An adaptable neural-network model for recursive nonlinear traffic prediction and modeling of MPEG video sources

Multimedia services and especially digital video is expected to be the major traffic component transmitted over communication networks [such as internet protocol (IP)-based networks]. For this reason, traffic characterization and modeling of such services are required for an efficient network operation. The generated models can be used as traffic rate predictors, during the network operation phase (online traffic modeling), or as video generators for estimating the network resources, during the network design phase (offline traffic modeling). In this paper, an adaptable neural-network architecture is proposed covering both cases. The scheme is based on an efficient recursive weight estimation algorithm, which adapts the network response to current conditions. In particular, the algorithm updates the network weights so that 1) the network output, after the adaptation, is approximately equal to current bit rates (current traffic statistics) and 2) a minimal degradation over the obtained network knowledge is provided. It can be shown that the proposed adaptable neural-network architecture simulates a recursive nonlinear autoregressive model (RNAR) similar to the notation used in the linear case. The algorithm presents low computational complexity and high efficiency in tracking traffic rates in contrast to conventional retraining schemes. Furthermore, for the problem of offline traffic modeling, a novel correlation mechanism is proposed for capturing the burstness of the actual MPEG video traffic. The performance of the model is evaluated using several real-life MPEG coded video sources of long duration and compared with other linear/nonlinear techniques used for both cases. The results indicate that the proposed adaptable neural-network architecture presents better performance than other examined techniques.     

ATM计算机网络中变化特率码流视频数据通信码率控制算法研究

首先给出了变比特速率视频业务的主要特点,对视频业务数据流特性进行了讨论,给出了变比特速率（VBR）视频业务模型,根据基于码率分布函数的投影变换自回归（PAR）业务模型,讨论了数字视频接入ATM网络时码率的控制原因,最后针对前向码率控制（FRC）策略,给出了ATM网络在投影变换自回归（PAR）业务模型下数字视频业务带宽监管性能的比较结果。     

ATM网络中全动态视频源的二次建模

通过对ATM网络视频业务传输性能及其建模分析,针对高运动性（即全动态）视频源的建模,给出基于块的MPEG运动估计算法,提出一种非线性模型。基于自回归在GOP层对MPEG视频流进行二次建模。仿真表明,该文提出的NAR模型能准确预测具有适度运动性的实际MPEG流,对具有高运动性的流在不同的负荷和缓冲器的条件下提供可接受的预测。     

Impact of QOS requirements on video coding for ATM networks

The broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN) based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology can support a wide range of applications such as voice, video, still images, and data. Compression techniques increase the effective bandwidth utilization, but the bursty and asynchronous nature of the traffic can still lead to congestion in the network, and degradation of image quality and quality of service (QOS). Some of the features to provide better coding schemes for ATM networks are layered coding, resynchronization, buffering, interleaved schemes, constrained bit rate due to buffers, encapsulation with the RTP or AAL1 for clock recovery, lapped transforms, motion compensation, and optimal bit allocation for coders based on wavelet transforms. We review various techniques forimage and video coding such as transforms, motion compensation, vector quantization, and subband coding. We outline the impact of the cell loss ratio (CLR), delay and cell delay variation (CDV) on video coding: blocking effects, loss of frame synchronization, motion vectors, and vector quantization codewords. The open problems include tuning coding parameters to the available QOS provided by the network.     

蓝牙与802．11b视频流传输性能研究和比较

目前无线ad hoc网络发展的目标是支持多媒体数据的传输，基于ad hoc网络的视频流传输有着巨大的应用前景。但是无线传输介质的不稳定特性决定了其支持视频流传输存在较大的挑战。在分析蓝牙和802．11b技术各自优缺点的基础上，设计了基于蓝牙和802．11b无线ad hoc网络视频流传输的模拟实验架构。在不同码率和不同路径长度的模拟环境下测试了解码视频流的质量，研究、对比了二者在视频流传输中的性能。     

一种自适应运动估值视频代码转换的新方法

针对窄带网络的视频信号传输问题,分析了传统视频代码转换帧速率转换时,由于运动矢量非最佳化所造成的图象质量下降的原因,并提出了一种基于量化误差的自自动化运动矢量模型,从而减小了搜索域,使最佳化输出运行矢量能进行快速运动估值;同时根据灰度系统理论,提出了一种有效的灰度预测搜索方法,另外,又根据DCT系数理论模型。采用自适应快速视频编码方法,进一步提高了编码速度,实验结果表明：该方法不仅改善了视频图象质量,而且计算复杂度也大大减小。     

Packet video transport in ATM networks with single-bit feedback

The promise of a broadband integrated service digital network has led to the design of mechanisms for efficient transport of real-time compressed video in packet switching networks. We examine feedback control for video transport in ATM networks where the available feedback is a single bit of information carried in the cell header. We investigate the performance of three single-bit schemes for source rate adaptation. Two were originally for congestion control of bursty data traffic and are modified to control video traffic. The third scheme conveys more information about the state of queue(s) at the bottleneck. The simulation results show that all three schemes for feedback control of VBR video streams work remarkably well. During severe network congestion, the signal quality degrades gracefully, but not uniformly across all connections. Based on insights from the initial simulations, we propose a scheme to improve the fairness of service and demonstrate its effectiveness.     

An Admission Control Scheme Based on Online Measurement for VBR Video Streams Over Wireless Home Networks

This paper presents an online measurement-based admission control scheme on the basis that the aggregate VBR video traffic is lognormally distributed. The proposed scheme consists of two components: measurement process and admission decision. The measurement process applies a linear Kalman filter to estimate statistical parameters of aggregate VBR video traffic. The estimated statistical parameters are used to calculate the effective bandwidth for admission decision. Variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic with high data rate is expected to occupy a dominant proportion of bandwidth for future wireless broadband home networks. To guarantee quality-of-service (QoS) of such VBR video streams, while achieving a high level of channel utilization, an efficient admission control scheme is urgently required, especially for emerging wireless multimedia indoor services, such as HDTV, online video game, etc. The proposed scheme is computationally efficient and accurate without much prior traffic information. Simulation results verify its effectiveness and show that it performs well for both a small number of connections and a large number of connections.     

MPEG-4 FGS视频流量模型的仿真应用研究

针对MPEG-4 FGS可伸缩的视频流量，采用马尔可夫链调制的一阶自回归方法对其统计特性进行建模，通过与Trace流量的仿真结果对比，证明了该模型的有效性。在此基础上，提出了基于FGS流量模型的层次化速率控制方法，在NS-2中将该方法与三种典型的CBR层次流量模型方法对分层视频组播RLM协议性能的影响进行了仿真实验对比。仿真结果表明：采用CBR模型来模拟MPEG-4 FGS层次流量对RLM协议进行性能仿真评价存在较大的误差，采用所提出的基于FGS流量模型的层次化速率控制方法对自适应视频组播协议的性能进行仿真具有更好的精确性。     

CIPP — a versatile analytical model for VBR traffic

Correlated interarrival time Poisson process (CIPP) has been proposed in Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM’99), IISc, Bangalore, July 1999, pp. 43–50; J. Indian Inst. Sci. 79 (3) (1999) 233–249] for modeling both the composite arrival process of packets in broadband networks and the individual video source modeling. The CIPP — a generalization of the Poisson process — is a stationary counting process and is parameterized by correlation parameter ‘ρ’, the degree of correlation in adjacent interarrivals and ‘λ’, the intensity of the process. In this paper, we develop the theory for CIPP/M/1 queue and undertake the performance modeling of statistical multiplexer with VBR video traffic in broadband networks using the CIPP/M/1 queue. We first derive the expressions for stationary distributions for queue length and waiting time in a CIPP/M/1 queue. Then, we derive the queuing performance measures of interest. For reasons of feasibility of theoretical performance modeling and realistic compulsions, we propose a deterministic smoothing with random (geometrically distributed) packet sizes. We simulate a queue with (thus smoothed) VBR video trace data as input to compare with the theoretical performance measures derived above. Experimental results show that the CIPP/M/1 queue models well the statistical multiplexer performance with the real-world MPEG-1 VBR video traffic input.     

Statistical real-time channels on multiaccess bus networks

Real-time communication with performance guarantees is expected to become an important and necessary feature of future computer networks. In this paper, we present a scheme which can provide real-time communication services with both absolute and statistical performance guarantees on multiaccess bus networks for given input traffic characteristics and performance requirements. The proposed scheme reserves network bandwidth for real-time connections according to their needs. It also allows for independent addition and deletion of real-time connections while preserving existing guarantees. Our extensive simulation results for motion video communication have shown the proposed scheme to outperform the other well-known schemes     

基于DCT频域条件帧间补偿法的视频编码方案及其实现

运动图象的压缩是实现多媒体通信的关键技术之一。本文提出一种基于离散余弦变换系数的条件帧间补偿法及其视频编码方案。该算法利用DCT变换特点和人眼视觉特性，快速高效地对运动图象进行编码。     

Enhancing aggregate QoS for video streaming

The IETF's Differentiated Services architecture is designed to provide different types or levels of service for Internet traffic. One of its key features is that traffic flows are aggregated so that routers in the core network only need to distinguish a relatively small number of aggregate flows, even if those flows consist of hundreds or thousands of individual flows. However, network-level QoS differentiation may not satisfy the requirements of many QoS-sensitive applications such as live video streaming, where end-to-end delay and reliability must be guaranteed.

This paper investigates application-level service differentiation for MPEG video streaming in a Diff-Serv-aware MPLS network infrastructure, along with routing support at the network layer. Based on the fact that MPEG video has become one of the most popular formats for Internet (wired and wireless) users, our approach enhances aggregate QoS for video streaming by employing existing application-level knowledge of the MPEG video structure; therefore it requires neither a new video compression algorithm nor additional bandwidth. Several MPEG video dispersion models are proposed and analyzed. Simulation results show that two such strategies are superior to the other tested. In addition, a new routing scheme is proposed to support searching the ‘best’ paths for efficient multi-path video streaming. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that our approaches improve the aggregate QoS of MPEG video streams, as well as overall network efficiency.     

基于 DCT 频域条件帧间补偿法的视频编码方案及其实现

运动图象的压缩是实现多媒体通信的关键技术之一。本文提出一种基于离散余弦变换（ＤＣＴ）系数的条件帧间补偿法及其视频编码方案。该算法利用ＤＣＴ变换的特点和人眼视觉特性，快速高效地对运动图象进行编码。由于运算量低，该算法可以在ＰＣ机上用软件实时实现，适用于基于ＰＣ平台的可视电话、会议电视和可视多媒体通信系统。     

基于MPEG-4 FGS的视频流量模型

目前MPEG-4精细颗粒度可伸缩性(Fine Graruldty Scalability，FGS)编码视频正成为视频流服务的一种主要的业务流，因此，针对MPEG-4FGS视频流量进行建模对于网络性能仿真和通信网络设计具有十分重要的意义。该文首先介绍了MPEG-4FGS编码原理，然后对MPEG-4FGS视频流量的统计特性进行了分析，在此基础上，提出了基于MPEG-4FGS的视频流量模型。实验结果表明，该模型能较好地拟合原视频帧序列大小，且能根据网络带宽的动态变化进行适应的码率分配。     

Traffic characterization algorithms for VBR video in multimedia networks

A network that offers deterministic, i.e., worst case, quality-of-service guarantees to variable-bit-rate (VBR) video must provide a resource reservation mechanism that allocates bandwidth, buffer space, and other resources for each video stream. Such a resource reservation scheme must be carefully designed, otherwise network resources are wasted. A key component for the design of a resource reservation scheme is the traffic characterization method that specifies the traffic arrivals on a video stream. The traffic characterization should accurately describe the actual arrivals, so that a large number of streams can be supported; but it must also map directly into efficient traffic-policing mechanisms that monitor arrivals on each stream. In this study, we present a fast and accurate traffic characterization method for stored VBR video in networks with a deterministic service. We use this approximation to obtain a traffic characterization that can be efficiently policed by a small number of leaky buckets. We present a case study where we apply our characterization method to networks that employ a dynamic resource reservation scheme with renegotiation. We use traces from a set of 25–30-min MPEG sequences to evaluate our method against other characterization schemes from the literature.     

基于零树小波的交通视频车辆运动阴影滤除方法

基于高斯模型的背景建模方法与简单的背景差分方法很难准确区分运动车辆与阴影.基于此种原因,文中提出基于零树小波的交通视频车辆运动阴影滤除方法.首先将含有噪声的运动前景图像转换至HSV颜色空间.然后对 S通道和V 通道进行多级下采样小波变换,通过构造运动前景的零树小波掩模,关联不同尺度子带间的系数,使各精细尺度子带掩模的值能得到父子带系数的指导和校正,提高子带自适应阈值的准确性.进一步通过结合阴影的颜色特征,提高判断区域车辆与阴影的区分度.最后通过大量仿真实验验证文中方法的有效性.     

一种基于NS-2的Internet视频码流传输研究方案

该文提出了一种基于NS-2网络仿真器的Internet视频码流传输研究方案，该方案通过修改NS-2的业务数据源发生器，将从视频码流中得出的IP分包信息注入NS-2虚拟网络进行传输，能将仿真和研究过程直接与真实码流发生联系。将在目标节点接收到的所有数据包按照时间戳信息重新拼接成一个视频文件，在码流播放器上回放，还可以直观看到网络传输效果，从而能直观论证网络通讯性能。利用该方案还可以进一步对视频和音频的多媒体混合码流传输算法或多媒体传输控制协议进行仿真，对于复杂网络拓扑及相关协议设计与研究将具有极为重要的意义和价值。