水平微细圆管内R290流动沸腾流态可视化研究

本文对水平微细圆管内R290流动沸腾的流态进行了可视化研究，分析不同管径下流动沸腾换热主要流态形式及影响因素，基于理论流态图对比分析流态转变规律。实验工况：热流密度1～70 kW/m²,质量流率50～1 020 kg/(m²·s),饱和温度-10～25℃,管径1～3 mm,干度0～1。实验中共观察到8种R290微细通道内流动沸腾换热流态，其中间歇流和波状流为3 mm管的主要换热流态，弹状流和环状为1 mm管的主要换热流态；实测流态图中3 mm管的泡状流、混状流，2 mm管的泡状流，1 mm管的弹状流与D&W流态转变准则较为吻合，而2 mm管和1 mm管的离散流区域匹配性较差；管径的变化对流态有重要影响，随着管径的减小，气泡形状、流态形式、流态分布及流态转变曲线均发生变化，管径微尺度效应出现。     

R410A微通道内沸腾换热实验研究

在内径为2 mm的水平不锈钢微通道内对R410A的沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究。质量流率为200~600 kg/(m2·s),热流密度的范围为5~15 k W/m2,干度的范围为0.1~0.8,饱和温度为0℃和5℃。结果显示,当干度大于0.5时,随着热流密度的上升,沸腾换热系数显著上升,其平均增幅分别达到了4.6%和7.7%。当干度小于0.5时,热流密度对换热系数的影响十分微弱。随着质量流率的上升,换热系数均出现了小幅上升,其平均增幅也分别达到了1.1%和2%。而饱和温度对换热系数则几乎没有影响。随后,对可能的机理进行了讨论。实验结果又与Choi K I等以及Ebisu T等在内径分别为1.5 mm,3 mm和6.4mm管道内的研究结果进行了比较。结果显示,在相似工况下,随着管径的下降,当干度小于0.5时,换热系数呈现出上升的趋势,其平均增幅分别达到了18.4%,23.6%和19.5%。     

R32在水平管内流动沸腾换热特性的试验研究

对R32在水平光滑管和微肋管(外径均为7mm)内的沸腾换热特性展开试验研究,测试的制冷剂质量流速为100~250 kg/(m~2·s),饱和蒸发温度为7~11℃,热流密度为3~8 kW/m~2,测试管内制冷工质平均干度值为0~0.7。试验结果表明:热流密度是影响R32沸腾换热系数的主导因素之一,质量流速的增大、饱和蒸发温度的升高、热流密度的增大均有利于提高R32的沸腾换热系数;微肋管有强化传热的效果,其平均沸腾换热系数比光管增大11.8%~33.2%;干度对R32沸腾换热系数的影响比较复杂,R32的沸腾换热系数随干度的增加先增大后减小,这是由于出现了干涸值,本文试验测得的干涸值范围为0.41~0.57,制冷剂质量流速的降低和热流密度的增大均有利于干涸值的增大。     

管径变化对蒸发器性能影响的仿真与实验研究

家用空调换热器采用的管径不同,产生的传热效果等性能有差异。采用空气焓差法,对具有相同制冷量的5 mm管径换热器和7 mm管径换热器进行了蒸发工况的实验,并建立了不同管径换热器的仿真计算模型,分析了管径的变化对蒸发器制冷剂侧和空气侧的换热和压降的影响。对比实验与计算结果,发现:1)5 mm换热器空气侧表面传热系数提高了17%;2)在相同制冷量下,5 mm换热器的制冷剂质量流量减少了4.6%,质量流速增大了89.4%,同时由于管壁热流密度的增大,引起了蒸干点的提前;3)以制冷剂达到相同干度时的换热系数作为基准,随着干度的增加,5 mm管的管内换热系数增大到7 mm管的1.43~1.86倍;同时制冷剂的摩擦压降、加速压降和局部压降均为7 mm换热器的3倍,压降引起了蒸发温度降低1.1℃。     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m~2·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m~2时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

R32在小管径水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性试验研究

对R32在?5 mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性进行试验研究和理论分析。试验的蒸发温度为5℃,质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度为8~24 kW/m2。结果表明,沸腾换热系数在1~8 kW/(m2·K)之间,压降在1~4 kPa/m之间。沸腾换热系数随着干度增大而增大,质量流量的增大和热流密度的增大都有利于换热系数的增加。质量流量的变化对压降的影响比较明显。与R32在?7 mm管内流动传热性能相比,换热系数提高了30%左右。将得到的沸腾换热系数和压降试验数据与多个模型的预测结果进行比较,发现多数换热经验关联式的预测误差较大,仅有Fuji-Nagata关联式的预测值与试验值较为接近;压降的预测误差相对较小。     

多壁碳纳米管水基纳米流体的对流换热特性

实验研究了纳米粉体浓度、雷诺数Re和热流密度对多壁碳纳米管水基纳米流体(MWNTs/H2O)对流换热性能的影响。纳米粉体浓度分别为0.05 g/L、0.1 g/L、0.2 g/L和0.4 g/L,雷诺数Re为500~900,热流密度为10~20 k W/m2。结果表明:1)纳米流体对流换热系数随着纳米粉体浓度、Re、热流密度的增加而增加。如在Re为631且纳米粉体浓度为0.4 g/L时,纳米流体对流换热系数比基液增大了17.6%;2)纳米流体对流换热系数的提高率明显大于对应的导热系数提高率,当纳米粉体浓度为0.05g/L时,其对流换热系数和导热系数的提高率分别为7.4%和0.15%;3)在Eubank-Proctor方程的基础上,建立了适合于低Re条件下的混和对流换热的实验关联式。     

低流量下阵列式微通道对流沸腾特性实验研究

设计了阵列式微通道热沉结构,进行了并R134a的沸腾流动换热实验。结果证明,在低干度区域由泡状流/弹状流/半环状流主导,主导换热机理为对流沸腾和蒸发,热交换系数随热流密度显著增加,随质量流量增大而略有增加。在高干度区域搅拌流/束状流主导沸腾流动,对流蒸发为主导换热机理,换热系数随流量增大而增大。该结构可以在低流量下提前紊流转捩;有效抑制压力波动,减小进出口压力差。实验观察发现搅拌流/束状流型,气液界面波失稳导致液膜破碎和卷携。液滴沉积会润湿局部蒸干壁面。当热流持续增大,液膜破碎并大量被卷携入气核后,壁面附着气膜且无法被润湿,形成反束状流型时,触发CHF。     

微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

蒸发温度对强化换热管管外核态池沸腾换热性能的影响

对R134a在水平强化管(Φ25 mm)外核态池沸腾进行了实验研究。通过Wilson图解法求得管内换热准则关系式,通过改变蒸发温度(5.6℃,0℃,-2℃,-4℃,-6℃,-8℃)和热流密度(4~55 k W/m2),得到了管外沸腾换热系数随热流密度和蒸发温度变化的规律。实验表明,管外沸腾换热系数随着热流密度和蒸发温度的升高而增加。结合实验数据,提出了一个新的管外池沸腾换热关联式,该关联式与实验数据点的偏差显示,95%的数据点的相对误差在±20%以内。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.