涵道尾座式垂直起降飞行器全包线飞行控制

本文针对一种新型涵道尾座式垂直起降飞行器的非线性控制问题, 提出一种全包线飞行控制方案. 在设计 的控制框架中, 采用统一的坐标系描述该飞行器的多模态特性. 对于不可测量的外部力矩, 设计了辅助系统进行观 测及自适应律进行补偿; 对于可测的合外力, 设计了一种基于加速度测量的拉力/姿态几何解耦方法; 同时, 给出了 保证闭环系统全局指数稳定的充分条件. 最后, 所述控制方案成功应用于一小型涵道尾座式无人机上, 并完成了飞 行器垂直/水平模态转换飞行试验, 验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

基于单步最优方法的推力矢量垂直短距飞机过渡过程控制

推力矢量垂直短距起降飞机(V/STOL)具有巡航速度快和起降灵活的特点,近年来受到了广泛的关注.然而,该型飞机需要经历悬停转平飞和平飞转悬停的过渡过程阶段,期间飞机会面临强耦合、强非线性等控制难题,使得传统控制器难以胜任.针对上述问题,通过充分考虑执行器的执行能力,提出一种基于单步最优方法的过渡过程控制策略.所提方法结合推力矢量V/STOL飞机的特点,在确保飞机姿态可控的前提下使飞机水平加速度最大,同时使三轴承推力矢量喷管转角向目标转角不断靠近,从而以最快的速度完成过渡过程,并进行控制器切换.仿真实验验证了所提方法具有过渡过程时间短、姿态平稳的优点.     

矢量拉力垂直起降无人机姿态纵向控制研究

针对使用矢量拉力控制纵向飞行姿态转换的坐式垂直起降固定翼无人机,分析其在垂直和水平飞行两种状态转换过程中存在的一些控制问题;建立了其动力模型,并对模型参数进行了整定。针对其在非线性条件下动态性能欠佳的问题,把容易实现、鲁棒性好的PID控制法与智能模糊控制算法结合,设计出自适应模糊PID控制器。并且模糊PID的超调小、动态响应快等特点在仿真和飞行实验中得到验证,使系统的抗干扰性得到提高。     

基于PID算法的四旋翼飞行器定点跟踪控制

四旋翼飞行器是一种结构紧凑、飞行方式独特的垂直起降式飞行器,具有欠驱动、强耦合的特点;为实现对飞行器的控制,使之能从起始位置在一定时间内到达设定目标点并稳定悬停,根据其飞行特点建立动力学模型并在此基础上提出了一种双闭环PID控制方法;其中,外环实现飞行器的位置控制,使用目标点与反馈回的实际坐标的偏差作为控制器的输入,内环实现飞行器的姿态控制,其姿态的参考量由外环的输出经逆向求解获得的欧拉角与实际姿态角求得的偏差作为控制器的输入;通过PID算法后输出的姿态控制信号,经过四旋翼飞行器“十”字动力学模型解耦得到4个电机的转速控制值,从而完成定点跟踪任务;提出的双闭环PID控制方法在仿真中获得了验证,为飞行器的进一步研究提供了基础。     

基于多传感器融合的老人跌倒检测

老年人跌倒受伤的问题已经随着人口老龄化显得非常突出,目前主流的跌倒检测算法既不实用也不准确。为此提出一种新的基于加速度计、陀螺仪和磁力计的跌倒检测算法。把人的活动姿势分平躺姿态和非平躺姿态,并假设在跌倒后检测到躺卧姿势。检测算法分三步:四元数卡尔曼滤波,姿态识别,活动强度分析。通过安装在腰部的九轴传感器采集数据,通过四元数卡尔曼滤波器,使系统可以获得在地面坐标系统中人体姿态矢量。人体的姿态矢量包括欧拉角、四元数、加速度。欧拉角用于确定平躺姿态和非平躺姿态,四元数和加速度用来分析平躺时的活动强度。该算法具有计算量小、实时性好并且检测精度高、检测方便的特点。     

具有输入输出约束的无人直升机预设性能安全跟踪控制

针对无人直升机姿态与高度系统存在未知外部干扰、输入饱和、姿态与高度约束等问题, 本文提出一种具 有输入输出约束的预设性能安全跟踪控制方法. 首先, 针对无人直升机的姿态与高度约束, 通过设计一类边界保护 算法, 构建了新的安全期望跟踪信号. 为了保证系统对于安全期望跟踪信号的跟踪性能, 将预设性能函数与边界保 护算法进行结合, 并对跟踪误差进行转换. 针对系统的输入饱和现象, 使用Sigmoid函数进行逼近; 同时, 针对饱和函 数的逼近误差与未知外部干扰构成的复合干扰, 采用参数自适应方法对其上界进行逼近. 然后, 结合反步控制方法 设计了安全跟踪控制器, 并通过Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环系统所有信号的收敛性, 保证了无人直升机的安全 跟踪性能. 最终, 通过数值仿真验证了所提控制方法的有效性.     

姿态解算与外力加速度同步估计算法

针对惯性导航应用中,姿态解算与外力加速度估计互相干扰的问题,提出一种基于四元数和扩展卡尔曼滤波器的姿态解算与外力加速度同步估计算法。首先,利用估计的外力加速度修正传感器加速度数据得到准确的反向重力加速度,再结合地磁场向量通过梯度下降算法解算得到旋转四元数的测量值;其次,构建扩展卡尔曼滤波模型,对旋转四元数和外力加速度进行更新,得到旋转四元数的预测值和外力加速度的预测值;最后,用旋转四元数的测量值和测量得到的加速度数据对预测值通过扩展卡尔曼滤波的方法进行校正,最终得到准确的旋转四元数和参考坐标系下三轴方向上的外力加速度。实验表明,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波同时对姿态和外力加速度估计的方法,能够迅速收敛并准确得机体姿态信息以及外力加速度信息,欧拉角误差为±1.95°,加速度误差为±0.12 m/s²,并且该算法能有效抑制外力加速度对姿态解算的影响,准确估计外力加速度。     

一种小型倾转旋翼无人机的建模与仿真

传统无人机多为四旋翼无人机和固定翼无人机,现设计一种小型可倾转旋翼无人机,可实现垂直起降与悬停,并能在空中高速巡航。建立该无人机的动力学模型,对该无人机的旋翼飞行模式,设计了基于滑模控制(Sliding Mode Control)的姿态控制器和位置控制器,并通过Matlab仿真和传统的PID算法进行比较验证。仿真结果表明:基于滑模鲁棒控制的无人机,其姿态收敛过程和位置收敛过程都远快于传统控制方法。     

基于MPU6050和互补滤波的四旋翼飞控系统设计

针对四轴飞行器飞行性能不稳定和惯性测量单元（IMU）易受干扰、存在漂移等问题,利用惯性传感器MPU6050采集实时数据,以经典互补滤波为基础,提出一种可以自适应补偿系数的互补滤波算法,该算法在低通滤波环节加入PI控制器,依据陀螺仪测得的角速度实时调节PI控制器补偿系数。飞行器姿态控制系统采用双闭环PID控制方法,姿态解算的欧拉角作为系统外环,陀螺仪角速度作为系统内环。最后,搭建以NI myRIO为核心控制器的四轴飞行器,通过LabVIEW实现算法和仿真,实验结果表明,自适应互补滤波算法可以准确解算姿态信息,双闭环PID控制超调量小、反应灵敏,控制系统基本满足飞行要求。     

小型尾坐式飞行器航姿参考系统

针对小型尾坐式飞行器姿态实时解算问题,研究了低成本的航姿参考系统(AHRS).由于MEMS惯性器件精度较低,设计了混合卡尔曼滤波器,以姿态四元数和陀螺随机漂移为状态变量,抑制了载体长时间飞行时陀螺漂移造成的累积误差.由于加速度计输出值在除重力加速度之外的附加加速度较大时不可信,完善了判断载体运动状态的方法,根据加速度计的实际输出,选择加速度值或者磁场强度作为观测量.实验结果表明,设计的算法在精度和计算效率方面都能满足控制系统的需求,更加适用于对实时性有较高要求的飞行器.     

Development and Application of Controller for Transition Flight of Tail-Sitter UAV

There is renewed interest in tail-sitter airplanes on account of their vertical takeoff and landing capability as well as their efficient horizontal flight capabilities. The transition from a vertical near-hover mode to a horizontal cruise mode is a critical component of the tail-sitter flight profile. In practice, this transition is often achieved by a stall-and-tumble maneuver, which is somewhat risky and therefore not desirable, so alternative maneuvering strategies along controlled trajectories are sought. Accordingly, this paper presents the synthesis and application of a transition controller to a tail-sitter UAV for the first time. For practical reasons, linear controllers are designed using the PID technique and linked by gain scheduling. The limits of the PID controller are complemented by a so-called $\mathcal{L}_{1}$ adaptive controller that considers the coupling effect, reduces the effort for appropriate gain selection, and improves the tracking performance at different points during operation. Each transition trajectory is controlled by the flight velocity and path angle using dynamic inversion. The transition control law is tested on a tail-sitter UAV, an 18-kg vehicle that has a 2-m wingspan with an aspect ratio of 4.71 and is powered by a 100-cm³ gasoline engine driving an aft-mounted ducted fan. This paper describes not only the synthesis and the onboard implementation of the control law but also the flight testing of the fixed-wing UAV in hover, transition, and cruise modes.     

无人机滑降着陆控制系统设计

针对滑跑型无人机回收阶段对下滑角跟踪以及触地时姿态角的高要求,设计了一种无人机滑降着陆控制方式。首先,给出了滑降控制系统结构图,在此基础上分别进行了滑降横侧向控制器和滑降纵向控制器的设计,具体进行了直线航迹和圆航迹的控制方法以及下滑段的高度控制量算法的分析。然后,进行了滑降着陆控制模式设计,将滑降过程分解为降高、平飞、下滑以及拉平四个阶段分别进行设计,并在拉平阶段给出了俯偏航距仰角控制量与离地高度的关键技术公式。仿真结果表明,该无人机滑降着陆控制系统平飞段偏航距小于5m,接地时偏航距约为0m;平飞段高度跟踪误差为0m,下滑段高度跟踪误差2m;落地姿态角为0.4度。具有高度控制误差小、偏航距离短、落地姿态角安全性高的优点,能满足滑跑无人机对滑降阶段的控制要求。     

Position control of a tail-sitter UAV using successive linearization based model predictive control

A successive linearization based model predictive control (SLMPC) method is proposed to control a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in hovering flight. The dynamic model of the vehicle is derived, including a low-fidelity aerodynamic model and a propulsion system model. The position controller is developed by a state–space prediction model augmented with estimated disturbance and feedback integration terms. The time-varying weight in the objective function is included and the velocity of vehicle is considered as reference to improve the performance. The system is first tested in a software-in-loop environment followed by the real-time indoor flight tests. The results demonstrate the vehicle can precisely follow a trajectory and stably hold position under unsteady wind disturbance     

Autonomous takeoff and landing control for a prototype unmanned helicopter

In this paper, an autonomous takeoff and landing control strategy is designed and implemented for a prototype coaxial unmanned helicopter with ducted fan configuration. The control strategy is designed such that longitudinal and lateral controls use ground forces, attitude and drifting feedbacks. Vertical control employs takeoff and landing decision and vertical velocity control is based on altitude tracking. Ground forces feedback is used to balance longitudinal forces and moments during liftoff effectively cancelling all ground forces. Attitude and drifting feedbacks are used to balance the longitudinal and lateral movements of the helicopter during takeoff and landing. The flight control strategy is successfully verified during flight tests.     

Robust Tracking Control of a Quadrotor Helicopter

In this paper, a robust tracking control method for automatic take-off, trajectory tracking, and landing of a quadrotor helicopter is presented. The designed controller includes two parts: a position controller and an attitude controller. The position controller is designed by the static feedback control method to track the desired trajectory of the altitude and produce the desired angles for pitch and roll angles. By combining the proportional-derivative (PD) control method and the robust compensating technique, the attitude controller is designed to track the desired pitch and roll angles and stabilize the yaw angle. It is proven that the attitude tracking error of each channel can converge to the given neighborhood of the origin ultimately. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed control method.     

基于光流的四旋翼直升机鲁棒自主着陆控制

针对小型四旋翼无人机自主着陆问题,提出了一种基于光流的高度估计方法和基于信号补偿的高度鲁棒控制器设计方法.首先从通用光流运动模型出发,采用奇异值分解方法求解无人机线速度和深度的比值,通过对垂直速度和高度比值积分获得高度数据.其次,将考虑地效影响和其它不确定性的高度通道非线性模型分解为标称线性模型和等效扰动两部分,并设计基于信号补偿的高度鲁棒控制器,该控制器由标称控制器和鲁棒补偿器组成,其中标称控制器使得标称闭环系统达到期望的高度跟踪特性,鲁棒补偿器用于抑制等效扰动的影响.最后从理论上证明了该控制器可以保证高度跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛至指定的原点邻域内.四旋翼无人机自主着陆的实验结果验证了所提出的基于光流的高度估计和鲁棒控制方法的有效性.     

水上无人机自主着水控制系统设计

针对水上无人机在高海况下的着水问题,本文在分析了不同着水阶段特性的基础上,提出了一种自主着水控制系统设计方案.该方案将整个系统分为速度控制子系统和姿态控制子系统.速度控制子系统包含速度动态逆控制器和油门切换模块,姿态控制子系统包含海浪滤波器俯仰角反步控制器、高度PID控制器、俯仰角切换模块和T-S模糊推理模块.其中,海浪滤波器能有效滤除受扰姿态角中的海浪高频扰动,避免了着水之后舵面的频繁抖动;俯仰角反步控制器采用指令滤波的反步法设计,有效缓解了高海况下的舵面饱和问题.最后,在不同海况条件下进行了仿真.仿真结果表明所设计的控制系统具有良好的控制性能.     

Design and Attitude Control of a Quad-Rotor Tail-Sitter Vertical Takeoff and Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

In this paper, we present the development of a quad-rotor tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is composed of quad rotors and a fixed wing. The developed UAV can hover like a quad-rotor helicopter and can fly long distance like a fixed-wing airplane. The main wing of the developed UAV is taken from a commercially available radio-controlled airplane and other parts such as the body frame are newly developed. A microcomputer, various sensors and a battery are mounted on the UAV for autonomous flight without any support from a ground system. Attitude and altitude control systems are developed for the UAV. In order to verify the designed controller, a three-dimensional flight simulator of a quad-rotor tail-sitter UAV is developed by use of MATLAB/Simulink. This paper also describes attitude control experiments. The results show that the propeller slipstream has a negative influence on attitude control. Solutions for the negative influence of the propeller slipstream are also discussed in this paper.