一种基于注意力机制的小目标检测深度学习模型

小目标检测用来识别图像中小像素尺寸目标。传统目标识别算法泛化性差,而通用的深度卷积神经网络算法容易丢失小目标的特征,对小目标识别的效果不甚理想。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于注意力机制的小目标检测深度学习模型AM-R-CNN,该模型在ResNet101主干网络和候选区域生成网络中使用了通道域注意力和空间域注意力,通道域注意力模块实现了通道维度上的特征加权标定,空间域注意力模块实现了空间维度上的特征聚焦,从而提升了小目标的捕获效果。此外,模型使用数据增强技术和多尺度特征融合技术,保证了小目标特征提取的有效性。在遥感影像数据集上的识别船只实验表明,注意力模块可带来小目标检测的性能提升。     

小样本红外图像的样本扩增与目标检测算法

深度卷积神经网络模型在很多公开的可见光目标检测数据集上表现优异, 但是在红外目标检测领域, 目标 样本稀缺一直是制约检测识别精度的难题. 针对该问题, 本文提出了一种小样本红外图像的样本扩增与目标检测算 法. 采用基于注意力机制的生成对抗网络进行红外样本扩增, 生成一系列保留原始可见光图像关键区域的红外连 续图像, 并且使用空间注意力机制等方法进一步提升YOLOv3目标检测算法的识别精度. 在Grayscale-Thermal与 OSU Color-Thermal红外–可见光数据集上的实验结果表明, 本文算法使用的红外样本扩增技术有效提升了深度网 络模型对红外目标检测的精度, 与原始YOLOv3算法相比, 本文算法最高可提升近20%的平均精确率(mean average precision, mAP).     

基于卷积神经网络的遥感图像目标识别仿真

在遥感图像中,目标往往位于复杂的地物背景中,包括不同类型的植被、土地覆盖、建筑物等。上述复杂的地物背景对目标识别造成了困难。为了精准识别遥感图像目标,提出一种卷积神经网络下遥感图像目标识别算法。将暗通道原理和双边滤波算法有效结合,对遥感图像展开增强处理。统计分析遥感图像目标尺度范围,通过训练和测试卷积神经网络,得到最佳目标感兴趣区域尺度。确定目标感兴趣区域最佳尺度后,构建基于卷积神经网络的遥感图像目标识别架构,完成遥感图像目标识别。通过实验分析证明,采用所提算法可以有效提升遥感图像增强效果,具有较好的遥感图像目标识别性能。     

基于双注意力机制的遥感图像目标检测

针对遥感图像在复杂背景下小目标检测精度较低的问题,提出一种基于双注意力机制模型的SSD检测算法。该算法在前端特征提取网络中引入双注意力机制模型,强化低层特征图中小目标的有效特征信息并抑制冗余的语义信息,实现自适应特征学习;并在空间注意力模型中引入空洞卷积,保证卷积核感受野的同时减少了网络参数。引入Focal loss损失函数作为改进算法的分类损失函数,改善网络在训练过程中样本失衡的问题,增加正样本与难样本在训练时的权重比例,提升算法的检测性能。对遥感图像数据集NWPU VHR-10进行检测的结果表明,本文的改进算法在保证检测速度的同时提高了检测精度。与传统SSD算法相比,改进SSD算法的mAP提高了2.25个百分点,达到79.65%。     

基于注意力机制和可变形卷积的金属表面细微不规则损伤的图像识别模型

对金属表面细微损伤的检测,传统的目标识别算法泛化能力较弱,而使用深度卷积神经网络的通用检测算法容易丢失小目标特征,其使用的传统正方形结构卷积不适用于处理长条状等不规则损伤。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于注意力机制和可变形卷积的级联神经网络目标检测模型ADC-Mask R-CNN。在ResNet101主干网络中嵌入通道域注意力与空间域注意力,以增强对小损伤目标的检测效果;采用可变形卷积与可变形感兴趣区域池化技术,提升了对不规则损伤的检测效果;通过级联网络实现了检测结果的进一步优化。在金属表面损伤数据集上的对比实验结果表明,ADC-Mask R-CNN模型可以提高金属表面细微不规则损伤的检测性能。     

基于残差收缩网络的遥感图像目标检测算法

针对于遥感图像中背景复杂噪声多、小目标多且排布密集、目标尺度差异大等问题,提出了一种改进通道注意力与残差收缩网络的遥感图像目标检测算法。该算法借助卷积神经网络,以YOLOV3模型作为基础网络,选择Mosaic图像增强的方式进行数据预处理,采用深度残差收缩模块重构了特征提取网络,并结合通道注意力机制与组合池化构建空间金字塔池化融合层,采用CIOU进行定位损失计算,最终实现遥感图像目标检测。实验结果表明：改进算法相比于原算法的总体mAP由89.2%提升至92.2%,获得了更好的性能表现。     

改进CBAM的轻量级注意力模型

近几年注意力模型在计算机视觉领域取得了广泛的应用,通过在卷积神经网络中加入注意力模型,网络的性能可以显著提升。然而大多数现有的方法都专注于开发更复杂的注意力模型,以使卷积神经网络获得更强的特征表达能力,但这也不可避免地增加了模型的复杂性。为了在性能和复杂度间取得平衡,对CBAM模型进行优化提出了轻量级的EAM（Efficient Attention Module）模型。针对CBAM的通道注意力模块,引入一维卷积替代全连接层来聚合各通道间的信息;对于CBAM的空间注意力模块,将大卷积核替换为空洞卷积来增加感受野以聚合更广的空间上下文信息。将该模型融入YOLOv4后在VOC2012数据集上进行测试,mAP提高3.48个百分点。实验结果表明,该注意力模型只引入较小的参数量,网络性能可获得较大提升。     

基于注意力机制学习的变电设备缺陷检测方法

针对现有的变电站缺陷图像检测识别算法鲁棒性弱问题,提出一种基于注意力机制学习的变电设备缺陷图像检测识别方法。所提方法以卷积神经网络作为缺陷图像特征提取的骨架网络,融合注意力机制原理,进一步提升缺陷图像特征的可辨识性。首先,构建注意力机制的卷积神经网络特征提取模型,提取不同注意力机制下变电站缺陷图像特征;其次,设计一种自适应特征学习函数,将不同注意力机制下的特征融合成为新的高质量变电缺陷图像特征;最后,将不同注意力机制下的缺陷图像特征输入到分类模型,实现变电站缺陷图像检测。所提方法增强了变电设备缺陷图像检测的准确性与鲁棒性,实验结果显示,所提方法的mAP达到了70.4%。     

YOLOv5s中注意力机制对检测小目标的影响

为提高YOLOv5s目标检测算法在检测图像中小目标时的准确度,本文研究引入注意力机制来提高神经网络对于图像特征提取的能力。将三种注意力机制CBAM、CoordAtt和GAM分别与YOLOv5s相融合,并在小目标数据集上进行训练。实验的结果显示,在YOLOv5s算法中添加注意力机制时,需考虑注意力机制在网络中的添加位置、该机制与数据集任务之间是否匹配以及预训练权重的影响。     

自适应注意力选择与脉冲耦合神经网络相融合的沙漠车辆识别

针对现有车辆识别模型不适用于沙漠背景的不足,提出一种基于自适应四元数注意力选择模型与脉冲耦合神经网络相融合的车辆识别算法.首先建立自适应四元数注意力选择模型,将图像背景、颜色、亮度等多方面信息并行处理计算注意力显著图,并利用图像缩放与双线性插值提升计算效率;然后将显著图输入脉冲耦合神经网络,利用神经元脉冲传播特性提取感兴趣区域;最后提取区域尺度不变特征并结合多层分类回归树完成目标识别.实验结果表明,该算法计算时间短、区域提取完整、识别虚警率低;以分辨率0.6m×0.6m的沙漠图像为例,文中算法较形态学及支撑向量机算法识别率分别提升了5.8%和15.4%.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。