智能电网ICS系统信息安全研究简

智能电网的应用改变了原有电网的网络通信结构和应用模式,如何全面的保障新形式下电网ICS系统的信息安全是一个必须深入探讨和研究并亟待解决的关键问题之一。本文首先剖析了智能电网中ICS系统与传统IT的区别,在分析ICS系统所面临的信息安全漏洞后提出了针对以上信息安全威胁的安全防护建议。     

物联网安全威胁与安全模型CSCD

随着物联网应用的发展和普及利用,针对物联网的攻击事件日益增多且危害严重。目前面对物联网安全问题主要采用被动补救的方式,缺乏对物联网安全的体系化思考和研究。本论文首先介绍物联网系统架构和各实体的发展,然后分析物联网面临的多层次安全威胁,包括各实体自身的安全威胁,也包括跨域的安全威胁。其中,实体自身安全威胁涉及到云平台、设备端、管道、云端交互。物联网跨域安全威胁包含4个方面:多域级联攻击、物理域的冲突与叠加、信息域对物理域进行非预期的控制、信息域对物理域输入的理解不全面。在此基础上,论文研究了基于PDRR网络安全体系的物联网安全模型,包含安全防护、安全检测、响应、恢复4个维度。安全防护包含认证、授权与访问控制、通信加密等技术,需要考虑物联网种类繁多,规模巨大,异构等特点进行设计与实施。安全检测需要对各实体进行入侵检测、在线安全监测、脆弱性检测以及恶意代码检测。其中,在线安全监测获取系统内部设备、应用程序的行为、状态、是否存在已知脆弱性等。脆弱性检测偏向于对未知脆弱性进行深度挖掘。在响应阶段,除了配合相关部门机关完成安全行动资源配置、态势感知等响应工作外,还需要进行入侵事件的分析与响应,漏洞与恶意代码的公告与修复,以及安全防护加固与检测规则的更新。在恢复阶段,需要对关键数据进行恢复,并对系统进行升级与恢复。最后论文进行总结并提出值得关注的研究方向。     

基于等级保护的智能电网信息安全防护模型研究

在分析电力信息系统安全等级保护建设情况的基础上,结合智能电网信息安全需求,提出一种基于等级保护的智能电网信息安全防护模型,从物理、终端、边界、网络、主机、应用和数据几方面描述针对智能电网特点的信息安全防护建议,以提升智能电网整体信息安全防御能力,对智能电网信息安全防护及建设具有一定的指导意义和作用。     

物联网安全威胁与安全模型

随着物联网应用的发展和普及利用,针对物联网的攻击事件日益增多且危害严重。目前面对物联网安全问题主要采用被动补救的方式,缺乏对物联网安全的体系化思考和研究。本论文首先介绍物联网系统架构和各实体的发展,然后分析物联网面临的多层次安全威胁,包括各实体自身的安全威胁,也包括跨域的安全威胁。其中,实体自身安全威胁涉及到云平台、设备端、管道、云端交互。物联网跨域安全威胁包含4个方面:多域级联攻击、物理域的冲突与叠加、信息域对物理域进行非预期的控制、信息域对物理域输入的理解不全面。在此基础上,论文研究了基于PDRR网络安全体系的物联网安全模型,包含安全防护、安全检测、响应、恢复4个维度。安全防护包含认证、授权与访问控制、通信加密等技术,需要考虑物联网种类繁多,规模巨大,异构等特点进行设计与实施。安全检测需要对各实体进行入侵检测、在线安全监测、脆弱性检测以及恶意代码检测。其中,在线安全监测获取系统内部设备、应用程序的行为、状态、是否存在已知脆弱性等。脆弱性检测偏向于对未知脆弱性进行深度挖掘。在响应阶段,除了配合相关部门机关完成安全行动资源配置、态势感知等响应工作外,还需要进行入侵事件的分析与响应,漏洞与恶意代码的公告与修复,以及安全防护加固与检测规则的更新。在恢复阶段,需要对关键数据进行恢复,并对系统进行升级与恢复。最后论文进行总结并提出值得关注的研究方向。     

基于攻击图的信息物理系统信息安全风险评估方法

震网病毒等事件实证了信息攻击能对信息物理系统(CPS)带来严重的物理影响。针对这类跨域攻击问题,提出了基于攻击图的风险评估方法。首先,对信息物理系统中的信息攻击行为进行了分析,指出可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)等物理设备中存在的漏洞是信息攻击实现跨域攻击的关键,并给出了信息物理系统中漏洞的利用模式及影响后果;其次,建立风险评估模型,提出攻击成功概率和攻击后果度量指标。综合考虑漏洞固有特性和攻击者能力计算攻击成功概率,根据主机重要程度和漏洞利用模式计算攻击后果。该方法能够将信息域与物理域作为一个整体进行建模,综合考虑多个跨域攻击对系统风险的影响。数值案例表明,多个跨域攻击组合下的风险值是单一攻击下的5倍,计算得到的风险值更为准确。     

一种自适应的多域安全互操作模型

针对多域环境下资源共享时所面临的信任危机,提出一种基于信任级的自适应安全互操作模型.通过对未知事件的自适应检测,提高了系统对各种异常和突发情况的容忍能力;通过对用户信任级的调节和监控,实现了各域间资源的安全共享,较好地预防了可能发生的恶意攻击和潜在安全威胁.     

工业控制系统的信息安全问题研究

分析了工业控制系统的安全要求、典型的威胁与攻击形式,阐释了工业控制系统信息安全与传统IT信息安全的区别;分析了现有的控制系统信息安全的解决思路,结合SP800-82工业控制系统（ICS）安全指南,介绍了控制系统网络防护的主要措施;总结了热点研究趋势,包括安全通讯协议和安全控制器的设计.     

基于跨域协同的网络空间威胁预警模式

网络空间威胁发展呈现出主动性、隐蔽性、泛在性的特点,向传统被动式、局域性、孤立化的网络防御模式提出了严峻挑战。针对大数据、人工智能与网络安全融合的新趋势,提出一种跨域协同的威胁预警模式,为网络空间安全防护赋能增效。首先,该模式从网络空间结构出发,通过划分安全威胁域、解析系统功能、设计共享机制,构建具有合纵连横作用的功能框架;其次,为提升威胁信息检测能力,设计了分层司职的协同化技术体系,阐述了威胁信息感知、处理、应用等关键技术;最后,借助应用场景,定性化描述了所提预警模式的能力增量。     

基于贝叶斯序贯博弈模型的智能电网信息物理安全分析

智能电网是利用信息技术优化从供应者到消费者的电力传输和配电网络.作为一种信息物理系统（Cyber-physical system，CPS），智能电网由物理设备和负责数据计算与通信的网络组成.智能电网的诸多安全问题会出现在通信网络和物理设备这两个层面，例如注入坏数据和收集客户隐私信息的网络攻击，攻击电网物理设备的物理攻击等.本文主要研究了智能电网的系统管理员（防护者）如何确定攻击者类型，从而选择最优防护策略的问题.提出了一种贝叶斯序贯博弈模型以确定攻击者的类型，根据序贯博弈树得到博弈双方的均衡策略.首先，对类型不确定的攻击者和防护者构建静态贝叶斯博弈模型，通过海萨尼转换将不完全信息博弈转换成完全信息博弈，得到贝叶斯纳什均衡解，进而确定攻击者的类型.其次，考虑攻击者和防护者之间的序贯博弈模型，它能够有效地帮助防护者进行决策分析.通过逆向归纳法分别对两种类型的攻击者和防护者之间的博弈树进行分析，得到博弈树的均衡路径，进而得到攻击者的最优攻击策略和防护者的最优防护策略.分析表明，贝叶斯序贯博弈模型能够使防护者确定攻击者的类型，并且选择最优防护策略，从而为涉及智能电网信息安全的相关研究提供参考.     

基于攻击图的信息物理融合系统渗透测试方法

信息物理融合系统(Cyber-Physical System,CPS)多为安全攸关系统,是网络攻击的高价值目标,需要对其进行有效的安全评估。为此,提出一种基于攻击图的信息物理融合系统渗透测试方法。首先,对传统攻击图进行改进,考虑物理攻击、攻击持续时间以及物理系统的连续变量值,提出适用于CPS的攻击图建模技术AGC(Attack Graph for CPS),并在图中增加攻击可行性参数以表示单步攻击的成功率;其次,基于AGC提出最优攻击路径选择策略,包括最小攻击代价、最短攻击时间等,并设计面向CPS的智能渗透测试算法;最后,通过应用实例对方法的有效性进行验证。分析结果表明,该方法能够根据渗透测试目标选择最优攻击路径,并能根据实际反馈结果自动调整后续攻击步骤,有效实现CPS的安全评估。     

A study on the factors that affect the adoption of Smart Water Grid

Due to recent climate changes that accompany drastic changes in water recycle process, extreme floods and droughts are occurring frequently throughout the world. In response to these events, Smart Water Management that refers to implement intelligent water information systems by IT convergence is considered as a new paradigm. In this study, we seek to explore the Smart Water Management, especially the adoption of Smart Water Grid Technology. We aim to review previous studies to identify factors that influence the adoption of the Smart Water Grid and to analyze the importance and priority of the factors affecting Smart Water Grid adoption, thereby presenting the successful adoption measures for Smart Water Grid in Korea. This study set a research model with the influencing factors in relation to the adoption of new IT technologies that were identified through the literature reviews of previous studies based on the TOE framework. This study also conducted empirical analysis of the findings and found out that the issue of privacy protection and security due to hacker’s attack would be emerged as a significant risk factor.     

Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges

The Smart Grid, generally referred to as the next-generation power system, is considered as a revolutionary and evolutionary regime of existing power grids. More importantly, with the integration of advanced computing and communication technologies, the Smart Grid is expected to greatly enhance efficiency and reliability of future power systems with renewable energy resources, as well as distributed intelligence and demand response. Along with the silent features of the Smart Grid, cyber security emerges to be a critical issue because millions of electronic devices are inter-connected via communication networks throughout critical power facilities, which has an immediate impact on reliability of such a widespread infrastructure. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of cyber security issues for the Smart Grid. Specifically, we focus on reviewing and discussing security requirements, network vulnerabilities, attack countermeasures, secure communication protocols and architectures in the Smart Grid. We aim to provide a deep understanding of security vulnerabilities and solutions in the Smart Grid and shed light on future research directions for Smart Grid security.     

网格环境下多域间的认证机制研究

随着网格技术的出现与应用,其安全问题也已成为人们研究的重点。网格操作系统Globus的安全体系架构GSI(Globus Security Infrastructure)提供了单个认证域下安全问题的解决方案,但基于网格的广域特性,如何解决其多个域间的安全认证是目前亟待解决的问题。首先简单介绍了GSI的安全认证机制,然后在此模型基础上引入域间映射的思想,提出了一种用于多个认证域间相互认证的方法,完善了网格环境中的安全认证机制。文章最后详细介绍了该方法的实现过程。     

Identification of vulnerable node clusters against false data injection attack in an AMI based Smart Grid

In today׳s Smart Grid, the power Distribution System Operator (DSO) uses real-time measurement data from the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for efficient, accurate and advanced monitoring and control. Smart Grids are vulnerable to sophisticated data integrity attacks like the False Data Injection (FDI) attack on the AMI sensors that produce misleading operational decision of the power system (Liu et al., 2011 [1]). Presently, there is a lack of research in the area of power system analysis that relates the FDI attacks with system stability that is important for both analysis of the effect of cyber-attack and for taking preventive measures of protection.In this paper, we study the physical characteristics of the power system, and draw a relationship between the system stability indices and the FDI attacks. We identify the level of vulnerabilities of each AMI node in terms of different degrees of FDI attacks. In order to obtain the interdependent relationship of different nodes, we implement an improved Constriction Factor Particle Swarm Optimization (CF-PSO) based hybrid clustering technique to group the nodes into the most, the moderate and the least vulnerable clusters. With extensive experiments and analysis using two benchmark test systems, we show that the nodes in the most vulnerable cluster exhibit higher likelihood of de-stabilizing system operation compared to other nodes. Complementing research is the construction of FDI attacks and their countermeasures, this paper focuses on the understanding of characteristics and practical effect of FDI attacks on the operation of the Smart Grid by analysing the interdependent nature of its physical properties.     

基于硬件虚拟化的内核同层多域隔离模型

为了解决内核不可信带来的问题,很多工作提出了同层可信基的架构,即在内核同一硬件特权水平构建可部署安全机制的唯一保护域.但是,实际过程中往往面临多样化的安全需求,将多种对应的安全机制集中于唯一的保护域必然导致只要其中任何一个安全机制被攻陷,同一个保护域内其它所有安全机制都可能被攻击者恶意篡改或者破坏.为了解决上述问题,本文提出了内核同层多域隔离模型,即在内核同一硬件特权水平构建多个保护域实现了不同安全机制的内部隔离,缓解了传统方法将所有安全机制绑定在唯一保护域带来的安全风险.本文实现了内核同层多域隔离模型的原型系统Decentralized-KPD,其利用硬件虚拟化技术和地址重映射技术,将不同安全机制部署在与内核同一特权水平的多个保护域中,并不会引起较大的性能开销.总体而言,实验结果展示了内核同层多域隔离模型的安全性和实用性.     

基于硬件虚拟化的内核同层多域隔离模型

为了解决内核不可信带来的问题,很多工作提出了同层可信基的架构,即,在内核同一硬件特权水平构建可部署安全机制的唯一保护域.但是,实际过程中往往面临多样化的安全需求,将多种对应的安全机制集中于唯一的保护域必然导致只要其中任何一个安全机制被攻陷,同一个保护域内其他所有安全机制都可能被攻击者恶意篡改或者破坏.为了解决上述问题,...     

Abnormal traffic-indexed state estimation: A cyber–physical fusion approach for Smart Grid attack detection

Integration with information network not only facilitates Smart Grid with many unprecedented features, but also introduces many new security issues, such as false data injection and system intrusion. One of the biggest challenges in Smart Grid attack detection is how to fuse the heterogeneous data from the power system and information network. In this paper, a novel cyber–physical fusion approach is proposed to detect a Smart Grid attack Bad Data Injection (BDI), by merging both the features of the traffic flow in information network and the inherent physical laws in the power system into a unified model, named as Abnormal Traffic-indexed State Estimation (ATSE). The cyber security incidents, monitored by intrusion detection system (IDS), are quantized to serve as the impact factors that are incorporated into the bad data detection system based on state estimation model in power grid. Hundreds of attack cases are simulated on each transmission line of three IEEE standard systems to compare ATSE with current cyber, physical abnormal detection methods and cyber–physical fusion method, including IDS (Snort), bad data detection algorithm (Chi-square test) and SCPSE. The results indicate that ATSE can improve the detection rate 20% than the Chi-square Test on average, filter most false alarms generated by Snort, and solve the observability problem of SCPSE.     

Spike in phishing and malware a danger to IT

Security firms are reporting that IT departments must be careful of increased threats to corporate networks and data from phishing and malware attacks. There are 33 million unique phishing messages every week, according to Dave Cole, director of security product management at Symantec Security Response. He says this plus an increase in the distribution of malware designed to steal confidential information presents a challenge for IT. Phishing, according to the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG), an industry association devoted to eliminating phishing, is definable as attacks that "use both social engineering and technical subterfuge to steal consumers' personal identity data and financial account credentials." Corporations often find that they are victims of another type of phishing attack in which attackers use their good brand names and logos to trick people into responding to bogus solicitations. Although basic security approaches can protect against phishing and malware, Cole says it is also important to have "good Internet security hygiene" and multiple levels of protection for mail clients, servers, and client machines.