智能小区中的网络组建研究

分析了智能小区的功能特点，根据智能小区网络的特殊性，对智能小区的网络系统进行了设计，并且重点介绍了智能小区局域网扩展方式的设计及实现。     

基于以太网技术的智能化住宅小区通信网络平台的设计与实现

智能化住宅小区通信网络是小区内综合信息服务、小区与外界广域网连接、小区智能物业管理的物理平台。本文给出了基于以太网技术的智能化住宅小区通信网络平台的设计方法，提出了采用CEBUS技术设计家庭局部网络系统的方案。     

无线通信在智能小区门禁系统中的应用

介绍了一种基于无线通信智能小区门禁系统，旨在通过计算机集中管理小区内的各个门禁控制器，监控小区内各个单元的门锁开关情况。定时汇总小区居民出入情况，及时处理各种门锁报警信息。设计采用专用的无线传输模块作为门禁控制器与计算机的通信工具。完成了读卡模块设计，阐述了系统通信协议。     

现代化智能小区的构建

本文在分析智能小区系统结构的基础上，给出了智能小区系统设计框架和设计原则并提出了智能小区管理系统软件结构模型及其主要功能。     

智能化小区集中监控管理系统设计研究

本文首先分析了智能小区应具有的功能，然后讨论了智能小区的微机监控系统的几种设计方法，并进行了比较。最后，介绍了一个智能小区的供水监控系统。     

别墅小区联网报警系统方案

方案设计目的 本案为别墅小区的联网防盗系统解决方案，方案依据《广东省安全技术防范管理条例》和甲方的技防要求进行设计。设计的主要目的是配合已有的人防措施，使该小区24小时得到有效的防范，从而杜绝非法闯入、     

基于CAN总线的小区供热管控一体化系统

应用现场总线技术、工业以太网技术，和FIX工业监控软件，提出并设计了一套小区供热自动控制系统方案，自控系统实现了锅炉的自动控制、及小区智能化管理的要求。     

智能社区网络视频监控报警联动系统的设计

随着经济发展和生活水平的提高，人们对住宅的要求逐渐从安居型过渡到舒适型，对小区现代化和智能化的要求也不断提高，小区监控防盗系统已成为现代智能小区中的必备环节，其中电视监控系统是其中的重要组成部分．本文重点介绍多个小区构成社区的网络视频监控报警联动系统的设计。     

基于DCS的换热站管网监控系统设计与实现

针对华能青岛热电新建小区供暖管网的工艺流程和实际需要，以Opto 22为开发平台，设计开发了基于DCS的换热站管网监控系统。该系统以新建小区换热站为实际监控对象，可以实现对换热站供暖管网各监控测点的数据采集和过程控制，实现对流量、温度和压力的数据显示，人机界面操作和对整个工艺流程的控制管理。系统采用经典的DCS设计方法，实现集中监控、分散控制。相比于其他PLC监控平台，系统具有目标用户针对性强，在保证系统安全可靠运行的情况下具有操作简单易学易用的特点,设计内容完全符合华能青岛热电新建小区的要求。     

EasyARM200的局域网现场数据采集器

介绍一种基于EasyARM2200开发板和μC／OS—Ⅱ实现的、用于智能化建筑和小区现场的嵌入式数据采集器的设计。它通过串口采控各现场设备和智能仪表，并经小区宽带局域网连接管理计算机。采集器性能优良、通用灵活、成本合理，是智能小区“一线通”系统的重要组成部分。     

Antarctic ice sheet and sea ice regional albedo and temperature change, 1981-2000, from AVHRR Polar Pathfinder data

Spring-summer (November, December, January) ice sheet and sea ice regional surface albedo, surface temperature, sea ice concentration and sea ice extent averages and trends from 1981 to 2000 have been calculated for the Antarctic area. In this research the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder 5-km EASE-Grid Composites and the combined SMMR and SSMI data sets from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado have been employed. A regional analysis has been made for five longitudinal sectors around Antarctica: the Weddell Sea (WS), the Indian Ocean (IO), the Pacific Ocean (PO), the Ross Sea (RS) and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea (BS). The IO and PO sectors show ice sheet albedos of 0.85 and temperatures of − 25 °C. The corresponding values in the RS and BS sectors are 0.80 and − 16 °C respectively. The sea ice albedo is about 0.60 in the RS, BS and WS sectors and 0.55 in the IO and PO sectors. The average sea ice temperature varies around − 12 °C. All the sectors show slight increasing spring-summer albedo trends and decreasing spring-summer temperature trends and similar interannual variability in albedo and surface temperature. The steepest ice sheet albedo trend of 0.0019 ± 0.0009/yr is found in the RS sector. The steepest sea ice albedo trend of 0.0044 ± 0.0017 /yr occurs in the PO sector. The steepest temperature trends for both the ice sheet and sea ice occur in the BS sector, having values of − 0.075 ± 0.040 °C/yr and − 0.107 ± 0.027 °C/yr respectively. The sea ice concentration shows slight increasing trends, the highest being in the PO sector (0.3 ± 0.12%/yr), whereas the sea ice extent trends are near zero with the exception of the RS sector (14,700 ±8600 km²/yr) and the BS sector (− 13,000 ± 6400 km²/yr).     

A hybrid semi-automatic method for liver segmentation based on level-set methods using multiple seed points

The present study developed a hybrid semi-automatic method to extract the liver from abdominal computerized tomography (CT) images. The proposed hybrid method consists of a customized fast-marching level-set method for detection of an optimal initial liver region from multiple seed points selected by the user and a threshold-based level-set method for extraction of the actual liver region based on the initial liver region. The performance of the hybrid method was compared with those of the 2D region growing method implemented in OsiriX using abdominal CT datasets of 15 patients. The hybrid method showed a significantly higher accuracy in liver extraction (similarity index, SI = 97.6 ± 0.5%; false positive error, FPE = 2.2 ± 0.7%; false negative error, FNE = 2.5 ± 0.8%; average symmetric surface distance, ASD = 1.4 ± 0.5 mm) than the 2D (SI = 94.0 ± 1.9%; FPE = 5.3 ± 1.1%; FNE = 6.5 ± 3.7%; ASD = 6.7 ± 3.8 mm) region growing method. The total liver extraction time per CT dataset of the hybrid method (77 ± 10 s) is significantly less than the 2D region growing method (575 ± 136 s). The interaction time per CT dataset between the user and a computer of the hybrid method (28 ± 4 s) is significantly shorter than the 2D region growing method (484 ± 126 s). The proposed hybrid method was found preferred for liver segmentation in preoperative virtual liver surgery planning.     

Changes in EEG activity before and after exhaustive exercise in sedentary women in neutral and hot environments

This study examined the effect of hyperthermia on brain electrical activity measured with encephalography during prolonged exhaustive exercise in a group of sedentary women (VO₂max = 35 ± 4 mL kg min⁻¹). Two strenuous cycling exercises were performed either in neutral (N-Ex) or in heat (H-Ex) conditions. Tympanic temperature (Tty), heart rate (HR), body mass loss (BML), plasma volume decrease, and brain electrical activity [EEG: α (8–13 Hz) and β(13–30 Hz)-band and α/β index of fatigue: the ratio between EEG activity in the α band and β-band] were recorded throughout the cycling sessions. The Tty increase 1.0 °C in the N-Ex and 1.8 °C in H-Ex. HR increased in both sessions but with significantly higher values during the H-Ex session when compared with the N-Ex session (p < 0.001) (from 85 ± 4 beats min⁻¹ to 164 ± 6 beats min⁻¹ and from 83 ± 6 beats min⁻¹ to 181 ± 8 beats min⁻¹, respectively in N-Ex and in H-Ex). This was associated with a significantly higher BML (p < 0.05) and a higher plasma volume decrease in the H-Ex session (p < 0.01). The α/β index increased significantly during both trials particularly during the H-Ex session (p < 0.05). This was associated with a significant decrease of time to exhaustion (−34%). We suggest that exhausting work in the heat induced a change in gross brain activity (alpha/beta ratio) compared to a longer, less thermally demanding exposure. Fatigue in the heat could be attributed to central factors as well as thermal, cardiac and hydro-electrolytic impairment.     

Characterizations of ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨ q)-fuzzy interior ideals

In this paper, we give characterizations of ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals. We characterize different classes regular (resp. intra-regular, simple and semisimple) ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals (resp. (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals). In this regard, we prove that in regular (resp. intra-regular and semisimple) ordered semigroups the concept of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals coincide. We prove that an ordered semigroup S is simple if and only if it is (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy simple. We characterize intra-regular (resp. semisimple) ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals (resp. (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals). Finally, we consider the concept of implication-based fuzzy interior ideals in an ordered semigroup, in particular, the implication operators in Lukasiewicz system of continuous-valued logic are discussed.     

Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada, 1985-2005

We report on a glacier inventory for the Canadian Cordillera south of 60°N, across the two western provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, containing ~ 30,000 km² of glacierized terrain. Our semi-automated method extracted glacier extents from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes for 2005 and 2000 using a band ratio (TM3/TM5). We compared these extents with glacier cover for the mid-1980s from high-altitude, aerial photography for British Columbia and from Landsat TM imagery for Alberta. A 25 m digital elevation model (DEM) helped to identify debris-covered ice and to split the glaciers into their respective drainage basins. The estimated mapping errors are 3-4% and arise primarily from seasonal snow cover. Glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta respectively lost − 10.8 ± 3.8% and − 25.4% ± 4.1% of their area over the period 1985-2005. The region-wide annual shrinkage rate of − 0.55% a^− 1 is comparable to rates reported for other mountain ranges in the late twentieth century. Least glacierized mountain ranges with smaller glaciers lost the largest fraction of ice cover: the highest relative ice loss in British Columbia (− 24.0 ± 4.6%) occurred in the northern Interior Ranges, while glaciers in the northern Coast Mountains declined least (− 7.7 ± 3.4%).     

Pack hike test finishing time for Australian firefighters: pass rates and correlates of performance

The pack hike test (PHT, 4.83 km hike wearing a 20.4-kg load) was devised to determine the job readiness of USA wildland firefighters. This study measured PHT performance in a sample of Australian firefighters who currently perform the PHT (career land management firefighters, LMFF) and those who do not (suburban/regional volunteer firefighters, VFF). The study also investigated the relationships between firefighters' PHT performance and their performance across a range of fitness tests for both groups. Twenty LMFF and eighteen age-, body mass-, and height-matched VFF attempted the PHT, and a series of muscular endurance, power, strength and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Bivariate correlations between the participants’ PHT finishing time and their performance in a suite of different fitness tests were determined using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient. The mean PHT finishing time for LMFF (42.2 ± 2.8 min) was 9 ± 14% faster (p = 0.001) than for VFF (46.1 ± 3.6 min). The pass rate (the percentage of participants who completed the PHT in under 45 min) for LMFF (90%) was greater than that of VFF (39%, p = 0.001). For LMFF, VO_2peak in L min⁻¹(r = −0.66, p = 0.001) and the duration they could sustain a grip ‘force’ of 25 kg (r = −0.69, p = 0.001) were strongly correlated with PHT finishing time. For VFF, VO_2peak in mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹(r = −0.75, p = 0.002) and the duration they could hold a 1.2-m bar attached to 45.5 kg in a ‘hose spray position’ (r = −0.69, p = 0.004) were strongly correlated with PHT finishing time. This study shows that PHT fitness-screening could severely limit the number of VFF eligible for duty, compromising workforce numbers and highlights the need for specific and valid firefighter fitness standards. The results also demonstrate the strong relationships between PHT performance and firefighters’ cardiorespiratory fitness and local muscular endurance. Those preparing for the PHT should focus their training on these fitness components in the weeks and months prior to undertaking the PHT.     

Image processing based recognition of images with a limited number of pixels using simulated prosthetic vision

Visual prostheses based on micro-electronic technologies and biomedical engineering have been demonstrated to restore vision to blind individuals. It is necessary to determine the minimum requirements to achieve useful artificial vision for image recognition. To find the primary factors in common object and scene images recognition and optimize the recognition accuracy on low resolution images using image processing strategies, we investigate the effects of two kinds of image processing methods, two common shapes of pixels (square and circular) and six resolutions (8 × 8, 16 × 16, 24 × 24, 32 × 32, 48 × 48 and 64 × 64). The results showed that the mean recognition accuracy increased with the number of pixels. The recognition threshold for objects was within the interval of 16 × 16 to 24 × 24 pixels. For simple scenes, it was between 32 × 32 and 48 × 48 pixels. Near the threshold of recognition, different image modes had great impact on recognition accuracy. The images with “threshold pixel number and binarization-circular points” produced the best recognition results.     

A four-band semi-analytical model for estimating chlorophyll a in highly turbid lakes: The case of Taihu Lake, China

Accurate estimation of phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration from remotely sensed data is particularly challenging in turbid, productive waters. The objectives of this study are to validate the applicability of a semi-analytical three-band algorithm in estimating Chla concentration in the highly turbid, widely variable waters of Taihu Lake, China, and to improve the algorithm using a proposed four-band algorithm. The improved algorithm is expressed as [Rrs(λ₁)^− 1 − Rrs(λ₂)^− 1][Rrs(λ₄)^− 1 − Rrs(λ₃)^− 1]^− 1. The two semi-analytical algorithms are calibrated and evaluated against two independent datasets collected from 2007 and 2005 in Taihu Lake. Strong linear relationships were established between measured Chla concentration and that derived from the three-band algorithm of [Rrs^− 1(660) − Rrs^− 1(692)]Rrs(740) and the four-band algorithm of [Rrs^− 1(662) − Rrs^− 1(693)][Rrs^− 1(740) − Rrs^− 1(705)]^− 1. The first algorithm accounts for 87% and 80% variation in Chla concentration in the 2007 and 2005 datasets, respectively. The second algorithm accounts for 97% of variability in Chla concentration for the 2007 dataset and 87% of variation in the 2005 dataset. The three-band algorithm has a mean relative error (MRE) of 43.9% and 34.7% for the 2007 and 2005 datasets. The corresponding figures for the four-band algorithm are 26.7% and 28.4%. This study demonstrates the potential of the four-band model in estimating Chla even in highly turbid case 2 waters.     

Comparing the physiological and perceptual responses of construction workers (bar benders and bar fixers) in a hot environment

This study aimed to (1) quantify the respective physical workloads of bar bending and fixing; and (2) compare the physiological and perceptual responses between bar benders and bar fixers. Field studies were conducted during the summer in Hong Kong from July 2011 to August 2011 over six construction sites. Synchronized physiological, perceptual, and environmental parameters were measured from construction rebar workers. The average duration of the 39 field measurements was 151.1 ± 22.4 min under hot environment (WBGT = 31.4 ± 2.2 °C), during which physiological, perceptual and environmental parameters were synchronized. Energy expenditure of overall rebar work, bar bending, and bar fixing were 2.57, 2.26 and 2.67 Kcal/min (179, 158 and 186 W), respectively. Bar fixing induced significantly higher physiological responses in heart rate (113.6 vs. 102.3 beat/min, p < 0.05), oxygen consumption (9.53 vs. 7.14 ml/min/kg, p < 0.05), and energy expenditure (2.67 vs. 2.26 Kcal/min, p < 0.05) (186 vs. 158 W, p < 0.05) as compared to bar bending. Perceptual response was higher in bar fixing but such difference was not statistically significant. Findings of this study enable the calculation of daily energy expenditure of rebar work.     

Bean sprout peroxidase biosensor based on l-cysteine self-assembled monolayer for the determination of dopamine

A new bean sprout peroxidase was immobilized on a gold electrode modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of l-cysteine for the determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical samples using square wave voltammetry. In the bean sprout–(SAM)–Au electrode, the peroxidase, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, catalyzes the oxidation of dopamine to the corresponding quinone, which is electrochemically reduced back to dopamine at +0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The performance and the factors influencing the response of this biosensor were studied in detail. The best performance was obtained using 0.1 mol L⁻¹ phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0), 6.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ hydrogen peroxide, frequency of 100 Hz, pulse amplitude of 80 mV and scan increment of 4.0 mV. The analytical curve was linear for dopamine concentrations from 9.91 × 10⁻⁶ to 2.21 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ and the detection limit was 4.78 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹. The recovery of dopamine ranged from 98.0 to 111.8% and the relative standard deviation was 3.1% for a solution containing 1.30 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ dopamine (n = 6). The lifetime of this biosensor was 15 days (at least 300 determinations). The results obtained for dopamine determination in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed bean sprout–SAM–Au electrode were in agreement with those obtained with the standard method at the 95% confidence level.