用两种碳源制备高性能LiFePO4/C正极材料

为了提高LiFePO4材料的电化学性能,以碳溶胶和葡萄糖两种物质为碳源、采用高温固相法制备了LiFePO4/C复合正极材料.通过XRD、TEM、恒电流充放电等方法研究了材料的结构与电化学性能.XRD结果表明,两种碳源的添加对LiFePO4的晶体结构没有影响.从TEM图上可观测到颗粒外部明显的碳包覆层.电化学性能测试表明,在同样倍率下,以两种碳源制备的LiFePO4/C材料放电比容量高于以单一碳源制备的LiFePO4/C,且表现出优良倍率性能和循环稳定性:在0.1C下的放电比容量达162mAh/g,1C下放电比容量为157mAh/g,循环20次后容量没有任何衰减.     

掺碳LiFePO4的合成及性能研究

为提高LiFePO4的电化学性能,通过固相合成法制备了掺碳的LiFePO4正极材料,并用XRD、SEM、电化学工作站及充放电测试等对样品的性能进行了研究分析.结果表明,少量的碳掺杂并未改变LiFePO4的晶体结构但显著改善了其电化学性能,LiFePO4/C样品的粒度较小,粒径分布均匀,0.1C首次放电比容量为141.9mAh/g,循环50次后容量下降了11.2mAh/g,以1C倍率首次放电比容量为126.5mAh/g,循环50次后容量保持率为87.2%.     

LiFe_(1-x)Ni_xPO_4复合正极材料的制备及性能研究

采用两步固相原位烧结掺杂法制备了一系列镍掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiFe1-xNixPO4(x=0、0.03、0.05、0.07、0.10、0.15).Ni替代部分Fe,改变了LiFePO4的晶胞参教,细化了晶粒.充放电实验研究表明,低放电倍率(0.1C)时,LiFe0.095Ni0.05PO4的首次放电容量最大,为155mAh/g,较LiFePO4增加了22.8%;0.5C时,其容量为132mAh/g,较LiFePO4增加了14.7%;放电倍率增加为1C时,其容量也能达到122mAh/g,较LiFePO4增加了16.1%.适量掺杂Ni可提高LiFePO4的充放电比容量,改善其高倍率充放电性能.     

F掺杂 LiFePO4/C的固相合成及电化学性能

用廉价三价铁离子化合物为铁源,聚丙烯作还原剂和碳源,两步固相法合成F掺杂原位碳包覆LiFePO4正极材料.结果表明,合成产物具有完整的橄榄石型LiFePO4晶体结构,粉末形状近似球形,尺寸分布在50～200nm范围内,两步固相法更好地抑制了LiFePO4晶粒的长大.电化学测试结果表明,F掺杂提高了材料倍率放电性能,有效降低了材料电极的极化.在1C,2C,3C(C为150mA/g)充放电倍率下,LiFePO3.98F0.02/C的比容量分别为146mAh/g,137mAh/g,122mAh/g,1C循环55次后放电容量达到初始容量的99.3%.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO_(3.99)F_(0.01)/C的结构与性能

为了提高LiFePO4的倍率性能,用碳热还原法制备了LiFePO4-xFx/C复合正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、恒电流充放电技术、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)研究了F-掺杂和碳包覆对材料的结构和电化学性能的影响.研究表明,掺杂少量的F-可以减少电极极化、降低电荷转移电阻、增大Li+的扩散速率.其中LiFePO3.99F0.01/C的5C放电比容量为109.9mAh/g,50次循环后仍保持110.6mAh/g,表现出良好的倍率性能.     

改进固相法对LiFePO_4/C正极材料的优化合成

使用改进固相法,通过正交实验,考察了锂铁比、葡萄糖加入量,焙烧温度、焙烧时间四因素对LiFePO4正极材料电化学性能的影响.在优化LiFePO4合成条件下合成出具有优良电化学性能的LiFePO4/C正极材料,此方法避免使用球磨机,有利于工业化生产.使用XRD、SEM、循环伏安、交流阻抗对合成产物进行一系列性能分析,室温下0.1C倍率首次放电比容量139.6mAh/g,循环活化后容量上升并稳定至148mAh/g左右,30次循环后容量仍保持在147.4mAh/g.     

溶胶机械活化及其溶剂对LiFePO4/C结构和电化学性能的影响

本文在溶胶凝胶法制备碳包覆LiFePO4/C锂离子电池正极材料的基础上,对溶胶进行机械球磨活化以进一步优化LiFePO4/C复合材料的结构和形貌,并通过原位引入Fe2P等方法,提高其高倍率性能。采用XRD、SEM、元素分析等材料结构测试分析方法和恒电流充放电及电化学阻抗谱电化学测试技术,对溶胶机械活化及不同溶胶溶剂对LiFePO4/C材料结构和电化学性能的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,机械活化能有效减小LiFePO4/C颗粒的尺寸及改善其分散性,并能改变Fe2P相的含量。溶胶机械活化处理后的LiFePO4/C在不同倍率下的放电容量明显增加。相对于蒸馏水,乙醇作为溶胶溶剂获得的LiFePO4/C材料具有更好的倍率性能,其在1C和10C的容量分别达到136mAh/g和90mAh/g。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li0.99Na0.01FePO4/C的结构与电化学性能

为了提高LiFePO4的倍率性能,用碳热还原法制备了Na+掺杂的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、恒电流充放电技术、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)研究了Na+掺杂对LiFePO4/C材料的结构、微观形貌和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,Na+掺杂的LiFePO4/C复合材料具有单一的橄榄石型晶体结构,不存在杂质衍射峰,Na+在Li位掺杂可提高材料的导电性能和Li+扩散速率,降低电极极化,能有效改善材料的循环性能和倍率性能.与LiFePO4/C相比,Li0.99Na0.01FePO4/C的0.5C、2C和5C放电比容量分别为147.6、126.4和105.1 mAh/g,并表现出良好的循环性能和倍率性能.     

以酚醛树脂为炭源的LiFePO4性能改进研究

用酚醛树脂作炭源对锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4进行了改性,用XRD、恒电流充放电等方法研究了酚醛树脂对LiFePO4纯度和电化学性能的影响.酚醛树脂在高温炭化过程中产生的H2能够和LiFePO4发生反应,生成Fe2P等物质,导致材料中活性物质含量降低;采用先在650℃处理后再于750℃焙烧的方法,可以显著减少Fe2P等物质的生成,提高材料的纯度和比容量,所制备的LiFePO4在0.2C、1C、2C和5C（1C=50mA/g）倍率时的放电比容量分别达到160、150、135和120mAh/g,并具有较好的循环性能.     

共沉淀-微波法合成LiFePO4/C正极材料

以有机表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)为碳源,采用共沉淀-微波法合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C,探讨了微波烧结时间对样品结构和性能的影响,并用XRD、TEM、激光粒度分析和恒电流充放电测试对LiFePO4/C样品的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:微波烧结9 min的样品为单一的橄榄石晶体结构和较好的电化学性能,在室温下,以0.1C、0.2C和1C进行充放电,首次放电比容量分别达到154.3mAh/g、139.7mAh/g和123.9mAh/g,循环20次后仍保持在152.3mAh/g、134.3mAh/g和118.5mAh/g.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.