基于UML协作图的集成测试序列生成方法

随着软件测试自动化的要求,以及UML在面向对象软件开发领域中的广泛应用,基于UML的面向对象软件测试正日益受到关注。集成测试是面向对象软件测试的一个重要阶段,在基于UML协作图生成面向对象软件的集成测试用例的过程中,一个重要内容是测试序列的生成。针对集成测试序列数量容易膨胀的现象,根据UML协作图的特点,应用过程间受限控制流图(IR-CFG)描述协作图的消息间逻辑控制关系。给出了由RationalRose开发的规格说明文件生成IRCFG的算法,并介绍了IRCFG的几种覆盖准则与基于IRCFG生成测试序列的方法。     

基于UML的系统测试用例自动生成

提出了一种新颖的基于UML图自动生成系统测试用例的方法.此方法适用于所有UML建模的系统.用创新性地结合图论知识,对用例图和序列图进行抽象,定义了相应的测试覆盖准则以生成测试用例.通过两级遍历,自动生成系统测试向最,并且达到所提的系统测试覆盖率的要求.能够覆盖所有用例、用例依赖性、以及交互中所有的消息序列.实现最大化的...     

基于IRCFG覆盖的UML顺序图测试方法

本文提出了一个基于UML顺序图产生测试序列的方法。根据UML顺序图中消息控制条件，使用函数间约束的控制流图（IRCFG）描述出UML顺序图中的消息事件序列。首先，分析UML顺序图的消息控制条件，构造与其相等价的IRCFG图；然后，根据测试覆盖准则采用类似完全IRCFG路径覆盖方法来产生测试序列。在文中还通过一个实例说明该方法的实现过程，进一步阐述该方法的可行性。     

一种类间交互测试的约束型标记驱动Petri网模型

面向对象软件测试的主要问题是考虑类间交互的集成测试,交互测试能检查出对象间的消息传递产生的不可达路径.设计了一种约束型标记驱动Petri网(C-LDPN)模型描述对象间的消息交互,给出了UML协作图转换为C-LDPN的规则.在定义对象活跃点以及对象活跃格局概念的基础上,根据对象所关联的变迁得出对象状态集上的等价类,提出一种消除C-LDPN中分支冲突的类间交互测试用例生成算法,求出对象的每个等价类中所有的活跃点数,得出对象的总状态数,用对象的分割连接子分割对象的状态域得到可达性C-LDPN,用合并连接子合并子对象得到标准型C-LDPN,最终生成类间交互测试用例--标记-变迁路径(LTPaths).     

A state-based approach to integration testing based on UML models

Correct functioning of object-oriented software depends upon the successful integration of classes. While individual classes may function correctly, several new faults can arise when these classes are integrated together. In this paper, we present a technique to enhance testing of interactions among modal classes. The technique combines UML collaboration diagrams and statecharts to automatically generate an intermediate test model, called SCOTEM (State COllaboration TEst Model). The SCOTEM is then used to generate valid test paths. We also define various coverage criteria to generate test paths from the SCOTEM model. In order to assess our technique, we have developed a tool and applied it to a case study to investigate its fault detection capability. The results show that the proposed technique effectively detects all the seeded integration faults when complying with the most demanding adequacy criterion and still achieves reasonably good results for less expensive adequacy criteria.     

基于UML交互概览图的测试线索的生成方法

针对单一UML模型测试不充分的问题,结合UML2.0交互概览图的特点开展测试方法研究,提出一种测试线索自动生成的方法。首先,给出UML类图、顺序图、交互概览图(OID)的形式化定义;通过提取交互概览图的流程信息和对象交互信息分别构造节点控制流图(NCFG)和消息序列图(MSD);将从MSD提取的消息路径嵌入到NCFG中,构造可测试交互概览图模型;最后采用两两覆盖准则生成测试线索。实验验证了该方法自动生成的测试线索在保证测试充分性的前提下可避免组合爆炸。     

一种用于类测试的改进型EFSM模型

扩展有限状态机(EFSM)中迁移存在前置条件和相应操作,而前置条件和相应操作中变量的相互依赖性导致了EFSM中存在不可达路径,不利于基于EFSM模型的类的测试。通过把UML状态图转换成EFSM模型,提出一种消除EFSM模型不可达路径算法,从而建立一种用于面向对象软件的类测试模型,通过该模型可以应用传统的数据流和控制流分析技术对类进行测试。     

基于UML的医院信息系统建模

UML是一种面向对象的建模语言,能够将用户的业务需求映射为模型,可大大提高系统的开发效率和扩展性。运用UML用例图、时序图、协作图、状态图、活动图等表示方法,对医院信息系统HIS的需求和业务流程进行分析与设计,准确地表达系统的功能需求,有效解决了HIS的需求分析和业务建模问题,为下一步的总体设计奠定了良好的基础。     

由序列图合成状态图

序列图和状态图对于描述和理解面向对象软件系统有着极其重要的作用。符合UML标准的序列图和状态图存在信息重叠，根据序列图提供的信息可以合成状态图。给出了在Rational Rose中由序列图合成状态图工具的实现。     

面向对象软件的依赖性分析与回归测试

针对面向对象软件中类之间复杂的依赖性问题,通过分析UML类图中类之间的各种静态关系,提出一个基于UML类图的依赖性分析模型。为了实现自动化分析,引入了类依赖关系图的概念,并提出一个基于UML类图导出的XMI文件的类依赖关系图生成算法。根据这个模型,通过分析一个类或依赖关系的改变对其他类产生的影响,提出测试路径查找算法,并利用此算法得到需要进行回归测试的类集与测试序列。     

Automatic test case generation from UML communication diagrams

We present a method to generate cluster level test cases based on UML communication diagrams. In our approach, we first construct a tree representation of communication diagrams. We then carry out a post-order traversal of the constructed tree for selecting conditional predicates from the communication diagram. We transform the conditional predicates on the communication diagram and apply function minimization technique to generate the test data. The generated test cases achieve message paths coverage as well as boundary coverage. We have implemented our technique and tested it on several example problems.     

基于UML的精品课程远程教育网站模型设计

UML是面向对象的统一建模语言,所设计的软件模型具有可重用性的特点。使用UML新方法开发精品课程网站,用UML用例图做需求分析,用UML类图和顺序图进行系统静态和动态设计,最终用PHP程序语言和MYSQL数据库来实现网站软件。经UML建模后的精品课程远程教育网站模型可以多次应用,从而提高网站软件的开发效率。     

Prioritizing test scenarios from UML communication and activity diagrams

Due to the large size and complexity of software, exhaustive testing becomes impossible. Hence, testing must be done in an optimized way keeping in mind factors, such as requirements of the customer, cost and time. For this, there is a need to generate test cases and exercise them to gain maximum throughput by uncovering defects. Test case/scenario prioritization is a well known and efficient technique to ensure the software quality. Prioritization of test scenarios helps in early detection of bugs. In this paper, we present an integrated approach and a prioritization technique to generate cluster-level test scenarios from UML communication and activity diagrams. In our approach, we first construct a tree representation of communication diagrams, and then a tree representation of activity diagrams. We convert them into an intermediate tree named as COMMACT tree. We, then carry out a post-order traversal of the constructed tree for selecting conditional predicates from the intermediate tree. Then, we propose an algorithm to generate test scenarios from the constructed tree. Next, the necessary information, such as method-activity sequence, associated objects, and constraint conditions is extracted from test scenario. The test sequences are a set of theoretical paths starting from initialization to end, while taking conditions (pre- and post-condition) into consideration. Each generated test sequence corresponds to a particular scenario of the considered use case. The third phase is to generate test scenarios from the tree satisfying the message–activity path test adequacy criteria. Preliminary results obtained on a case-study indicate that the technique is effective in extracting the critical scenarios from the communication and activity diagrams. Our approach generates redundant test scenarios and still achieves adequate test coverage.     

A UML-Based Approach to System Testing

System testing is concerned with testing an entire system based on its specifications. In the context of object-oriented, UML development, this means that system test requirements are derived from UML analysis artifacts such as use cases, their corresponding sequence and collaboration diagrams, class diagrams, and possibly Object Constraint Language (OCL) expressions across all these artifacts. Our goal here is to support the derivation of functional system test requirements, which will be transformed into test cases, test oracles, and test drivers once we have detailed design information. In this paper, we describe a methodology in a practical way and illustrate it with an example. In this context, we address testability and automation issues, as the ultimate goal is to fully support system testing activities with high-capability tools.     

基于UML时序图的集成测试序列自动生成

该文研究了基于UML时序图的集成测试序列自动生成方法。该方法分析了时序图的语义信息并添加语义约束规约生成可测试模型,从中提取相关信息生成有限状态机;然后使用Wp方法构造测试序列;最后使用中国邮递员算法对Wp方法进行改进生成最优测试序列。该方法生成的测试序列长度相对较短,并能充分满足测试用例覆盖需求。     

The OCoN Approach to Workflow Modeling in Object-Oriented Systems

Workflow management aims at modeling and executing application processes in complex technical and organizational environments. Modern information systems are often based on object-oriented design techniques, for instance, the Unified Modeling Language (UML). These systems consist of application objects which collaborate to achieve a common goal. Although application objects collaborate in the context of business processes that can be supported by workflow technology, workflow modeling is typically done with proprietary workflow languages. Hence, two separate formalisms are present for modeling application objects and workflows. In this paper we try to remedy this situation by proposing the use of Object Coordination Nets (OCoN) for workflow modeling. OCoN nets provide a seamless integration with UML structure diagrams. The OCoN formalism also helps to deal with all relevant aspects of modeling complex workflow systems in a scalable and consistent manner.     

一种从UML模型生成测试用例方法的研究与实现

测试用例生成是软件自动化测试的基础与关键。随着UML的广泛应用,基于UML模型来自动生成用例的技术日益受到关注。在UML模型中,顺序图描述了软件系统的动态行为,是软件集成测试中一个重要的来源。文中提出一种基于UML顺序图与类图相结合的方法来自动生成测试用例,定义了相应的测试覆盖准则及测试衡量标准,并用一个具体实例验证了测试用例的生成过程。最后给出了测试用例自动生成工具的框架。     

Automatically Detecting and Visualising Errors in UML Diagrams

UML has become the de facto standard for object-oriented modelling. Currently, UML comprises several different notations with no formal semantics attached to the individual diagrams or their integration, thus preventing rigorous analysis of the diagrams. Previously, we developed a formalisation framework that attaches formal semantics to a subset of UML diagrams used to model embedded systems. This paper describes automated structural and behavioural analyses applicable to UML diagrams using our formalisation framework. In addition to intra- and inter-diagram consistency checks, we discuss how simulation and model checking can be used in tandem for behavioural analysis of the UML diagrams. Our tools also visually interpret the analysis results in terms of the original UML diagrams, thereby facilitating their correction and refinement. We illustrate these capabilities through the modelling and analysis of UML diagrams for an automotive industrial case study. Correspondence and offprint requests to: Dr B. Cheng, Software Engineering and Network Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 3115 Engineering Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Tel.: +1 517 355 8344; Fax: +1 517 432 1061; Email: chengb@cse.msu.edu     

Generating effective test cases based on satisfiability modulo theory solvers for service‐oriented workflow applications

Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WS‐BPEL) is one of the most popular service‐oriented workflow applications. The unique features (e.g. dead path elimination semantics and correlation mechanism) of WS‐BPEL applications have raised enormous problems to its test case generation, especially in unit testing. Existing studies mainly assume that each path in the control flow graphs that correspond to WS‐BPEL applications is feasible, which always yields imprecise test cases or complicates testing results. The current study tackles this problem based on satisfiability modulo theory solvers. First, a new coverage criterion is proposed to measure the quality of test sets for testing WS‐BPEL applications. Second, decomposition algorithms are presented to obtain test paths that meet the proposed coverage criterion. Finally, this paper symbolically encodes each test path with several constraints by capturing the unique features of WS‐BPEL. These constraints are solved and the test cases (test paths and test data) are obtained with the help of satisfiability modulo theory solvers to test WS‐BPEL applications effectively. Experiments are conducted using our approach and other typical approaches (e.g. message‐sequence generation‐based approach and concurrent path analysis approach) with 10 WS‐BPEL applications. Experimental results demonstrate that the test cases generated by our approach can avoid instantiating idle instance and expose more faults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On modelling recursive calls and callbacks with two variants of Unified Modelling Language state diagrams

An important use of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is modelling synchronous object-oriented software systems. State diagrams are used to model interesting object behaviour, including method invocation. However, almost all previous work formalising state diagrams has assumed asynchronous communication. We show that UML’s “run to completion” semantics leads to anomalous behaviour in the synchronous case, and in particular that it is not possible to model recursive calls, in which an object receives a second synchronous message whilst still in the process of reacting to the first. We propose a solution using state diagrams in two complementary ways.