电子式互感器校验仪同相分量与正交分量的交叉影响研究

互感器校验仪是一种测量电压互感器和电流互感器比例误差的仪器.由于该仪器对被测量的同相分量和正交分量的分解必然产生相位上的误差,故一直以来正交分解技术制约着该类仪器的准确度的提高.为了确定电子式互感器校验仪同相分量和正交分量交叉影响带来的误差,JJG 169《互感器校验仪检定规程》要求采用复合误差公式对首检的校验仪测量结果的符合性进行判断.本文在分析互感器校验仪正交分解原理的基础上,通过试验分析互感器校验仪同相分量和正交分量的交叉影响,并介绍交叉影响的改善方法.     

基于自适应波束形成和ICA的消噪系统

介绍了自适应宽带波束形成和快速独立分量分析的基本理论和算法,分析了固定波束形成的理论局限性及自适应宽带波束形成的优越性。提出了一种基于自适应波束形成和独立分量分析的消噪系统,算法显著地抑制了噪声、增强了语音,又具有稳定快速的性能。同时分析了自适应波束形成单元数或者输入信号数对算法性能的影响,对实际应用具有指导意义。     

声纳输出的弱目标信息提取方法仿真分析

针对存在艇外平台强干扰的情况,对波束域MVDR（b-MVDR）和后置波束形成干扰抵消器（PIC）的弱目标提取能力进行了仿真分析。考虑到艇外平台与目标往往处于同一波束的实际情况,提出首先采用密集波束形成,再进行弱目标提取的方法。仿真结果表明：对艇外平台与目标处于同一波束的情况,PIC的目标分辨能力更强;在干扰较强时,PIC方法表现出更强的弱目标提取能力,但随信干比的增加其能力不断降低;而b-MVDR方法则在各种信干比下均具有良好的性能。     

空域预滤波的稳健自适应波束形成方法

假定的期望信号方向向量与真实信号方向向量存在误差时,常规自适应波束形成性能将严重降低,针对该问题,提出了一种稳健的自适应波束形成算法.首先利用凹槽空域矩阵滤波器对基阵接收数据进行空域预滤波,消除协方差矩阵中的期望信号分量,然后重构协方差矩阵同时反变换到阵元域,再用重构的协方差矩阵形成自适应波束权向量.由于方法消除了期望信号分量的影响,极大地提高了自适应波束形成算法对系统误差的稳健性.计算机仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于洛伦兹锥规划的声矢量阵宽容自适应波束形成

针对矢量阵Capon波束形成对阵列误差尤其敏感这一不足,提出了运用洛伦兹锥规划(LCP,Lorentz Cone Pro.gramming)实现导向矢量范数约束来提高波束形成鲁棒性的方法.鉴于矢量水听器声压分量和振速分量对阵列误差敏感程度不同的特点,采用了"双线约束"的策略.将范数约束波束形成转化为LCP形式,通过内点...     

阵元信号相幅非一致性对波束形成的影响

在波束形成技术中,由于各输入通道相幅的不一致性和阵元位置的误差,而将影响波束形成性能.本文以小型舷侧阵为研究对象,首先介绍了含有误差分量的波束模型,并推导了含有误差分量的波束输出能量模型.然后分别从阵元的相位误差、幅度误差和位置误差三个方面着手,理论分析和计算机仿真相结合,详细介绍了它们对波束形成的影响,对工程应用具有现实的指导意义.     

基于正方形星座图划分的水声信道盲均衡算法

本文提出了一种适用于高阶QAM信号的盲均衡算法，该算法分别对QAM信号的同相分量和正交分量进行均衡，其收敛后的性能优于常数模算法CMA和基于判决圆划分的算法，因而误码率较低．采用分数间隔系统进行水声多途信道的仿真实验验证了该算法良好的收敛性能．     

基于独立分量分析的波束空间波达方向估计算法

波束空间变换是波达方向估计算法中重要的预处理方法,该方法适合大阵列、小信号源数的场合,可以有效降低运算量。但是目前存在的波束空间类DOA估计算法大多需要预知信号的大致来向,同时对阵型有要求。为了解决上述问题,提出一种基于独立分量分析的波束空间DOA估计算法,使用独立分量分析方法获得波束形成变换矩阵。该算法对阵型无要求、无需知道信号来向并且具备较强的角度分辨能力。仿真实验验证了有效性。     

强背景噪声下基于谱峭度-波束形成轴承故障特征提取

在利用声学信号分析法对滚动轴承进行故障诊断时,环境噪声或其它设备噪声会严重影响目标声信号的提取并降低诊断精度。针对这一问题,提出一种用于故障特征增强的谱峭度-波束形成方法。该方法首先利用快速谱峭度算法确定最优滤波频带,然后根据确定的频带,利用2 阶锥规划方法设计恒定束宽波束形成器并提取目标频带信号,最后对提取的带限信号进行包络解调得到轴承故障特征频率。实验结果表明,该方法能够在强干扰环境下有效提取滚动轴承故障特征,并且相较于传统的延时求和波束形成器具有更好的效果。     

一种基于Notch滤波器的恒定束宽波束形成技术

对于存在不同线谱成分的宽带信号而言,提取这些线谱成分进行恒定束宽波束形成,可以达到增强信号的目的。自适应陷波器(Notch滤波器)具有频率跟踪和相位估计的特性,基于此提出了一种自适应恒定束宽波束形成技术。对于基阵接收到的信号,以其各阵元之间的相位差为媒介,在Notch滤波器离线重构相移波束形成中提取"低频慢变化"的相位信息,对其进行补偿,使输出的重构信号具有"高频快变化"的相位信息,以此将不同频段的信号进行恒定束宽波束形成。以舰船辐射噪声为例,通过仿真和实验研究证实了该方法的有效性。     

A novel envelope detector for high-frame rate, high-frequency ultrasound imaging

This paper proposes a novel design of envelope detectors capable of supporting a small animal cardiac imaging system requiring a temporal resolution of more than 150 frames per second. The proposed envelope detector adopts the quadrature demodulation and the lookup table (LUT) method to compute the magnitude of the complex baseband components of received echo signals. Because the direct use of the LUT method for a square root function is not feasible due to a large memory size, this paper presents a new LUT strategy dramatically reducing its size by using binary logarithmic number system (BLNS). Due to the nature of BLNS, the proposed design does not require an individual LOG-compression functional block. In the implementation using a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a total of 166.56 Kbytes memories were used for computing the magnitude of 16-bit in-phase and quadrature components instead of 4 Gbytes in the case of the direct use of the LUT method. The experimental results show that the proposed envelope detector is capable of generating LOG-compressed envelope data at every clock cycle after 32 clock cycle latency, and its maximum error is less than 0.5 (i.e., within the rounding error), compared with the arithmetic results of square root function and LOG compression.     

Demodulation techniques for the amplitude modulated laser imager

A new technique has been found that uses in-phase and quadrature phase (I/Q) demodulation to optimize the images produced with an amplitude-modulated laser imaging system. An I/Q demodulator was used to collect the I/Q components of the received modulation envelope. It was discovered that by adjusting the local oscillator phase and the modulation frequency, the backscatter and target signals can be analyzed separately via the I/Q components. This new approach enhances image contrast beyond what was achieved with a previous design that processed only the composite magnitude information.     

A co-rotational weak-form quadrature planar beam element for geometric nonlinear static and dynamic analysis

The co-rotational formulation of quadrature planar beam element undergoing large displacement and large rotation is presented. A local frame co-rotates with the differential element and decomposes the motion into a rigid body movement and a strain-producing deformation. General explicit formulations of elemental vectors and matrices, including internal force vector, external force vector, tangent stiffness matrix, and mass matrix, are derived via the numerical integration together with the differential quadrature law. Thus, the element nodes and numerical integration method can be chosen arbitrarily based on the accuracy requirement and problem type. A number of case studies on the static, postbuckling, and dynamic response of beams and frame structures are conducted. The convergence study shows that the co-rotational quadrature element has an exponential rate of convergence and the reduced Gauss integration yield the highest accuracy. It is seen that the proposed co-rotational quadrature beam element is simple in formulations, computationally efficient, and capable of capturing the complex nonlinear behavior of beam and frame structures with high precision.     

Modeling of Photochemical Reactions in a Focused Laser Beam,II

A method is described for obtaining the rate constant of the photodegradation process of fluorophores illuminated by a focused laser beam. The explicit kinetic equations, describing the population dynamics of excited singlet and triplet states, are averaged over the illuminated volume to describe the resulting fluorescence signal. The illumination is modulated at frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz. Synchronous detection of the resulting fluorescence yields in-phase and quadrature components. The measurement of the ratio of quadrature to in-phase components at several power levels yields information on the photodegradation rate. Specifically it is shown that the data can be interpreted in a manner which yields the value of the photodegradation rate independently of other parameters entering the model. Experiments are performed with erythrosine B which has a large intersystem crossing rate to the triplet state. Measurements in solutions with different viscosities show that the photodegradation rate depends on the viscosity. This is interpreted as evidence for an intermolecular interaction mechanism. We explore the uncertainty of the estimated photodegradation constant taking into account the uncertainties of the measurements used in the synchronous detection technique.     

适用于QAM信号的方形判决超指数迭代盲均衡算法

针对超指数迭代判决反馈(Super-Exponential Iteration Decision Feedback Equalization,SEI-DFE)盲均衡算法在水声通信系统中表现出的收敛性差的问题,提出了一种基于正方形判决的修正超指数迭代判决反馈盲均衡算法。该算法在修正超指数算法的基础上,引入判决正方形机制分别对输出信号的同相分量和正交分量进行均衡,以进一步提高相位补偿能力;在判决反馈均衡器中引入二阶数字锁相环,实现对相位旋转的跟踪和补偿。消声水池实验采用16QAM调制信号,从滤波器阶数、步长以及Q矩阵大小三个方面对算法的影响来验证算法的误码率性能,结果表明,新算法的误码率相比修正超指数迭代判决反馈(Modified Super-Exponential Iteration Decision Feedback Equalization,MSEI-DFE)算法改善了两个量级,实现了对相位旋转的有效补偿,大大改善了载波恢复性能。     

Thermal diffusivity imaging with the thermal lens microscope

A coaxial thermal lens microscope was used to generate images based on both the absorbance and thermal diffusivity of histological samples. A pump beam was modulated at frequencies ranging from 50 kHz to 5 MHz using an acousto-optic modulator. The pump and a CW probe beam were combined with a dichroic mirror, directed into an inverted microscope, and focused onto the specimen. The change in the transmitted probe beam's center intensity was detected with a photodiode. The photodiode's signal and a reference signal from the modulator were sent to a high-speed lock-in amplifier. The in-phase and quadrature signals were recorded as a sample was translated through the focused beams and used to generate images based on the amplitude and phase of the lock-in amplifier's signal. The amplitude is related to the absorbance and the phase is related to the thermal diffusivity of the sample. Thin sections of stained liver and bone tissues were imaged; the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of the phase image was highest at frequencies from 0.1-1 MHz and dropped at higher frequencies. The spatial resolution was 2.5 μm for both amplitude and phase images, limited by the pump beam spot size.     

Certain characteristics of electrically excitable mechanical resonant modes of a virgin PZT65/35 disc

In this paper we present experimental measurements of the in-phase and quadrature components of the axial mechanical displacements of particular flexural resonant modes exhibited by a virgin PZT65/35 disc specimen which is driven by alternating voltages. In particular, it is shown that the in-phase components of those resonances with nodal diameters exhibit the vibrational patterns due to a new electric-to-mechanical coupling phenomenon and the vibrational patterns which mimic the resonant mode shapes given by the quadrature components. We also present results concerning the frequency dependences of the in-phase and quadrature components in the neighborhoods of the resonances.     

Complex signal representation, Mandel's theorem, and spiral phase quadrature transform

Complex (or analytic) signal representation as introduced by Gabor plays an important role in optical signal processing and in coherence theory of optical fields. Several definitions for extending the notion of complex signal representation to two dimensions have appeared in the literature. These definitions differ in their choice of the quadrature transform for a two-dimensional signal. We study the problem of determining the complex representation for two-dimensional real signals (or images) using a least-square minimization framework first used by Mandel [J. Opt. Soc. Am.57, 613 (1967)JOSAAH0030-3941]. In particular, we seek a suitable quadrature transform such that the resultant complex image has the least fluctuating envelope in an ensemble-averaged sense. It is observed that the spiral phase quadrature transform for two-dimensional signals is a solution of this analysis.     

Performance analysis of rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation with combined arbitrary transmit antenna selection and receive maximal ratio combining in nakagami-m fading

The average symbol error probability (SEP) performance of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation in the context of arbitrarily ordered transmit antenna selection and receive maximal ratio combining diversity system is analysed. The channel gains are assumed to follow Nakagami-m fading distribution with in general arbitrary fading parameters. Exact expressions for the average SEP performance are derived for the general case of unequal in-phase and quadrature decision distances as well as distinct in-phase and quadrature modulation orders. The results generalise many previous case studies, and can be used to investigate the impact of various diversity-combining schemes and different modulation and channel parameters on the system average SEP performance.     

Phase-error-free quadrature sampling technique in the ultrasonic B-scan imaging system and its application to the synthetic focusing system

The quadrature sampling technique as a means of detecting the envelope of RF waveform in the baseband is well known. If this technique is applied to a focused ultrasound imaging system using an array transducer, whether it is a synthetic or nonsynthetic focusing system, unwanted phase terms appear in the expressions of the inphase and quadrature components of the baseband signal when an appropriate delay time is introduced to each channel signal for the purpose of focusing. The expressions of the inphase and quadrature components from the point of focusing are derived and analyzed in detail, and a scheme to eliminate the unwanted phase terms is proposed. The resulting phase-error-free quadrature sampling technique is applied to the synthetic focusing system; a system block diagram together with the simulation and experimental results are presented.