开孔金属泡沫的传热分析

主要从开孔金属泡沫微观组织的基本结构出发对开孔金属泡沫内的固体热传导、气体热传导和热辐射进行了分析,根据以上的分析利用能量方程和两热流法建立了开孔金属泡沫的传热模型,并利用试验对泡沫镍的有效导热系数进行了测量,泡沫镍的有效导热系数实验值验证了开孔金属泡沫传热模型的正确性.     

高温绝热毡有效热导率的理论分析与实验研究

建立了高温绝热毡有效热导率的数值计算模型，分析了温度和压力对传热机制的影响．用高真空平板型石墨加热炉测量了纤维绝热毡平均温度高达860℃时的有效热导率，实验结果与理论计算吻合得很好．结果表明，当温度较低（〈400℃）时，高温隔热毡的固体传导在总体传热中占主导地位；当温度较高时（〉700℃），无论环境压力高低，辐射都成为材料内部主导的传热方式；当环境压力小于200Pa时，可忽略气体传导的影响．     

基于孔尺度的泡沫金属强化相变储热材料传热性能数值模拟

导热系数低是影响相变储热材料应用的主要难题之一,而泡沫金属具有高热导率、高孔隙率以及高比表面积等特性,在相变材料中添加泡沫金属可实现强化传热。该文基于泡沫金属基3D微观结构W-P模型,重点分析了泡沫金属基复合相变材料有效导热系数与泡沫金属孔隙率以及孔径的关系,采用数值模拟方法利用该模型预测并验证了泡沫铝6101添加空气与水的有效导热系数,研究结果表明该模型能够精确预测泡沫金属材料有效导热系数,在此基础上预测了石蜡中添加泡沫铜的有效导热系数,结果表明,泡沫金属可以显著提高相变材料的导热系数,当泡沫铜的孔隙率为97.57%时,复合相变材料的导热系数与纯石蜡相比提高了13倍。研究结果对于相变储热材料的热物性强化研究具有一定参考价值。     

空心微珠泡沫材料的导热性能研究

通过烧结空心微珠坯体的方法制备了超低容重空心微珠泡沫材料,研究了温度、样品的容重、开孔气孔率对导热性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着温度的升高,空心微珠泡沫材料的导热系数逐渐增大;材料中的封闭孔部分变成连通孔之后,材料的导热系数增大。空心微珠泡沫材料容重为146kg/m~3时,导热系数为0.054 W/(m·K),容重为100~600kg/m~3的样品,样品导热系数与容重之间的关系曲线为y=0.00023 x+0.028     

高温处理对轴棒法编织碳/碳复合材料热性能的影响

采用沥青液相浸渍-碳化法制备了轴棒法编织碳/碳(C/C)复合材料,并选择900℃、1500℃、2500℃三种温度对轴棒法编织C/C复合材料进行了高温处理,研究了高温处理对材料热膨胀系数及导热系数的影响。结果表明:随着高温处理温度的升高,轴棒法编织C/C复合材料的开孔率增大,内部裂纹增多并扩展,导致材料的热膨胀系数总体上呈现降低的趋势;另外,随高温处理温度的升高,材料晶体有序程度增加,从而使声子的平均自由程增加,导致材料的导热系数增大。     

泡沫材料冰蓄冷板融化过程的研究

建立了填充泡沫材料冰蓄冷板内冰融化过程的数学物理模型,该模型考虑了融化液态水自然对流的影响。分别数值模拟了填充开孔聚氨酯泡沫、泡沫铜的冰蓄冷板的融化过程,研究了泡沫材料冰蓄冷板融化过程的速率、温度分布、相界面移动等规律。进行了实验对比,验证分析了泡沫材料的孔隙参数对融化速率的影响。结果表明,填充低导热系数泡沫材料可有效延长冰蓄冷板的释冷时间,该时间随泡沫孔密度的减小而增加、随孔隙率的增大而略减。填充高导热系数泡沫材料可有效改善冰蓄冷板温度分布,可加快冰融化速率,该速率随着泡沫孔隙率的减少而增加、随孔密度的减少而略增。     

发泡工艺条件对聚酰亚胺泡沫结构的影响

研究了聚酰亚胺(PI)先驱体和发泡温度等工艺参数对PI泡沫结构的影响,采用DSC,TGA和光学显微镜对PI泡沫结构进行观察及表征.研究发现:先驱体的发泡温度应在150℃左右,随着发泡温度的升高,泡沫的密度降低;泡沫具有突出的开孔特性,开孔率高达93%以上;泡沫的密度主要取决于泡沫孔数和泡孔壁厚.     

导管低温隔热材料低温热导率测试与数值模拟研究

对导管泡沫隔热材料低温热导率进行了实验和数值模拟研究,介绍了绝热材料低温热导率测量装置,并给出了绝热材料测试结果.通过对泡沫保温材料进行合理的简化,建立了数值模拟的物理模型和数学模型,运用FLUENT数值计算软件计算其导热系数,在液氮温度数值模拟结果与实验结果良好吻合,分析了气孔尺寸、气孔率对导热系数的影响,由此得出对泡沫多孔绝热材料研制工艺、配方和实验的建议.     

稳态法实验研究Ga_(68)In_(20)Sn_(12)液态金属界面热阻特性北大核心CSCD

搭建了镓铟锡合金低温液态金属接触热阻实验平台,验证了实验系统的可靠性,对比了常规导热硅脂和液态金属的热阻特性,研究了压力、温度和界面特性对接触热阻的影响规律。实验结果表明,特征测点温度稳定变化且在稳态下具有很小的线性偏差(ε<6%),表明该实验系统具有较高的可靠性。与导热硅脂相比,在74 kPa的界面压力下液态金属的接触热阻降低约71%,且界面接触热阻随着压力的增加而降低。此外,界面温度的升高造成试件界面处液态金属导热系数降低,进而增加界面接触热阻。通过对铜表面镀镍处理能够有效防止液态金属对铜表面发生腐蚀,但镍层存在造成接触热阻增大。     

相对湿度对泡沫玻璃导热系数的影响

采用瞬态平面热源法在不同的环境相对湿度下对3对泡沫玻璃的导热系数进行了测量。实验结果表明,在相对湿度较低的情况下,试样的导热系数受湿度影响较小,几乎不随环境湿度变化;在相对湿度较高的情况下,试样的导热系数随湿度的增大而增大,与低湿度时相比导热系数最多增大了近1.5%;此外,实验结果还表明泡沫玻璃的导热系数存在不均匀性,不同区域的导热系数值存在较大差别,最大可相差8.8%。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.