非对称型超级电容器电极材料研究进展

非对称型超级电容器结合了双电层电容器和法拉第准电容器的优点,具备高能量密度和功率密度、循环寿命长等特性,成为近年来超级电容器领域的研究热点。非对称型超级电容器电极材料包括碳材料/过渡金属氧化物体系、碳材料/导电聚合物体系和金属氧化物/导电聚合物体系,综述了非对称型超级电容器电极材料的类型及研究进展。     

超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器是一种具有优异电化学性能的新型储能装置,文章介绍了超级电容器的储能机理和优点,论述了碳基材料、金属氧化物材料及导电聚合物材料的研究进展和作为超级电容器电极材料的要求,对未来的电极材料的研究方向作出了展望。     

超级电容器电极材料研究进展

介绍了碳材料、过渡金属氧化物材料、导电聚合物及复合材料的研究现状以及各类材料的储能机理和作为超级电容器材料的基本要求,提出了未来超级电容器材料的研究方向。     

纳米碳材料负载过渡金属氧化物用作超级电容器电极材料

与传统能量存储设备相比,超级电容器因具备比电容高、充放电快、绿色环保并且循环稳定性能优异等优点,在移动通信、电动汽车、国防和航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景,已成为世界范围内的研究焦点。其中,超级电容器的电极材料是其性能的决定因素,常见的超级电容器电极材料包括碳材料、过渡金属氧化物和导电聚合物等。不同的电极材料的电荷储存机理不同,过渡金属氧化物具有典型的赝电容行为,依赖可逆的氧化还原反应和化学吸附/脱附过程来储存电荷,理论比电容高。然而,过渡金属氧化物同时存在导电性能差,循环稳定性不佳的缺点。碳材料主要表现双电层电容特性,依靠材料表面和电解质离子间的可逆物理吸附/脱附过程储存电荷,具有优异的倍率性能,符合实际生产和应用中对于超级电容器器件高寿命的要求,但其自身比电容相对较低。与单一属性的材料相比,复合材料往往表现出更加优异的电化学性能,大量的研究表明,过渡金属氧化物与碳材料的复合是解决上述问题的有效途径。碳材料因具有来源丰富、价格低廉、质量轻盈、比表面积高以及热稳定性好与电化学性能稳定等优点,日益受到重视,是构建赝电容电容器电极的首选基底材料。碳材料结构多样,近年来,零维的碳量子点、碳球,一维的碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维,二维的石墨烯、氧化石墨烯,三维的石墨烯泡沫、碳泡沫/海绵等均被成功地用于构建碳基复合电极材料,并取得了丰硕的成果。零维碳纳米材料具有高比表面积,提供了调节多孔性的灵活度,可以获得适合各自电解质溶液的最优化条件。一维碳纳米结构一般具有高长宽比和良好的电子传输性能,可以促进超级电容器电极的电荷转移。二维碳纳米结构具有比表面积大与导电性高、力学性能优良等特点,具备潜在赝电容行为,并且能增强超级电容器电极间的充放电反应动力学。利用三维导电材料作为模板,沉淀赝电容材料,可以构建高性能超级电容器电极。本文概述了不同维度碳材料负载过渡金属氧化物作为赝电容的电极材料及其电容性能,并对电极材料储能方面存在的不足和未来的研究方向做出了总结和展望,以期为制备性能优良、环境友好和高寿命的超级电容器提供参考。     

超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器作为一种新型、高效的储能元件,受到研究人员的广泛关注.主要综述了应用于超级电容器的活性碳、金属氧化物、导电聚合物复合材料等电极材料的研究进展以及现状,并探讨了电极材料的发展方向和研究重点.     

超级电容器电极材料的研究现状与展望

超级电容器是一种介于传统电容器与电池之间的新型储能元件,具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的经济价值.电极材料是决定超级电容器性能的关键因素,因而备受关注.主要论述了目前应用于超级电容器的多孔炭材料、金属氧化物及导电聚合物等电极材料的研究进展,探讨了电极材料今后的发展方向和研究重点,并指出大力开发复合电极材料是改善超级电容器性能的有效途径.     

超级电容器电极材料

本文综述了碳基材料、金属氧化物及水合物材料和导电聚合物材料作为超级电容器电极材料的最新研究进展。     

电化学电容器电极材料的研究进展

介绍了电化学电容器的工作原理,着重阐述了纳米多孔碳材料的电荷存储机制,指出碳材料的比容量与其比表面积并非线性相关,碳材料比表面积的实际利用率取决于碳孔径大小和电解质溶液离子粒径的关联度。综述了电化学电容器各类电极材料的研究进展,如多孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯、过渡金属氧化物以及导电聚合物,并展望了电化学电容器的应用前景。     

过渡金属硫化物超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

过渡金属硫化物因种类丰富、价格低廉、具有多重氧化态和高理论比容量而成为一种性能优越的新型超级电容器电极材料。首先介绍了目前过渡金属硫化物主要的制备方法,如水热法、电化学方法。然后从两方面阐述了提升其电化学性能的途径:一方面可控合成具有多孔结构及大表面积的纳米材料,通过结构调控来提高离子传输效率;另一方面通过过渡金属硫化物与碳材料、金属氧化物、导电聚合物等其他储能材料间的复合,充分发挥不同材料间的协同作用。最后结合研究现状进一步提出未来过渡金属硫化物电极材料的发展方向和面临的挑战,为继续深入研究提供一定的指导作用。     

聚吡咯电极材料在超级电容器中的研究进展

聚吡咯是导电稳定性最好的导电聚合物之一。因其制备方式简单、环境友好、导电率高、电容性好及独特的掺杂性,制备聚吡咯复合材料以提高电极材料的稳定性成为超级电容器导电聚合物基电极材料的热点研究方向。综述了近年来聚吡咯电极材料及其与碳基材料、金属氧化物材料等二元、三元复合电极材料应用于超级电容器中的研究进展,介绍了聚吡咯的电荷储存机制、聚合机理、制备方法等,指出了当前超级电容器聚吡咯及其复合电极材料的热点研究领域,并且展望了其发展前景。     

Active electrode materials of graphene balls and their composites for supercapacitors: A perspective view

In recent years, supercapacitors have received considerable research attention for energy storage systems due to their high-power density, fast charge-discharge processes, and long cycle life. The superior performance of supercapacitors is considerably dependent on the electrode materials. Among electrode materials, graphene balls (GBs) and their composites have recently attracted strong interest. They are considered ideal for the fabrication of electrode materials because of their unique characteristics of large specific surface area and superior electric conductivity, which should make them very effective for use in supercapacitors. In particular, GBs and their microstructured composites have recently been proven promising candidates for supercapacitor electrodes. Their unique 3D morphology provides highly porous graphene structures for decoration with active materials. In this perspective, recent studies were highlighted and discussed that focus on GBs and their composites for the potential energy storage devices called supercapacitors, (i.e., electric double layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors).     

超级电容器电极材料及器件的柔性化与微型化

随着可穿戴式电子设备的快速发展,各类柔性储能器件也相继出现。柔性超级电容器因其稳定性高、体积小、电化学性能优越等特点受到研究人员的广泛关注。开发一种工艺简单、电化学性能和柔性良好的电极材料对制备性能优越的柔性超级电容器具有重要意义。材料的选取、电极的制备及器件的微型化将是未来的主要研究方向。本文主要综述了柔性超级电容器电极材料的分类、具体的制备方法以及器件的主要构型,并探讨了柔性超级电容器电极材料及器件的主要发展方向和研究重点。     

Interlayer material technology of manganese phosphate toward and beyond electrochemical pseudocapacitance over energy storage application

Manganese phosphates have shown excellent performances and great potential in electrochemical energy storage,which are demonstrated by research works published in recent years.For manganese phosphates,the open-framework structures with large channels and cavities endow them with good ion conductivity and charge storage capacity.In this review,we present the recent progress on manganese phosphates,by focusing on their advantages/disadvantages and potential applications as a new class of electrode materials in supercapacitors.The structural characteristics,synthesis methods,and mineral sources to prepare these manganese phosphates are investigated,together with the modification,as they strongly affect the electrochemical energy storage performance.Attentions are paid to those hybrid-type materials,where strong synergistic effects exist.In the summary,interlayer engineering for the manganese phosphates and hybrid-types are proposed and discussed.     

Metal Phosphides and Phosphates‐based Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors

Phosphorus compounds, such as metal phosphides and phosphates have shown excellent performances and great potential in electrochemical energy storage, which are demonstrated by research works published in recent years. Some of these metal phosphides and phosphates and their hybrids compare favorably with transition metal oxides/hydroxides, which have been studied extensively as a class of electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, where they have limitations in terms of electrical and ion conductivity and device stability. To be specific, metal phosphides have both metalloid characteristics and good electric conductivity. For metal phosphates, the open‐framework structures with large channels and cavities endow them with good ion conductivity and charge storage capacity. In this review, we present the recent progress on metal phosphides and phosphates, by focusing on their advantages/disadvantages and potential applications as a new class of electrode materials in supercapacitors. The synthesis methods to prepare these metal phosphides/phosphates are looked into, together with the scientific insights involved, as they strongly affect the electrochemical energy storage performance. Particular attentions are paid to those hybrid‐type materials, where strong synergistic effects exist. In the summary, the future perspectives and challenges for the metal phosphides, phosphates and hybrid‐types are proposed and discussed.     

Ionic liquids for electrochemical energy storage devices applications

Ionic liquids, defined here as room-temperature molten salts, composed mainly of organic cations and (in)organic anions ions that may undergo almost unlimited structural variations with melting points below 100?°C. They offer a unique series of physical and chemical properties that make them extreme important candidates for several energy applications, especially for clean and sustainable energy storage and conversion materials and devices. Ionic liquids exhibit high thermal and electrochemical stability coupled with low volatility, create the possibility of designing appropriate electrolytes for different type batteries and supercapacitors. Herein, varieties of ionic liquids applications are reviewed on their utilization as electrolytes for Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, Li-O₂(air) batteries, Li-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries, supercapacitors and as precursors to prepare and modify the electrode materials, meanwhile, some important research results in recent years are specially introduced, and the perspective on novel application of ionic liquids is also discussed.     

Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

The rapid development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems requires novel electrode materials with high performance. A typical 2D nanomaterial, layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded as promising materials used for EES systems due to their large specific surface areas and layer structures benefiting fast ion transport. The typical methods for the preparation of TMDs and TMD-based nanohybrids are first summarized. Then, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of various kinds of rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and other types of emerging batteries, the strategies for the design and fabrication of layered TMD-based electrode materials are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of layered TMD-based nanomaterials in supercapacitors, especially in untraditional supercapacitors, are presented. Finally, the existing challenges and promising future research directions in this field are proposed.     

Ti3C2TX MXenes材料在超级电容器中的应用研究进展

近年来人们对储能设备的需求加大,超级电容器因其优异的性能而受到研究者青睐。二维过渡MXenes材料是一种类似于石墨烯的二维片层材料,具有独特的结构和丰富的官能团,其中Ti₃C₂T_X MXenes材料因其具有优异的导电性、高比面积和高比电容等优点而被广泛用作超级电容器电极材料。然而,Ti₃C₂T_X材料存在易氧化和自堆叠等问题,作为电极材料需要对其性能进行改性和优化。本文主要介绍了Ti₃C₂TX材料常用的制备方法(如HF刻蚀、氟化盐刻蚀、碱刻蚀、电化学刻蚀等)及Ti₃C₂TX在超级电容器应用过程的性能改性研究现状,包括构建Ti₃C₂T_X多孔结构、进行表面修饰及制备Ti₃C₂T_X复合电极,并展望了Ti₃C₂     

超级电容器电极用N-掺杂多孔碳材料的研究进展

多孔碳材料作为双电层电容器的主要电极材料,已成功应用于商业化超级电容器。但作为电极材料,纯碳材料表面疏水、内阻较大、电容较低等缺点使其进一步发展受到制约。近年来,随着超级电容器的迅速发展,氮掺杂多孔碳材料作为其电极材料引起研究人员的广泛关注,并采用不同的制备方法成功合成了一系列结构不同、性能优异的氮掺杂碳材料。基于超级电容器氮掺杂多孔碳电极材料的最新研究进展,首先介绍了氮在碳材料中的基本存在形式及对碳电极材料性能的影响,然后重点评述了氮掺杂碳电极材料的制备,最后总结了超级电容器氮掺杂碳材料的发展趋势。     

Conducting Polymer Nanowire Arrays for High Performance Supercapacitors

This Review provides a brief summary of the most recent research developments in the fabrication and application of one‐dimensional ordered conducting polymers nanostructure (especially nanowire arrays) and their composites as electrodes for supercapacitors. By controlling the nucleation and growth process of polymerization, aligned conducting polymer nanowire arrays and their composites with nano‐carbon materials can be prepared by employing in situ chemical polymerization or electrochemical polymerization without a template. This kind of nanostructure (such as polypyrrole and polyaniline nanowire arrays) possesses high capacitance, superior rate capability ascribed to large electrochemical surface, and an optimal ion diffusion path in the ordered nanowire structure, which is proved to be an ideal electrode material for high performance supercapacitors. Furthermore, flexible, micro‐scale, threadlike, and multifunctional supercapacitors are introduced based on conducting polyaniline nanowire arrays and their composites. These prototypes of supercapacitors utilize the high flexibility, good processability, and large capacitance of conducting polymers, which efficiently extend the usage of supercapacitors in various situations, and even for a complicated integration system of different electronic devices.     

Materials for supercapacitors: When Li-ion battery power is not enough

Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, have witnessed a fast evolution in the recent years, but challenges remain. This review covers the fundamentals and state-of-the-art developments of supercapacitors. Conventional and novel electrode materials, including high surface area porous carbons for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and transition metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and their various nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors – are described. Latest characterization techniques help to better understand the charge storage mechanisms in such supercapacitors and recognize their current limitations, while recently proposed synthesis approaches enable various breakthroughs in this field.