Spatial correlation based channel compression feedback algorithm for massive MIMO systems

Aiming at the non-linear structure of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel data, this paper proposes a channel state information (CSI) compression feedback algorithm based on Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE) non-linear processing for massive MIMO uniform linear array. The spatial correlation of the channel array determines the Laplacian matrix, and the channel compression matrix is obtained by Laplacian matrix eigenvalue decomposition. The simulation results show that the proposed LE algorithm can reduce the feedback overhead, and its bit error rate (BER) performance is better than that of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) sparse compression algorithm. In addition, the proposed LE algorithm computational complexity is higher than DCT, and lower than principal component analysis (PCA) and Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) algorithms, but the LE algorithm can achieve higher feedback accuracy when the feedback overhead is slightly lower than DCT.     

基于稀疏主元分析的过程监控研究

主元分析（principal component analysis）是一种多元统计技术,在过程监控和故障诊断中具有广泛的应用。针对过程监控中数据量大的特点,提出一种稀疏主元分析（sparse principal component analysis）方法,通过引入lasso约束函数,构建稀疏主元分析的框架,将PCA降维问题转化为回归最优化问题,从而求解得到稀疏化的主元,并提高了主元模型的抗干扰能力。由于稀疏后主元相关的数据量减少,利用数据建立过程监控模型,减少了计算量,并缩短了计算时间,进而提高了监控的实时性。利用田纳西伊斯特曼过程（TE processes）进行实验仿真,并与传统的主元分析方法进行对比研究。结果表明,新提出的稀疏主元分析方法在计算效率和监控实时性上均优于传统的主元分析方法。     

基于敏感稀疏主元分析的化工过程监测与故障诊断

提出敏感稀疏主元分析(SSPCA) 算法用于监测复杂的化工过程. 根据主元分析与数据矩阵奇异值分解之间的关系, 通过将??_2,1 范数作为目标函数和惩罚项得到一个获取稀疏主元负载的凸优化问题, 并通过一个迭代算法进行求解. SSPCA 算法能同时兼顾大得分主元与小得分主元在监测算法中的作用, 提高了其对故障的敏感度. 证明了SSPCA 算法的单调性和全局收敛性, 对田纳西伊斯曼过程一个算例的监测结果表明了SSPCA 算法的有效性.

     

一种基于自适应代表节点选择的WSN数据收集方法

采用压缩感知的无线传感网络数据收集方法要求每个节点都参与数据收集,会造成很大的能量浪费.本文提出了一种基于自适应代表节点选择的WSN数据收集方法,在保证压缩感知数据重构精度的同时,减少参与数据收集的节点数.首先,采用主成分分析和混合压缩感知相结合的办法设计稀疏基;然后,通过分析稀疏基的框架势FP(Frame Potential)设计压缩感知的稀疏观测矩阵,从而选择代表节点,以减少参与数据收集的节点数目;最后,根据Sink处数据重构精度,自适应调整稀疏观测矩阵以用作下一时刻数据收集,从而保证数据收集的重构精度.仿真结果表明,该方法有效的降低了网络能耗和数据传输量,同时还保证了每个时刻数据重构的精度.     

基于RPCA和视觉显著性的风机叶片表面缺陷检测

摘 要：针对风机叶片表面缺陷检测问题,提出了一种基于鲁棒主成分分析(RPCA)和视觉 显著性的表面缺陷检测方法。在 RPCA 的基础上,通过增加噪声项和考虑像素的空间关系,以 利于缺陷的分割,即通过 F 范数正则项抑制高斯噪声和光照不均,利用 Laplacian 正则项约束像 素的空间关系,以保持显著图中具有相似显著值且空间相邻超像素的局部一致性和不变性。首 先,对输入的风机叶片表面图像进行超像素分割和特征提取,得到图像的特征矩阵;然后,利 用改进的 RPCA 法得到稀疏矩阵,根据稀疏矩阵和视觉显著性方法计算出缺陷区域的显著图; 最后,优化显著图并采用自适应阈值分割实现缺陷的检测。通过实验仿真和对实验结果定性定 量分析,表明该方法具有较高的准确率。     

Ensemble model of wastewater treatment plant based on rich diversity of principal component determining by genetic algorithm for status monitoring

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a complex process, effective process monitoring can make it stable and prevent the destruction of the ecological environment. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been widely used in process monitoring. However, most PCA-based methods construct a single PCA model using several principal components (PCs), causing loss of information on some faults and less generalization ability of the PCA model. Thus, this study proposed a novel ensemble process monitoring method based on genetic algorithm (GA) for selective diversity of PCs. GA is used to determine a set of principal component subspaces with the greatest diversity as the base models. Bayesian inference is adopted to combine the results of base models into a probability index. Cases study on TE benchmark process and an actual WWTP show the excellent performance of the proposed method compared with several PCA-based methods and the strong generalization ability of the ensemble model.     

Online monitoring of nonlinear multivariate industrial processes using filtering KICA–PCA

In this paper, a novel approach for processes monitoring, termed as filtering kernel independent component analysis–principal component analysis (FKICA–PCA), is developed. In FKICA–PCA, first, a method to calculate the variance of independent component is proposed, which is significant to make Gaussian features and non-Gaussian features comparable and to select dominant components legitimately; second, Genetic Algorithm is used to determine the kernel parameter through minimizing false alarm rate and maximizing detection rate; furthermore, exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is used to filter the monitoring indices of KICA–PCA to improve monitoring performance. In addition, a novel contribution analysis scheme is developed for FKICA–PCA to diagnosis faults. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process.     

A multi-feature extraction technique based on principal component analysis for nonlinear dynamic process monitoring

Principal component analysis (PCA) and its modified methods have been widely applied in industrial process monitoring. In practice, industrial processes are with disparate characteristics, the process monitoring system should consider as many process characteristics as possible, such as dynamic and nonlinear characteristics. In this paper, a multi-feature extraction technique based on PCA is proposed for nonlinear dynamic process monitoring. The proposed method integrates dynamic inner PCA (DiPCA), PCA and kernel PCA (KPCA) methods through a serial structure to extract the dynamic, linear and nonlinear features among the process data. Along with the proposed method, the original data space is decomposed into several orthogonal subspaces, in which abnormal variations of different features can be monitored. For real-time process monitoring, a combined Hotelling’s T² statistic based on the extracted multi-feature and a squared prediction error (SPE or Q) statistic are established. Case studies on a numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman process are carried out to demonstrate the superior process monitoring performance of the proposed method compared with other relevant methods.     

基于小波变换核主元分析和多支持向量机的过程监控

针对过程工业数据中所含的噪声和干扰信号、过程工业的非线性及基于主元分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)的统计性能监控法由于不用过程机理模型的信息从而对故障诊断问题难以在理论上作系统分析的缺陷,提出基于小波变换核主元分析和多支持向量机的过程监控方法,该方法首先采用基于小波变换的收缩阈值去噪法对建模数据进行预处理,以有效抑制过程数据中所含的噪声和干扰信号,然后利用核主元分析来进行故障特征的提取,从而提高非线性统计过程监控的准确性;最后提出多支持向量机用来对故障的来源进行分类,以避免求解核主元空间到原始空间的逆映射.将该方法应用到对TE(Tennessee Eastman,TE)过程的监控,表明了所提出方法的有效性,为过程的监控和故障诊断提供了一个新的方法.     

基于多层非负局部Laplacian稀疏编码的图像分类

针对单层稀疏编码结构对图像特征学习能力的局限性问题,提出了一个基于图像块稀疏表示的深层架构,即多层融合局部性和非负性的Laplacian稀疏编码算法（MLLSC）。对每个图像平均区域划分并进行尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）特征提取,在稀疏编码阶段,在Laplacian稀疏编码的优化函数中添加局部性和非负性,在第一层和第二层分别进行字典学习和稀疏编码,分别得到图像块级、图像级的稀疏表示,为了去除冗余特征,在进行第二层稀疏编码之前进行主成分分析（PCA）降维,最后采用多类线性支持向量机进行分类。在四个标准数据集上进行验证,实验结果表明,MLLSC方法具有高效的特征学习能力,能够捕获图像更深层次的特征信息,相对于单层结构算法准确率提高了3%~13%,相对于多层稀疏编码算法准确率提高了1%~2.3%;并对不同参数进行了对比分析,充分展现了其在图像分类中的有效性。     

Robust monitoring and fault reconstruction based on variational inference component analysis

Probabilistic models such as probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) have recently caught much attention in the process monitoring area. An important issue of the PPCA method is how to determine the dimensionality of the latent variable space. In the present paper, one of the most popular Bayesian type chemometric methods, Bayesian PCA (BPCA) is introduced for process monitoring purpose, which is based on the recent developed variational inference algorithm. In this monitoring framework, the effectiveness of each extracted latent variable can be well reflected by a hyperparameter, upon which the dimensionality of the latent variable space can be automatically determined. Meanwhile, for practical consideration, the developed BPCA-based monitoring method is robust to missing data and can also give satisfactory performance under limited data samples. Another contribution of this paper is due to the proposal of a new fault reconstruction method under the BPCA model structure. Two case studies are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.     

基于递归稀疏主成分分析的工业过程在线故障监测和诊断

提出一种基于递归稀疏主成分分析(recursive sparse principal component analysis,RSPCA)的工业过程故障监测与诊断方法,可用于时变工业过程的自适应故障监测与诊断.通过引入弹性回归网,将主成分问题转化为Lasso与Ridge结合的凸优化问题,采用秩-1矩阵修正对协方差矩阵进行递归分解,递归更新稀疏载荷矩阵和监测统计量的过程控制限,以实现连续工业过程长时间自适应故障监测,对检测出来的故障通过贡献图法实现对故障的诊断.在田纳西-伊斯曼(TE)过程进行实验验证,结果表明,与传统的故障监测方法相比,所提出的方法有效降低了故障漏检率和误报率,且时间复杂度低,确保了故障监测的灵敏度和实时性.     

Generalized KPCA by adaptive rules in feature space

Principal component analysis (PCA) is well recognized in dimensionality reduction, and kernel PCA (KPCA) has also been proposed in statistical data analysis. However, KPCA fails to detect the nonlinear structure of data well when outliers exist. To reduce this problem, this paper presents a novel algorithm, named iterative robust KPCA (IRKPCA). IRKPCA works well in dealing with outliers, and can be carried out in an iterative manner, which makes it suitable to process incremental input data. As in the traditional robust PCA (RPCA), a binary field is employed for characterizing the outlier process, and the optimization problem is formulated as maximizing marginal distribution of a Gibbs distribution. In this paper, this optimization problem is solved by stochastic gradient descent techniques. In IRKPCA, the outlier process is in a high-dimensional feature space, and therefore kernel trick is used. IRKPCA can be regarded as a kernelized version of RPCA and a robust form of kernel Hebbian algorithm. Experimental results on synthetic data demonstrate the effectiveness of IRKPCA.     

基于分层分块DLPPCA-SVM的复杂工业过程监测与故障诊断方法

针对工业过程动态性及非线性强等特点,提出一种基于动态局部保持主成分分析法的过程监测方法.该方法通过构造扩展矩阵来解决动态过程中各采样点间相关性强的问题,并将局部保持投影(LPP)与主成分分析法(PCA)相结合从而实现提取流形结构的最大方差信息.在此基础上,针对复杂工业过程变量复杂多变、呈不同特性的特点,提出基于分层分块DLPPCA-SVM(dynamic locality preserving principal component analysis-support vector machine, DLPPCA-SVM)的过程监测及故障诊断方法,该方法针对不同特性的子块分别采用DLPPCA和PCA进行建模,并利用支持向量机进行故障诊断.将该方法用于田纳西-伊斯曼(TE)化工过程和发电机组的在线监测和故障诊断,仿真结果验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

鲁棒的稀疏Lp-模主成分分析

主成分分析（Principle component analysis,PCA）是一种被广泛应用的降维方法.然而经典PCA的构造基于L₂-模导致了其对离群点和噪声点敏感,同时经典PCA也不具备稀疏性的特点.针对此问题,本文提出基于Lp-模的稀疏主成分分析降维方法（LpSPCA）.LpSPCA通过极大化带有稀疏正则项的Lp-模样本方差,使得其在降维的同时保证了稀疏性和鲁棒性.LpSPCA可用简单的迭代算法求解,并且当p≥1时该算法的收敛性可在理论上保证.此外通过选择不同的p值,LpSPCA可应用于更广泛的数据类型.人工数据及人脸数据上的实验结果表明,本文所提出的LpSPCA不仅具有较好的降维效果,并且具有较强的抗噪能力.     

基于高阶累计统计量的微生物发酵过程监测

传统多向核独立成分分析(MKICA)方法的实质是把基于独立成分分析(ICA)中的白化处理主元分析(PCA)替换为核主元分析(KPCA)后利用二阶统计量进行过程监控,并未利用过程数据的阶段特性和高阶累积量信息,为了解决此问题,提出高阶累积量分析(HCA)与多向核熵独立成份分析(MKECA)相结合的多向高阶累计量的核熵独立成分分析方法(HCA-MKEICA).首先,采用核熵独立成份分析(KECA)对原始数据进行数据转换,解决数据的非线性;然后,在高维核熵空间利用HCA技术构建新的统计量用于过程监控;最后,将该方法应用于青霉素仿真平台和实际的工业过程并与MKICA方法进行对比,以验证所提出方法的有效性.     

基于鲁棒尺度的统计建模数据中异常点去除算法的研究及应用

针对基于主元分析 (PCA)的统计监控模型受到历史数据中异常点强烈影响的不足,鉴于建模历史数据中存在的异常点会影响过程监控效果,分析目前常用的鲁棒异常值检测算法原理及其缺陷,提出将中心最短距离(CDC)法与椭球多变量整理(MVT)法相结合,构成一种基于鲁棒尺度的CDC-MVT异常值综合检测算法,更加准确地检测异常点。将该算法应用于工业发酵过程,与CDC法和MVT法相比较,该算法能够有效去除建模数据中的异常点。     

基于Lp范数的2DPCA的人脸识别方法

主成分分析（PCA）是降维的一种经典方法。二维主成分分析（2DPCA）在特征抽取之前不需要将图像矩阵转化为向量形式,所以能快速地提取特征。但是基于L2范数的PCA和2DPCA在遇到异常值时的表现不稳定而且得到的向量通常不是稀疏的。提出了一种基于L1范数的且受Lp范数约束的2DPCA方法（2DPCA-Lp）。当参数p接近1时,它可以得到稀疏的解。该方法既具有2DPCA的快速方便性,又是泛化的并且对异常值较不敏感。同时也证明该方法可以取得一个局部最大化的解。通过在ORL和UMIST人脸库上的实验表明了该方法的有效性。     

Performance monitoring of processes with multiple operating modes through multiple PLS models

Many industrial processes possess multiple operating modes in virtue of different manufacturing strategies or varying feedstock. Direct application of many of the current multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) techniques such as PCA (principal component analysis) and PLS (projection to latent structures) to such a process tends to produce inferior performance. This can most be attributed to the adopted assumption by most MSPM methodologies of only one nominal operating region for the underlying process. It is therefore reasonable to develop separate models for different operating modes. In this paper, based on metrics in the form of principal angles to measure the similarities of any two models, a multiple PLS model based process monitoring scheme is proposed. Popular multivariate statistics such as SPE (squared prediction error) and T² can be incorporated in this framework straightforwardly. The proposed technique is assessed through application to the monitoring of an industrial pyrolysis furnace.     

Improve robustness of sparse PCA by L1-norm maximization

Various sparse principal component analysis (PCA) methods have recently been proposed to enhance the interpretability of the classical PCA technique by extracting principal components (PCs) of the given data with sparse non-zero loadings. However, the performance of these methods is prone to be adversely affected by the presence of outliers and noises. To alleviate this problem, a new sparse PCA method is proposed in this paper. Instead of maximizing the L₂-norm variance of the input data as the conventional sparse PCA methods, the new method attempts to capture the maximal L₁-norm variance of the data, which is intrinsically less sensitive to noises and outliers. A simple algorithm for the method is specifically designed, which is easy to be implemented and converges to a local optimum of the problem. The efficiency and the robustness of the proposed method are theoretically analyzed and empirically verified by a series of experiments implemented on multiple synthetic and face reconstruction problems, as compared with the classical PCA method and other typical sparse PCA methods.