the realization of a number of refactoring operations; this was proposed as a case study at GraBaTs 2008. MoTMoT is based on the story driven modeling (SDM) language for graph rewriting; thus the refactorings modify a graph model derived from Java source code. Realizing the three refactorings proposed in the case study allows us to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the tool, but it also forces us to consider numerous issues that require the use of standard compliant mechanisms. The case study highlights the benefits of MoTMoT as a transformation engine. Among the advantages of MoTMoT, we may mention that MoTMoT does not depend on a particular modeling tool to represent transformations, and the input models may be produced by arbitrary UML tools, separately from MoTMoT. This is in contrast to other transformation tools which depend on a custom built modeling tool. Moreover, MoTMoT can easily be extended with new language features to improve its support for model transformation. The underlying transformation language, SDM, is based on a very powerful paradigm and is capable of expressing the preconditions and checks required by the case study. We also address other, more general challenges of this case study: conciseness, readability, maintainability, efficiency and scalability are important features for the implementation. MoTMoT turns out to be a robust tool that provides an answer to these challenges.     

基于MDA的UML模型转换:从功能模型到实现模型

MDA（Model Drive Architecture）是OMG（Object Management Group）提出的解决系统集成问题的新途径,它以UML、MOF、CWM为核心,定义软件开发过程中的模型组织管理框架。本文探讨了MDA框架下在元模型层定义模型转换的方法。引入模型转换规则描述语言,给出模型转换规则应遵循的部分原则。以CORBA平台为例说明在元模型层用既定语言定义模型转换规则,从功能模型到实现模型的模型转换方法。基于以上方法构建相应的工具原型。     

Aspect-oriented model-driven skeleton code generation: A graph-based transformation approach

Model-driven code generation has been investigated in traditional and object-oriented design paradigms; significant progress has been made. It offers many advantages including the rapid development of high quality code. Errors are reduced and the consistency between the design and the code is retained, in comparison with a purely manual approach. Here, a model-driven code generation approach based on graph transformations for aspect-oriented development is proposed. The approach has two main transformation activities. The first activity transforms a visual (graphical) model of the design into a formal, text-based notation that can be readily processed. The graphical model is created by the software designer and uses a UML profile for aspect-oriented software (i.e., FDAF) to represent aspects and their components. XML is the target notation for this step; the transformation uses the XML meta-model to ensure that the output complies with the language. The second activity transforms the XML model into AspectJ source code. The transformation uses the AspectJ meta-model to ensure the output complies with the language. The transformations from the extended UML model to XML and from XML to AspectJ code are fully automated. The transformation algorithms are based on graph transformations; tool support has been developed. Key technical issues in the approach are discussed, including performance, the amount of code generated, correctness, and adaptability, in addition to a comparison of the proposal with existing alternative approaches. The approach has been validated on three example systems: a banking system, classroom scheduling system, and an insurance system. The banking system example is presented in the paper.     

A Systematic Approach to Metamodeling Environments and Model Transformation Systems in VMTS

Highly configurable metamodeling environments and graph transformation techniques have been applied successfully in software system modeling and other areas. In this paper a uniform treatment of these two methods is illustrated by a tool called Visual Modeling and Transformation System. The concepts of an n-layer metamodeling environment is outlined with the related topological and attribute issues. Built on metamodeling techniques two alternatives for model transformation are elaborated, namely, the traversal and the graph-rewriting approaches. In our implementation all of the aforementioned mechanisms use metamodel as a common formalism, which can be considered as a uniform basis for storing, creating and transforming visual languages. The feasibility of the approach is illustrated by a transformation which generates C/C++ code from UML statecharts.     

嵌入式系统模型驱动设计方法

提出基于模型驱动构架的嵌入式系统模型驱动设计方法．首先建立UMLforSystemC语言元模型，以扩充UML对硬件平台相关模型的描述能力；然后分析模型变换的映射规则；最后基于系统平台结构模型和软硬件划分提供模型变换实现．该方法能自动地生成不同实现的SystemC系统模型，以加速系统设计空间搜索效率。支持嵌入式系统的快速开发和验证．     

一种结合MDA的高阶模型转换方法

模型转换是MDA的关键技术,也是MDA的研究热点。目前,不同的MDA开发平台都有一套相对独立的开发技术和转换框架,这使平台之间缺乏兼容性,模型转换代码重用困难。究其原因是缺少一种与具体转换语言相对应,且与平台无关的转换规则模型。为了解决以上问题,将高阶模型转换的思想与模型驱动软件开发相结合,提出了一种构造模型转换规则的高阶转换元模型,并以ATL语言为例展示了高阶转换元模型的使用方法;最后通过一个实例验证了该方法的可行性和可用性。该方法提高了模型转换语言的抽象层次,降低了模型转换语言的重用难度,在一定程度上解决了模型转换技术不兼容的问题。     

An architecture for automatically developing secure OLAP applications from models

ContextDecision makers query enterprise information stored in Data Warehouses (DW) by using tools (such as On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) tools) which use specific views or cubes from the corporate DW or Data Marts, based on the multidimensional modeling. Since the information managed is critical, security constraints have to be correctly established in order to avoid unauthorized accesses.ObjectiveIn previous work we have defined a Model-Driven based approach for developing a secure DWs repository by following a relational approach. Nevertheless, is also important to define security constraints in the metadata layer that connects the DWs repository with the OLAP tools, that is, over the same multidimensional structures that final users manage. This paper defines a proposal to develop secure OLAP applications and incorporates it into our previous approach.MethodOur proposal is composed of models and transformations. Our models have been defined using the extension capabilities from UML (conceptual model) and extending the OLAP package of CWM with security (logical model). Transformations have been defined by using a graphical notation and implemented into QVT and MOFScript. Finally, this proposal has been evaluated through case studies.ResultsA complete MDA architecture for developing secure OLAP applications. The main contributions of this paper are: improvement of a UML profile for conceptual modeling; definition of a logical metamodel for OLAP applications; and definition and implementation of transformations from conceptual to logical models, and from logical models to the secure implementation into a specific OLAP tool (SSAS).ConclusionOur proposal allows us to develop secure OLAP applications, providing a complete MDA architecture composed of several security models and automatic transformations towards the final secure implementation. Security aspects are early identified and fitted into a most robust solution that provides us a better information assurance and a saving of time in maintenance.     

View-based model-driven software development with ModelJoin

Fragmentation of information across instances of different metamodels poses a significant problem for software developers and leads to a major increase in effort of transformation development. Moreover, compositions of metamodels tend to be incomplete, imprecise, and erroneous, making it impossible to present it to users or use it directly as input for applications. Customized views satisfy information needs by focusing on a particular concern, and filtering out information that is not relevant to this concern. For a broad establishment of view-based approaches, an automated solution to deal with separate metamodels and the high complexity of model transformations is necessary. In this paper, we present the ModelJoin approach for the rapid creation of views. Using a human-readable textual DSL, developers can define custom views declaratively without having to write model transformations or define a bridging metamodel. Instead, a metamodel generator and higher-order transformations create annotated target metamodels and the appropriate transformations on-the-fly. The resulting views, which are based on these metamodels, contain joined instances and can effectively express concerns unforseen during metamodel design. We have applied the ModelJoin approach and validated the textual DSL in a case study using the Palladio Component Model.     

基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型

软件企业在实施CMM(capability maturity modelfor software)的过程中面临最主要的障碍是如何将CMM 软件过程模型转换成可实施的、体现组织过程特征的CMM实施过程模型.可以利用模型驱动架构MDA来支持CMM模型转换,其首要问题是建立CMM软件过程元模型.通过分析CMM软件过程,给出了面向CMM的软件过程工程元模型SPEM的扩展策略,提出了一个基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型一-SPM-CMM.该元模型既支持CMM软件过程的抽象语法和规则语义,也支持利用UML CASE工具操作CMM软件过程模型.     

A platform-independent metamodel for multiagent systems

Various agent-oriented methodologies and metamodels exist to design and develop multiagent systems (MAS) in an abstract manner. Frequently, these frameworks specialise on particular parts of the MAS and only few works have been invested to derive a common standardisation. This limits the impact of agent-related systems in commercial applications. In this paper, we present a metamodel for agent systems that abstracts from existing agent-oriented methodologies, programming languages, and platforms and could thus be considered as platform-independent. This metamodel defines the abstract syntax of a proposed domain-specific modelling language for MAS that is currently under development and provides furthermore the base to generate code out of the generated designs. This is done by applying the principles of model-driven development (MDD) and providing two model transformations that allow transforming the generated models into textual code that can be executed with JACK and JADE.     

一种面向图形化建模语言表示法的元模型

对于图形化的建模语言,为定义其表示法一般需要解决3个问题:如何定义每个建模元素的图形符号,如何定义图形符号之间的位置关系以及如何将表示法映射到抽象语法.为了方便进行模型转换和代码生成,还需要使用模型化的方式描述建模语言的表示法.通过对UML及其语言家族中的表示法进行总结、分析和归纳,提出了一种表示法定义元模型(notation definition metamodel,简称NDM).针对定义表示法所面临的3个问题,NDM被分成基本图元及其布局、基本位置关系和抽象语法桥三部分.使用NDM定义好的表示法模型还可以通过代码生成技术生成可使用的源代码.将NDM与其他几种定义表示法的方法进行了比较,结果表明,NDM与其他方法相比具有优势.NDM已经在元建模工具PKU MetaModeler中实现.介绍了NDM在实际应用中的几个案例.     

Tool Modeling with Fujaba

This paper is a small tutorial on tool building with Fujaba. With the help of a small case study, we exemplify how the different requirements of an environment for a visual language may be addressed using Fujaba graph transformations. This covers abstract and concrete syntax, static and operational semantics, and model transformations. This case study shows, how the more sophisticated language elements of Fujaba may be exploited in modeling complex aspects of the desired CASE tool. In addition, we address some not graph grammar related aspects in building such an environment, e.g. the graphical user interface and multi-user support.     

A synergistic model-driven approach for persistence modeling with UML

The Model Driven Development (MDD) approach proposes that models (and model-to-model transformations) play the main role on system development. However, there is not a consensual notation to model persistence based upon object-relational mapping frameworks: while UML lacks specific resources for persistence modeling, the entity-relationship model does not make reference to the dynamic concepts existing in UML.This paper proposes MD-JPA, a UML profile for persistence modeling based on the well-known Java Persistence API 2 (JPA) standard for object-relational mapping, pursuing the modeling of transient and persistent elements in a more coherent and synergistic way. This paper describes the main characteristics of MD-JPA as well as the way that models that adopt such profile can them be used to generate a Java implementation by the application of the proposed model transformations on a MDD approach. Finally, an open source tool was developed to make the results of this work available to the community.